Pull-down (exercise)

<h2 id="muscles">Muscles</h2>
<p>The standard pull-down motion is a compound movement that requires dynamic work by muscles surrounding the three joints which move during the exercise. These are the <a href="/facts/Elbow/2bH9FY0F">elbow</a> in conjunction with the <a href="/facts/Glenohumeral/5JJKnAn0">glenohumeral</a> and <a href="/facts/Scapulothoracic/XyWsm4hv">scapulothoracic</a> joints in the <a href="/facts/Shoulder/Hsn5SWq2">shoulder</a> girdle.
</p>
<h3>Latissimus dorsi</h3>
<p>The <a href="/facts/Latissimus_dorsi/p93g9Mv2">latissimus dorsi</a> performs extension and adduction of the arm directly to the spinal fascia. It bypasses the scapulae unlike other muscles which perform this function, so work performed by this muscle will not contribute to muscles that affect the scapulae. The lower sternal fibers of the <a href="/facts/Pectoralis_major/TYGcRM1U">pectoralis major</a> also perform this role of extension and adduction to a lesser degree.
</p><p>The contraction of these adductor/extensor muscles can indirectly depress and downwardly rotate the scapulae; this is only required when they are pulled into elevation and upward rotation by the contraction of muscles that attach to the scapulae. If the weight were being pulled solely by the lats, for example, the scapulae would simply be pulled down by gravity, along for the ride.
</p>
<h3>Scapular</h3>
<p>Muscles that attach to and depress the scapulae include the lower <a href="/facts/Trapezius_muscle/67PxLb8e">trapezius muscle</a> and the <a href="/facts/Pectoralis_minor/YkMKXSUc">pectoralis minor</a>. The pec minor also works in conjunction with the <a href="/facts/Rhomboid_muscle/2zgNDLbr">rhomboid muscle</a> and <a href="/facts/Levator_scapulae/KenD0BX5">levator scapulae</a> to perform downward rotation of the scapulae.
</p><p>Muscles which attach to the scapulae that adduct and extend the arm include the posterior <a href="/facts/Deltoid_muscle/se9ub2Ld">deltoid muscles</a>, the <a href="/facts/Teres_major/XW6UGIVy">teres major</a>, and minor stabilizing contribution from some <a href="/facts/Rotator_cuff/r3YJ96qV">rotator cuff</a> muscles (<a href="/facts/Infraspinatus/tch6q5dE">infraspinatus</a> and <a href="/facts/Teres_minor/wbuj0K4C">teres minor</a> as lateral rotators, <a href="/facts/Subscapularis/kfJKhWTs">subscapularis</a> as medial rotators).
</p>
<h3>Elbow</h3>
<p>Muscles which flex the elbow joint such as the <a href="/facts/Biceps_brachii_muscle/BD7d5z0t">biceps brachii muscle</a>, <a href="/facts/Brachialis_muscle/jUYpFAst">brachialis muscles</a> and <a href="/facts/Brachioradialis_muscle/V7qS45rl">brachioradialis muscle</a> are active to improve leverage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> As the biceps originate on the scapula unlike the other two which originate on the humerus, the biceps are inclined to serve a role as a dynamic stabilizer, much as the hamstrings would during a <a href="/facts/Squatting_position/HzwyBnEG">squat</a>. This is because, while the biceps shortens as the elbow flexes, it will also lengthen as the shoulder extends.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a>
</p><p>A supinated grip at the forearm allows the biceps to contribute more strongly as an elbow flexor. A prone grip will rely more greatly on the other flexors, the brachialis and brachioradialis.
</p><p>Using a pronated grip during pull-downs tends to result in the greatest activation of the latissimus dorsi, with no difference in latissimus dorsi activity between grip widths.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a>
</p>
<h2 id="similarities">Similarities</h2>
<p>The pull-down is extremely similar to the <a href="/facts/Pull-up_(exercise)/o8oXVmYm">pull-up</a>, but uses moving external weights or resistance with a fixed body rather than a fixed bar and a moving body. This makes the pull-down an <a href="/facts/Open_kinetic_chain_exercises/CUfpAzkP">open-chain movement</a> and the pull-up a <a href="/facts/Closed_kinetic_chain_exercises/mqPxW5sc">closed-chain movement</a>. The weight moved can also be adjusted to be more or less than the weight of the person doing the exercise.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a>
</p>
<h2 id="form">Form</h2>
<p>The pull-down usually uses a <a href="/facts/Weight_machine/tXPqCDDE">weight machine</a> with a seat and brace for the thighs.  The starting position involves sitting at the machine with the thighs braced, back straight and feet flat on the floor. The arms are held overhead at full extension, grasping a bar connected to the weight stack. The movement is initiated by pulling the elbows down and back, lowering the bar to the neck, and completed by returning to the initial position.
</p>
<h3>Variations</h3>

<p>Variations can include touching the bar to the chest (sternum) versus the back of the neck,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> or varying hand spacing (wide versus narrow) or orientation (<a href="/facts/Pronation/KmBVfcPk">pronated</a> versus <a href="/facts/Supination/KmBVfcPk">supinated</a>). The exercise can also be done using cable machines, a handle attached to a cable is pulled toward the body, this can be done while seated on a bench or stability ball, kneeling, or in a <a href="/facts/Standing_position/n3IASQlr">standing</a> or <a href="/facts/Squatting_position/HzwyBnEG">squatting</a> position. The number of <a href="/facts/Strength_training/G5u5cBH0">repetitions</a> and weight moved varies according to the specific training plan of the person training.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a>
</p><p>The <a href="/facts/Chin-up/FPuxTJ2A">chin-up</a>/<a href="/facts/Pull-up_(exercise)/o8oXVmYm">pull-up</a> is a very similar exercise that moves the body against a fixed bar rather than moving a bar against a fixed body.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a>
</p>
<h4>Behind neck</h4>
<p>This variation of the lat pull-down, in which the bar is pulled behind the neck, may be dangerous and less effective.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Behind the neck lat pull-downs offer no biomechanical advantages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> It can cause compression of the cervical spine disks, and disk damage if contact is made by striking the bar to the neck. In addition, it can cause rotator cuff injuries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a>
</p>
<h3>Muscle involvement</h3>
<p>If the weight is pulled to touch the front of the chest, the <a href="/facts/Rhomboid_muscles/2zgNDLbr">rhomboid muscles</a>' work may increase, while pulling the weight down to touch the back of the neck may work the upper <a href="/facts/Trapezius_muscle/67PxLb8e">trapezius muscle</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a>
</p>
<h3>Etymology</h3>
<p>The "lat" sometimes added before "pull-down" commonly refers to the <a href="/facts/Latissimus_dorsi/p93g9Mv2">latissimus dorsi</a> used in the movement. 
</p><p>Most exercises describe the muscle that is involved and the direction of the exercise e.g. biceps curl, triceps extension, leg press, hamstring curl, abdominal curl and so on.
</p><p>Although "lat" can be first thought as short for "<a href="/facts/Anatomical_terms_of_location/IpJ1fq2f">lateral</a>", the term lateral means sideways and away from the body, which only describes the direction of the humerus during the eccentric portion of the movement (during which the bar is being raised, not pulled down). This means "lateral" is not an ideal term to describe the movement, it is an adjective more appropriate in usage such as <a href="/facts/Lateral_raise/pM4Ka6Kx">lateral raise</a>. 
</p>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Pull-up_(exercise)/o8oXVmYm">Pull-up (exercise)</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Chin-up_bar/FPuxTJ2A">Chin-up bar</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>Cornacchia L, Bompa TO, Di Pasquale MG (2003). Serious strength training. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. pp. 157–160. ISBN 978-0-7360-4266-6. <a href="978-0-7360-4266-6" target="_blank">978-0-7360-4266-6</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>ExRx explains muscles used <a href="http://www.exrx.net/WeightExercises/LatissimusDorsi/CBCloseGrippull-down.html" target="_blank">http://www.exrx.net/WeightExercises/LatissimusDorsi/CBCloseGrippull-down.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>Leslie, Kelly. L. M.; Comfort, Paul (1 February 2013). "The Effect of Grip Width and Hand Orientation on Muscle Activity During Pull-ups and the Lat Pull-down". Strength and Conditioning Journal. 35 (1): 75–78. doi:10.1519/SSC.0b013e318282120e. S2CID 70504128. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1519%2FSSC.0b013e318282120e" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1519%2FSSC.0b013e318282120e</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:4"><p>Reynolds B; Weider J (1983). The Weider system of bodybuilding. Chicago, Ill: Contemporary Books. pp. 138–9. ISBN 978-0-8092-5559-7.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="978-0-8092-5559-7" target="_blank">978-0-8092-5559-7</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:5"><p>Cornacchia L, Bompa TO, Di Pasquale MG (2003). Serious strength training. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. pp. 157–160. ISBN 978-0-7360-4266-6. <a href="978-0-7360-4266-6" target="_blank">978-0-7360-4266-6</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:6"><p>Reynolds B; Weider J (1983). The Weider system of bodybuilding. Chicago, Ill: Contemporary Books. pp. 138–9. ISBN 978-0-8092-5559-7.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="978-0-8092-5559-7" target="_blank">978-0-8092-5559-7</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:7"><p>Cornacchia L, Bompa TO, Di Pasquale MG (2003). Serious strength training. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. pp. 157–160. ISBN 978-0-7360-4266-6. <a href="978-0-7360-4266-6" target="_blank">978-0-7360-4266-6</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:8"><p>Raffle, Cary. "The Mega List of Exercise Do's and Dont's". <a href="http://www.exercisenono.com" target="_blank">http://www.exercisenono.com</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:9"><p>Anderson, Owen. "Shoulder injury rehabilitation: Which lat pull down variation is best for shoulder injury rehabilitation and shoulder injury prevention?". Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2012-03-16. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407061240/http://www.sportsinjurybulletin.com/archive/lat-pull-down.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140407061240/http://www.sportsinjurybulletin.com/archive/lat-pull-down.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:10"><p>Duvall, Robert. "Avoiding Shoulder Injury from Resistance Training" (PDF). <a href="http://sportsmedicineofatlanta.com/downloads/reference/AvoidingShoulderInjuryFromResistanceTraining.pdf" target="_blank">http://sportsmedicineofatlanta.com/downloads/reference/AvoidingShoulderInjuryFromResistanceTraining.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:11"><p>Cornacchia L, Bompa TO, Di Pasquale MG (2003). Serious strength training. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. pp. 157–160. ISBN 978-0-7360-4266-6. <a href="978-0-7360-4266-6" target="_blank">978-0-7360-4266-6</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
</ol>

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Pull-down (exercise)