Jeff Bezos

<h2 id="early-life-and-education">Early life and education</h2>
Bezos was born Jeffrey Preston Jorgensen on January 12, 1964, in <a href="/facts/Albuquerque%2c_New_Mexico/SATmBfJb">Albuquerque, New Mexico</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> to <a href="/facts/Jackie_Bezos/drfXsceU">Jacklyn</a> (née Gise) and <a href="/facts/Ted_Jorgensen/VV9IzSa3">Ted Jorgensen</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> At the time of his birth, his mother was a 17-year-old high-school student and his father was 19.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> Ted was a <a href="/facts/Danish_Americans/VQRT3few">Danish American</a> unicyclist<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> born in Chicago to a family of Baptists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> After completing high school despite challenging conditions, Jacklyn attended night school, bringing her baby with her.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> Jeff attended a <a href="/facts/Montessori_education/UPloRhh2">Montessori</a> school in Albuquerque when he was two.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>
Ted struggled with alcohol and with his finances.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> Jacklyn left her husband to live with her parents, filing for divorce in June 1965 when Jeff was 17 months old.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> After his parents divorced, his mother married <a href="/facts/Cuban_Americans/abk9WHuG">Cuban immigrant</a> <a href="/facts/Miguel_Bezos/GcssQphI">Miguel "Mike" Bezos</a> in April 1968.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> Shortly after the wedding, Mike adopted 4-year-old Jeff, whose surname was then legally changed from Jorgensen to Bezos.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> Jacklyn, her husband, and her son left the area and asked Ted to discontinue contact, to which he agreed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>
After Mike received his degree from the <a href="/facts/University_of_New_Mexico/7KnmajYB">University of New Mexico</a>, the family moved to <a href="/facts/Houston/1v8AwQUN">Houston</a>, Texas, so that he could begin working as an engineer for <a href="/facts/Exxon/tekt0MYk">Exxon</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> Jeff attended <a href="/facts/River_Oaks_Elementary_School_(Houston)/aswLkXtN">River Oaks Elementary School</a> in Houston from fourth to sixth grade.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> Jeff's maternal grandfather was Lawrence Preston Gise, a regional director of the <a href="/facts/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission/7VXrvVJ9">U.S. Atomic Energy Commission</a> (AEC) in Albuquerque.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>
Lawrence retired early to his family's ranch near <a href="/facts/Cotulla%2c_Texas/F02QKUlS">Cotulla, Texas</a>, where his grandson would spend many summers in his youth<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> and which he would later purchase and expand from 25,000 acres (10,117 ha) to 300,000 acres (121,406 ha).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> Jeff displayed scientific interests and technological proficiency and once rigged an electric alarm to keep his younger half-siblings out of his room.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> The family moved to <a href="/facts/Miami/L5FsgQcb">Miami</a>, Florida, where Jeff attended <a href="/facts/Miami_Palmetto_High_School/Hk533S5v">Miami Palmetto High School</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> In high school, he worked at <a href="/facts/McDonald%2527s/Assda4qC">McDonald's</a> as a short-order <a href="/facts/Chef_de_partie/zzs4jv6r">line cook</a> during the breakfast shift.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a>
Bezos attended the Student Science Training Program at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Florida/zGg0HXXs">University of Florida</a>. He was high school <a href="/facts/Valedictorian/0Dh31FMv">valedictorian</a>, a <a href="/facts/National_Merit_Scholarship_Program/4ytMJTfh">National Merit Scholar</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> and a <a href="/facts/Silver_Knight_Award/3Y5YrA1K">Silver Knight Award</a> winner in 1982.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> In his graduation speech, Bezos told the audience that he dreamed of the day when mankind would <a href="/facts/Space_colonization/3xUDzls1">colonize space</a>. A local newspaper quoted his intention "to get all people off the earth and see it turned into a huge national park".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a>
After graduating from high school in 1982, Bezos attended <a href="/facts/Princeton_University/n3EPGHBM">Princeton University</a>. He initially majored in <a href="/facts/Physics/a7aH2y08">physics</a> but later switched to electrical engineering and computer science.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> In 2018, during a talk at <a href="/facts/The_Economic_Club_of_Washington%2c_D.C./hXUKjnv6">the Economic Club of Washington, D.C.</a>, Bezos revealed that, some thirty years ago, his Princeton classmate <a href="/facts/Yasantha_Rajakarunanayake/eKrT4NCB">Yasantha Rajakarunanayake</a> had defeated him in solving a mathematical problem, causing him to give up on his dreams of becoming a theoretical physicist.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a>
Bezos was a member of the <a href="/facts/Quadrangle_Club/vK66pJIs">Quadrangle Club</a>, one of <a href="/facts/Princeton_University_eating_clubs/E6dnmok5">Princeton's 11 eating clubs</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> Additionally, he was the president of the Princeton chapter of the <a href="/facts/Students_for_the_Exploration_and_Development_of_Space/wsxKQ25q">Students for the Exploration and Development of Space</a> (SEDS).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> He had a 4.2 <a href="/facts/Grading_in_education/749BBt0h">GPA</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> and was elected to <a href="/facts/Phi_Beta_Kappa/5TkV3tLw">Phi Beta Kappa</a> and <a href="/facts/Tau_Beta_Pi/SRgvkL2x">Tau Beta Pi</a>. Bezos graduated from Princeton in 1986 with a <a href="/facts/Bachelor_of_Science_in_Engineering/qmqBjQw6">Bachelor of Science in Engineering</a> (BSE), <a href="/facts/Latin_honors/BqMYAlgN">summa cum laude</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a>

<h2 id="business-career">Business career</h2>
<h3>Early career</h3>
After Bezos graduated from college in 1986, he was offered jobs at <a href="/facts/Intel/SMF0gJJX">Intel</a>, <a href="/facts/Bell_Labs/fKP5Gk0H">Bell Labs</a>, and <a href="/facts/Andersen_Consulting/MQJDvxMn">Andersen Consulting</a>, among others.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> He first worked at Fitel, a <a href="/facts/Fintech/QuR3yrsn">fintech</a> telecommunications <a href="/facts/Startup_company/9lsjFELt">start-up</a>, where he was tasked with building a network for <a href="/facts/International_trade/jB2m5TGX">international trade</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> Bezos was promoted to head of development and director of customer service. He transitioned into the banking industry when he became a product manager at <a href="/facts/Bankers_Trust/FQYYJzCH">Bankers Trust</a> from 1988 to 1990. From 1990 to 1994, he worked at <a href="/facts/D._E._Shaw_%2526_Co./Yx8TEz7d">D. E. Shaw & Co</a>, a newly created <a href="/facts/Hedge_fund/LYsk45YD">hedge fund</a> with a strong emphasis on mathematical modelling. Bezos became D. E. Shaw's fourth senior vice-president by age 30.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a>

<h3>Amazon</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Amazon_(company)/YzUTUVE8">Amazon</a>

In spring 1994, Bezos read that web usage was growing at a rate of 2300% a year and eventually decided to establish an <a href="/facts/Online_shopping/KaWoKPBI">online bookstore</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> He and his then-wife, <a href="/facts/MacKenzie_Scott/cnSed4MJ">MacKenzie Scott</a>, left their jobs at D. E. Shaw and founded Amazon in a rented garage in <a href="/facts/Bellevue%2c_Washington/dQ2gFE7B">Bellevue</a>, Washington on July 5, 1994, after writing its <a href="/facts/Business_plan/PmJfIjr3">business plan</a> on a cross-country drive from New York City to <a href="/facts/Seattle/7lYIrCa6">Seattle</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> With Bezos at the helm and Scott taking an integral role in its operation—writing checks, keeping track of the books, and negotiating the company's first freight contracts—the foundation was laid for this garage-run operation to grow exponentially.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> Prior to settling in Seattle, Bezos had investigated setting up his company at an <a href="/facts/Indian_reservation/Y52l5YFG">Indian reservation</a> near <a href="/facts/San_Francisco/cb9l7hbC">San Francisco</a> in order to avoid paying taxes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> Bezos initially named his new company Cadabra but later changed the name to Amazon after the <a href="/facts/Amazon_River/Ha9AzJY5">Amazon River</a> in South America, in part because the name begins with the letter A, which is at the beginning of the alphabet.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> At the time, website listings were alphabetized, so a name starting with "A" would appear sooner when customers conducted online searches.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> In addition, he regarded "Amazon," the name of the world's largest river as fitting for what he hoped would become the world's largest online bookstore.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> He accepted an estimated $300,000 from his parents as an investment in Amazon.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> He warned many early investors that there was a 70% chance that Amazon would fail or go bankrupt.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> Although Amazon was originally an online bookstore, Bezos had always planned to expand to other products.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> Three years after Bezos founded Amazon, he took it public with an <a href="/facts/Initial_public_offering/2NntDhrG">initial public offering</a> (IPO).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a> In response to critical reports from <a href="/facts/Fortune_(magazine)/QGWvHpxP">Fortune</a> and <a href="/facts/Barron%2527s_(newspaper)/Pg8j4sVr">Barron's</a>, Bezos maintained that the growth of the Internet would overtake competition from larger book retailers such as <a href="/facts/Borders_(retailer)/aAcTzk0R">Borders</a> and <a href="/facts/Barnes_%2526_Noble/IIcN2meE">Barnes & Noble</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a>
In 1998, Bezos diversified into the online sale of music and video, and by the end of the year he had expanded the company's products to include a variety of other <a href="/facts/Final_good/a4c3onQ8">consumer goods</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> Bezos used the $54 million raised during the company's 1997 <a href="/facts/Equity_(finance)/K5fBPIfS">equity offering</a> to finance the aggressive acquisition of smaller competitors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a> Among these acquisitions were his purchase of a majority stake in <a href="/facts/Pets.com/j24mFvYJ">pets.com</a> in 1999 and a purchase of a portion of <a href="/facts/Kozmo.com/VTkP7rXx">kozmo.com</a> for $60 million, both of which would fail after the <a href="/facts/Dot-com_bubble/dCFWQt0s">dot-com bubble</a> collapse in 2000.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a> By the end of 2000, Bezos borrowed $2 billion from banks, as its cash balances dipped to only $350 million.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a> However, the company continued to expand despite its losses,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a> and in 2002, Bezos led Amazon to launch <a href="/facts/Amazon_Web_Services/UFVN2796">Amazon Web Services</a>, which compiled data from weather channels and <a href="/facts/Web_traffic/vmR1QQDP">website traffic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a> Revenues stagnated later that year,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a> and after the company nearly went bankrupt, he closed distribution centers and laid off 14% of the Amazon workforce.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a> In 2003, Amazon rebounded from financial instability and turned a profit of $35 million.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a>
In November 2007, Bezos launched the <a href="/facts/Amazon_Kindle/cmCbmvEs">Amazon Kindle</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a> According to a 2008 <a href="/facts/Time_(magazine)/N4FXc99l">Time</a> profile, Bezos wished to create a device that allowed a "<a href="/facts/Flow_(psychology)/cXcnoPoB">flow state</a>" in reading similar to the experience of video games.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a> In 2013, Bezos secured a $600-million contract with the <a href="/facts/Central_Intelligence_Agency/U7urmQYL">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) on behalf of Amazon Web Services.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a> In October of that year, Amazon was recognized as the largest online shopping retailer in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a>

In May 2016, Bezos sold slightly more than one million shares of his holdings in the company for $671 million, the largest sum he had ever raised from selling some of his Amazon stock.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a> On August 4, 2016, Bezos sold another million of his shares for $756.7 million.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a> A year later, Bezos took on 130,000 new employees when he ramped up hiring at company distribution centers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a> By January 19, 2018, his Amazon stock holdings had appreciated to slightly over $109 billion; months later he began to sell stock to raise cash for other enterprises, in particular, <a href="/facts/Blue_Origin/CxFvEmDr">Blue Origin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a> On January 29, 2018, he was featured in Amazon's <a href="/facts/Super_Bowl_commercials/M2V0P5Pl">Super Bowl commercial</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a> On February 1, 2018, Amazon reported its highest ever profit with quarterly <a href="/facts/Earnings/NleD23nV">earnings</a> of $2 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a> Due to the growth of <a href="/facts/Alibaba_Group/kdAe4APj">Alibaba</a> in China, Bezos has often expressed interest in expanding Amazon into <a href="/facts/India/QW4TV4sy">India</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a> On July 27, 2017, Bezos momentarily became the <a href="/facts/The_World%2527s_Billionaires/5PPbefmW">world's wealthiest person</a> over <a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a> co-founder <a href="/facts/Bill_Gates/z16t4m7s">Bill Gates</a> when his estimated <a href="/facts/Net_worth/1gsgnLRx">net worth</a> increased to just over $90 billion. His wealth surpassed $100 billion for the first time on November 24, 2017, and he was formally designated the wealthiest person in the world by <a href="/facts/Forbes/lyULpGhW">Forbes</a> on March 6, 2018, with a net worth of $112 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a>

In March 2018, Bezos dispatched Amit Agarwal, Amazon's global senior vice president, to India with $5.5 billion to localize operations throughout the company's <a href="/facts/Supply_chain/cApUyx1h">supply chain</a> routes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a> Later in the month, U.S. President Donald Trump accused Amazon and Bezos, specifically, of <a href="/facts/Sales_tax/0yo5u4qh">sales tax</a> avoidance, misusing <a href="/facts/Mail/qF0nv7t9">postal routes</a>, and <a href="/facts/Anti-competitive_practices/W3Gt8IQR">anti-competitive</a> business practices.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a> Amazon's share price fell by 9% in response to the President's negative comments; this reduced Bezos's personal wealth by $10.7 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a> Weeks later, Bezos recouped his losses when academic reports out of <a href="/facts/Stanford_University/JEQeF9z2">Stanford University</a> indicated that Trump could do little to regulate Amazon in any meaningful way.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a> During July 2018, a number of members of the U.S. Congress called on Bezos to detail the applications of Amazon's <a href="/facts/Facial_recognition_system/mtVxaDln">face recognition</a> software, <a href="/facts/Amazon_Rekognition/QouguG4E">Rekognition</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a>

Criticism of Amazon's business practices continued in September 2018 when Senator <a href="/facts/Bernie_Sanders/MjDFDSVY">Bernie Sanders</a> introduced the Stop Bad Employers by Zeroing Out Subsidies (Stop BEZOS) Act and accused Amazon of receiving <a href="/facts/Corporate_welfare/IzBnDDnt">corporate welfare</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a> This followed revelations by the non-profit group New Food Economy which found that one third of Amazon workers in <a href="/facts/Arizona/6ayM3swJ">Arizona</a>, and one tenth of Amazon workers in <a href="/facts/Pennsylvania/HGqC5bBm">Pennsylvania</a> and <a href="/facts/Ohio/YutCnTlh">Ohio</a>, relied on food stamps.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a> While preparing to introduce the bill, Sanders opined: "Instead of attempting to explore Mars or go to the moon, how about Jeff Bezos pays his workers a living wage?"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a> He later said: "Bezos could play a profound role. If he said today, nobody who is employed at Amazon will receive less than a living wage, it would send a message to every corporation in America."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a> Sanders's efforts elicited a response from Amazon which pointed to the 130,000 jobs it created in 2017 and called the $28,446 figure for its median salary "misleading" as it included part-time workers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a> However, Sanders countered that the companies targeted by his proposal have placed an increased focus on part-time workers to escape benefit obligations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a> On October 2, 2018, Bezos announced a company-wide wage increase, which Sanders applauded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a> The American workers who were being paid the minimum wage had this increased to $15 per hour, a decision that was interpreted as support for the <a href="/facts/Fight_for_%2415/yD2Y6W6Y">Fight for $15</a> movement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a>
In February 2021, Bezos announced that in the <a href="/facts/Third_quarter_of_a_calendar_year/rTxJRSwA">third quarter</a> of 2021 he would step down from his role as CEO of Amazon to become the Executive Chairman of the Amazon Board. He was succeeded as CEO by <a href="/facts/Andy_Jassy/SvIH1nYp">Andy Jassy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a> On February 2, 2021, Bezos sent an email<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a> to all Amazon employees, telling them the transition would give him "the time and energy [he] need[s] to focus on the Day 1 Fund, the <a href="/facts/Bezos_Earth_Fund/VV9IzSa3">Bezos Earth Fund</a>, <a href="/facts/Blue_Origin/CxFvEmDr">Blue Origin</a>, <a href="/facts/The_Washington_Post/dRvzvqJc">The Washington Post</a>, and [his] other passions."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a> In February 2024, Bezos sold 24 million shares in Amazon at a total value of $4 billion. Bezos announced that he intended to sell 50 million shares in Amazon over the next year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a> During an interview at the <a href="/facts/DealBook/xyg6MsHP">DealBook</a> Summit in December 2024, Bezos said that he was dedicating 95% of his time to artificial intelligence initiatives at Amazon.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a>

<h3>Blue Origin</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Blue_Origin/CxFvEmDr">Blue Origin</a>

In September 2000, Bezos founded Blue Origin, a <a href="/facts/Human_spaceflight/VgVxsGmq">human spaceflight</a> <a href="/facts/Startup/9lsjFELt">startup</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a> Bezos has long expressed an interest in space travel and the development of human life in the Solar System.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a> His 1982 high school <a href="/facts/Valedictorian/0Dh31FMv">valedictorian</a> senior graduation speech was followed up with a <a href="/facts/Miami_Herald/3Y5YrA1K">Miami Herald</a> interview in which he expressed an interest to build and develop hotels, amusement parks, and colonies for human beings who were in orbit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a> The 18-year-old Bezos stated that he wanted to preserve Earth from overuse through <a href="/facts/Resource_depletion/q654FUqh">resource depletion</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a> <a href="/facts/Rob_Meyerson/y1MgxoTq">Rob Meyerson</a> led Blue Origin from 2003 to 2017 and served as its first president.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a>
After its founding, Blue Origin maintained a low profile until 2006 when it purchased a large tract of land in <a href="/facts/West_Texas/W83B9coI">West Texas</a> for a launch and test facility.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a> After the company gained the public's attention during the late 2000s, Bezos additionally indicated his interest in reducing the <a href="/facts/Human_spaceflight/VgVxsGmq">cost of space travel</a> for humans while also increasing the safety of extraterrestrial travel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a> In September 2011, one of the company's uncrewed prototype vehicles crashed during a short-hop test flight. Although the crash was viewed as a setback, news outlets noted how far the company went from its founding-to-date in advancing <a href="/facts/Spaceflight/zPrnATzo">spaceflight</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a> After the crash, Bezos has been superstitiously wearing his "lucky" Texas <a href="/facts/Cowboy_boots/TA3jCj3v">Cowboy boots</a> to all rocket launches.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a> In May 2013, Bezos met with <a href="/facts/Richard_Branson/khhRPD3m">Richard Branson</a>, chairman of <a href="/facts/Virgin_Galactic/BrJavxml">Virgin Galactic</a>, to discuss commercial spaceflight opportunities and strategies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a> He has been compared to Branson and Elon Musk as all three are billionaires who prioritize spaceflight among their business interests.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a>
In 2015, Bezos announced that a new <a href="/facts/Orbital_launch_vehicle/g1GCGFJB">orbital launch vehicle</a> was under development and would make its first flight in the late-2010s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a> Later in November, Blue Origin's <a href="/facts/New_Shepard/QpzbYepM">New Shepard</a> space vehicle successfully rocketed into space and reached its planned test altitude of 329,839 feet (100.5 kilometers) before executing a <a href="/facts/VTVL/wqg2WnRq">vertical landing</a> back at the launch site in West Texas. In 2016, Bezos allowed select journalists to visit, tour, and photograph his facility.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a> He has repeatedly called for increased inter-space energy and industrial manufacturing to decrease the negative costs associated with <a href="/facts/Pollution/JRagxumQ">business-related pollution</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a>
In December 2017, New Shepard successfully flew and landed <a href="/facts/Crash_test_dummy/RfhnhjCz">dummy passengers</a>, amending and pushing its human space travel start date into late 2018.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a> To execute this program, Blue Origin built six of the vehicles to support all phases of testing and operations: no-passenger test flights, flights with test passengers, and commercial-passenger weekly operations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a> Since 2016, Bezos has spoken more freely about his hopes to <a href="/facts/Extraterrestrial_life/arxCPFTQ">colonize the solar system</a>, and has been selling $1 billion in Amazon stock each year to capitalize Blue Origin in an effort to support this endeavor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a> In May 2018, Bezos maintained that the primary goal of Blue Origin is to preserve the <a href="/facts/Natural_resource/w9WXxMx3">natural resources of Earth</a> by making the human species <a href="/facts/Extraterrestrial_life/arxCPFTQ">multi-planetary</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a> He announced that New Shepard would begin transporting humans into <a href="/facts/Sub-orbital_spaceflight/NdLRlGIq">sub-orbital space</a> by November 2018.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a> In July 2018, it was announced that Bezos had priced commercial spaceflight tickets from $200,000 to $300,000 per person.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a>

<h4>Spaceflight</h4>

On July 20, 2021, he launched on the <a href="/facts/NS-16/DLBJulKS">NS-16</a> mission with his half-brother Mark Bezos, <a href="/facts/Wally_Funk/Aape6SM2">Wally Funk</a>, and <a href="/facts/Oliver_Daemen/IX5ISnlC">Oliver Daemen</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a> He launched nine days after <a href="/facts/Richard_Branson/khhRPD3m">Richard Branson</a> launched on board the <a href="/facts/Virgin_Galactic_Unity_22/4Y5gL4pA">Virgin Galactic Unity 22</a> mission. Bezos's <a href="/facts/Sub-orbital_spaceflight/NdLRlGIq">suborbital flight</a> lasted over 10 minutes, reaching a peak altitude of 66.5 miles (107.0 km).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a>

<h3>The Washington Post</h3>
See also: <a href="/facts/The_Washington_Post/dRvzvqJc">The Washington Post</a>
On August 5, 2013, Bezos announced his purchase of The Washington Post for $250 million in cash,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a> at the suggestion of his friend, <a href="/facts/Donald_E._Graham/KksjbzYv">Don Graham</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a> To execute the sale, he established <a href="/facts/Limited_liability_company/tbII1F14">limited liability company</a> Nash Holdings to serve as a <a href="/facts/Holding_company/nBGIp6rU">holding company</a> through which he would own the newspaper.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a> The sale closed on October 1, 2013, and Nash Holdings took control.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a> In March 2014, Bezos made his first significant change at The Washington Post and lifted the online paywall for subscribers of a number of U.S. local newspapers in <a href="/facts/Texas/B987WHF0">Texas</a>, Hawaii, and <a href="/facts/Minnesota/ncgVuC4Q">Minnesota</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a> In January 2016, Bezos set out to reinvent the newspaper as a media and technology company by reconstructing its digital media, mobile platforms, and analytics software.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a> After a surge in online readership in 2016, the paper was profitable for the first time since Bezos made the purchase in 2013.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a> However, Bezos' ownership of the Post has been subject to scrutiny and criticism regarding his treatment of employees<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a> as well as his influence on the paper's content, in particular <a href="/facts/The_Washington_Post/dRvzvqJc">2024-25 interference</a> with the editorial and opinion pages.

<h3>Bezos Expeditions</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Bezos_Expeditions/VV9IzSa3">Bezos Expeditions</a>
Bezos makes personal investments through his <a href="/facts/Venture_capital/yeH3m7zo">venture capital</a> vehicle, Bezos Expeditions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a> He was one of the first <a href="/facts/Investor/JEVPRsyV">shareholders</a> in Google, when he invested $250,000 in 1998. That $250,000 investment resulted in 3.3 million shares of Google stock, worth about $3.1 billion in 2017.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a> He also invested in <a href="/facts/Unity_Biotechnology/bItF2fIt">Unity Biotechnology</a>, a life-extension research firm hoping to slow or stop the process of aging.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a> Bezos is involved in the healthcare sector, which includes investments in Unity Biotechnology, <a href="/facts/GRAIL_(company)/y4f652s5">GRAIL</a>, <a href="/facts/Juno_Therapeutics/9PM4zeNC">Juno Therapeutics</a>, and <a href="/facts/Zocdoc/9l2R0YH6">Zocdoc</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a> In January 2018, an announcement was made concerning Bezos's role within a new, unnamed healthcare company. This venture, later named <a href="/facts/Haven_(healthcare)/lBosn0eA">Haven</a>, is expected to be a partnership between Amazon, <a href="/facts/JPMorgan_Chase/bVu3VBTV">JPMorgan</a>, and <a href="/facts/Berkshire_Hathaway/auQhFsAg">Berkshire Hathaway</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a>
Bezos also supports philanthropic efforts through direct donations and non-profit projects funded by Bezos Expeditions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a> Bezos used Bezos Expeditions to fund several philanthropic projects, including an Innovation center at the Seattle Museum of History and Industry and the Bezos Center for Neural Circuit Dynamics at <a href="/facts/Princeton_Neuroscience_Institute/vpnleWyW">Princeton Neuroscience Institute</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a> In 2013, Bezos Expeditions funded the recovery of two <a href="/facts/Saturn_V/WhpUEFJM">Saturn V</a> first-stage <a href="/facts/Rocketdyne_F-1/PueQckty">Rocketdyne F-1</a> engines from the floor of the Atlantic Ocean.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a> They were positively identified as belonging to the <a href="/facts/Apollo_11/BdUKVnQP">Apollo 11</a> mission's <a href="/facts/S-1C/RmDCC1He">S-1C stage</a> from July 1969.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a> The engines are currently on display at the <a href="/facts/Museum_of_Flight/1m3Fg3zX">Seattle Museum of Flight</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a>

<h3>Altos Labs</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Altos_Labs/RYpn7F9s">Altos Labs</a>
In September 2021, Bezos co-founded Altos Labs with <a href="/facts/Mail.ru/ChkKvrPz">Mail.ru</a> founder <a href="/facts/Yuri_Milner/Pt4GLsKr">Yuri Milner</a>. Altos Labs is a well-funded biotechnology company dedicated to harnessing <a href="/facts/Induced_pluripotent_stem_cells/bGItax29">cellular reprogramming</a> to develop <a href="/facts/Life_extension/uQj1vQdg">longevity therapeutics</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a> The company has recruited prominent scientists such as <a href="/facts/Juan_Carlos_Izpisua_Belmonte/lco0X97P">Juan Carlos Izpisúa Belmonte</a> (known for work on rejuvenation through reprogramming), <a href="/facts/Steve_Horvath/NvqqDd3E">Steve Horvath</a> (known for work in <a href="/facts/Epigenetic_clock/yKtC8e9x">epigenetic aging clocks</a>), and <a href="/facts/Shinya_Yamanaka/oqMTMwsc">Shinya Yamanaka</a> (the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_for_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Nobel Prize</a>-winning inventor of cellular reprogramming in mammalian cells).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a> The company left <a href="/facts/Stealth_mode/LSMt9rVc">stealth mode</a> and launched on January 19, 2022, with a start capital of $3 billion and an executive team led by <a href="/facts/Hal_Barron/XAKh07Et">Hal Barron</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156">156</a>

<h2 id="public-image">Public image</h2>

Journalist <a href="/facts/Nellie_Bowles/gBS13MQv">Nellie Bowles</a> of <a href="/facts/The_New_York_Times/T9marWVX">The New York Times</a> has described the <a href="/facts/Persona/lMy54oWx">public persona</a> and personality of Bezos as that of "a brilliant but mysterious and coldblooded corporate titan".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157">157</a> During the 1990s, Bezos earned a reputation for relentlessly pushing Amazon forward, often at the expense of <a href="/facts/Charitable_organization/x8frlCm4">public charity</a> and social welfare.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158">158</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159">159</a> Journalist Mark O'Connell criticized Bezos's relentless customer focus as "very small" in terms of impact on humanity as a whole,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160">160</a> a sentiment technologist <a href="/facts/Tim_O%2527Reilly/q0AYKAbD">Tim O'Reilly</a> agreed with.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161">161</a> His business practices projected a public image of <a href="/facts/Prudence/09TyQhnK">prudence</a> and parsimony with his own wealth and that of Amazon. In 1999, Bezos was worth $10 billion yet drove a 1996 <a href="/facts/Honda_Accord/rIyNuPo1">Honda Accord</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162">162</a> Throughout the early 2000s, he was perceived to be geeky or nerdy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163">163</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164">164</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165">165</a>
Bezos was seen by some as needlessly quantitative and data-driven.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166">166</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167">167</a> This perception was detailed by Alan Deutschman, who described him as "talking in lists" and "[enumerating] the criteria, in order of importance, for every decision he has made".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168">168</a> Select accounts of his persona have drawn controversy and public attention. Notably, journalist <a href="/facts/Brad_Stone_(journalist)/AGzDQ4rm">Brad Stone</a> wrote <a href="/facts/The_Everything_Store/X96nP2hV">a book</a> that described Bezos as a demanding boss as well as <a href="/facts/Competition_(companies)/zscsQx5l">hyper-competitive</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169">169</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170">170</a> and opined that Bezos perhaps "bet the biggest on the Internet" out of anyone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171">171</a> Bezos has been characterized as a notoriously opportunistic CEO who operates with little concern for obstacles and <a href="/facts/Externality/hGgw7gtT">externalities</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172">172</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173">173</a>
During the early 2010s, Bezos solidified his reputation for aggressive business practices, and his public image began to shift. Bezos started to wear <a href="/facts/Tailor/EIrSq6Lz">tailored clothing</a>; he <a href="/facts/Weight_training/FynHFusa">weight trained</a>, pursued a regimented diet and began to freely spend his money.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174">174</a> His physical transformation has been compared to the transformation of Amazon; he is often referred to as the <a href="/facts/Metonym/EdwzPEyE">metonym</a> of the company.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175">175</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176">176</a> Since 2017, he has been portrayed by <a href="/facts/Kyle_Mooney/Nxfvn4GF">Kyle Mooney</a> and <a href="/facts/Steve_Carell/3fn34tbL">Steve Carell</a> on <a href="/facts/Saturday_Night_Live/LM8etPx8">Saturday Night Live</a>, usually as an undercutting, domineering figure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177">177</a> His physical appearance increased the public's perception of him as a symbolically dominant figure in business and in popular culture, wherein he has been <a href="/facts/Parody/xDs59sgV">parodied</a> as an enterprising <a href="/facts/Supervillain/X0u1CIur">supervillain</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178">178</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179">179</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180">180</a>
In May 2014, the <a href="/facts/International_Trade_Union_Confederation/Ms4uFlGn">International Trade Union Confederation</a> named Bezos the "World's Worst Boss", with its general secretary <a href="/facts/Sharan_Burrow/PtknFNF3">Sharan Burrow</a> saying: "Jeff Bezos represents the inhumanity of employers who are promoting the North American corporate model",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181">181</a> while in 2019, <a href="/facts/Harvard_Business_Review/leWeeqyj">Harvard Business Review</a>, which ranked Bezos the best-performing CEO for 4 years in a row since 2014, did not rank him even in the top 100, citing Amazon's "relatively low ESG (<a href="/facts/Corporate_environmental_responsibility/qJELhLUK">environment</a>, <a href="/facts/Corporate_social_responsibility/lIoo9m1s">social</a>, and <a href="/facts/Corporate_governance/ISvl8hIn">governance</a>) scores" that reflect "risks created by <a href="/facts/Occupational_stress/ShyJzFj0">working conditions</a> and employment policies, <a href="/facts/Data_security/7E5dIy7G">data security</a>, and <a href="/facts/Antitrust/cq7hKYN4">antitrust</a> issues".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182">182</a>
During the late 2010s, Bezos reversed his reputation for being reluctant to spend money on non-business-related expenses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183">183</a> His relative lack of philanthropy compared to other billionaires has drawn a negative response from the public since 2016.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184">184</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185">185</a> Bezos has been known to publicly contest claims made in critical articles, as exemplified in 2015 when he sent a memo to employees denouncing a New York Times piece.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186">186</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187">187</a>

<h3>Leadership style</h3>
Bezos used what he called a "regret-minimization framework" while working at <a href="/facts/D._E._Shaw_%2526_Co./Yx8TEz7d">D. E. Shaw</a> and again during the early years of Amazon. He described this <a href="/facts/Lebensphilosophie/equsRfx4">life philosophy</a> by stating: "When I'm 80, am I going to regret leaving Wall Street? No. Will I regret missing the beginning of the Internet? Yes."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188">188</a> During the 1990s and early 2000s at Amazon, he was characterized as trying to quantify all aspects of running the company, often listing employees on spreadsheets and basing executive decisions on data.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189">189</a> To push Amazon forward, Bezos developed the <a href="/facts/Mantra/V8bEogFp">mantra</a> "Get Big Fast", establishing the company's need to <a href="/facts/Economies_of_scale/gtAYHuNT">scale</a> its operations to produce market dominance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190">190</a> He favored diverting Amazon profits back into the company in lieu of allocating it amongst shareholders in the form of <a href="/facts/Dividend/Na89kYjp">dividends</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191">191</a>
Bezos uses the term "work–life harmony" instead of the more standard "<a href="/facts/Work%25E2%2580%2593life_balance/w0H2B8Se">work–life balance</a>" because he believes that balance implies that you can only have one and not the other. He believes that work and home life are interconnected, informing and calibrating each other.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192">192</a> Journalist <a href="/facts/Walt_Mossberg/mwh91CJz">Walt Mossberg</a> dubbed the idea that someone who cannot tolerate criticism or critique should not do anything new or interesting "The Bezos Principle".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193">193</a> Bezos does not schedule early morning meetings and enforces a two-pizza rule—a preference that meetings are small enough for two <a href="/facts/Pizza/whX3st4e">pizzas</a> to feed everyone in the boardroom.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194">194</a> When interviewing candidates for jobs at Amazon, he has stated he considers three inquiries: can he admire the person, can the person raise the <a href="/facts/Status_quo/kMsM2X2s">common standard</a>, and under what circumstances could the person become exemplary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195">195</a>
In 2018, it was reported that he met with Amazon investors for just six hours a year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196">196</a> Instead of using <a href="/facts/Presentation_program/mj0nngQm">presentation slides</a>, Bezos requires high-level employees to present information with six-page narratives.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197">197</a> Since 1998, Bezos has published an annual letter for Amazon shareholders wherein he frequently refers to five principles: focus on customers, not competitors; take risks for <a href="/facts/Market_share/kvXSlhlB">market leadership</a>; facilitate staff morale; build a <a href="/facts/Organizational_culture/FdAzHDyV">company culture</a>; and empower people.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198">198</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199">199</a> Bezos maintains the email address jeff@amazon.com<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200">200</a> as an outlet for customers to reach out to him and the company. Although he does not respond to the emails, he forwards some of them with a question mark in the subject line to executives, who then attempt to address the issues.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201">201</a> Bezos has cited <a href="/facts/Jeff_Immelt/0mJgjuca">Jeff Immelt</a> of <a href="/facts/New_Enterprise_Associates/eDC8XyT7">New Enterprise Associates</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202">202</a> <a href="/facts/Warren_Buffett/6607Vdu5">Warren Buffett</a> of <a href="/facts/Berkshire_Hathaway/auQhFsAg">Berkshire Hathaway</a>, <a href="/facts/Jamie_Dimon/I39YWF3S">Jamie Dimon</a> of <a href="/facts/JPMorgan_Chase/bVu3VBTV">JPMorgan Chase</a>, and <a href="/facts/Bob_Iger/moTooHR2">Bob Iger</a> of <a href="/facts/The_Walt_Disney_Company/R8kCbAVc">The Walt Disney Company</a> as major influences on his leadership style.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203">203</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204">204</a>

<h2 id="recognition">Recognition</h2>
<ul><li>In 1999, Bezos received his first major award when <a href="/facts/Time_(magazine)/N4FXc99l">Time</a> named him <a href="/facts/Time_Person_of_the_Year/kaqqgbh3">Person of the Year</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205">205</a></li>
<li>In 2008, he was selected by <a href="/facts/U.S._News_%2526_World_Report/5dUQWa8D">U.S. News & World Report</a> as one of America's best leaders.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206">206</a></li>
<li>Bezos was awarded an honorary doctorate in science and technology from <a href="/facts/Carnegie_Mellon_University/XKd7L2KA">Carnegie Mellon University</a> in 2008.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207">207</a></li>
<li>In 2011, <a href="/facts/The_Economist/KNjzFCVU">The Economist</a> gave Bezos and Gregg Zehr an Innovation Award for the <a href="/facts/Amazon_Kindle/cmCbmvEs">Amazon Kindle</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208">208</a></li>
<li>In 2012, Bezos was named Businessperson of the Year by <a href="/facts/Fortune_(magazine)/QGWvHpxP">Fortune</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209">209</a></li>
<li>He is also a member of the <a href="/facts/Bilderberg_Group/TGBInp2K">Bilderberg Group</a> and attended the 2011 Bilderberg conference in <a href="/facts/St._Moritz/2a01n6Jq">St. Moritz</a>, Switzerland,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210">210</a> and the <a href="/facts/2013_Bilderberg_Conference/fS524j4s">2013 conference</a> in <a href="/facts/Watford/KFlYQMXh">Watford</a>, Hertfordshire, England. He was a member of the executive committee of <a href="/facts/The_Business_Council/83N7MngY">The Business Council</a> for 2011 and 2012, and appointed as chairman of the organization in 2014.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211">211</a></li>
<li>Between 2014 and 2018, he was ranked the best-performing CEO in the world by <a href="/facts/Harvard_Business_Review/leWeeqyj">Harvard Business Review</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212">212</a></li>
<li>He has also figured in <a href="/facts/Fortune_(magazine)/QGWvHpxP">Fortune</a>'s list of 50 great leaders of the world for three straight years, topping the list in 2015.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213">213</a></li>
<li>In September 2016, Bezos received a $250,000 prize for winning the <a href="/facts/Heinlein_Prize_for_Advances_in_Space_Commercialization/B0zpFU9F">Heinlein Prize for Advances in Space Commercialization</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214">214</a> which he donated to the <a href="/facts/Students_for_the_Exploration_and_Development_of_Space/wsxKQ25q">Students for the Exploration and Development of Space</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215">215</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216">216</a></li>
<li>In February 2018, Bezos was elected to the <a href="/facts/National_Academy_of_Engineering/6RCqfvXM">National Academy of Engineering</a> for "leadership and innovation in space exploration, autonomous systems, and building a commercial pathway for human space flight".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217">217</a></li>
<li>In March 2018, at the <a href="/facts/Explorers_Club/rMzLlmgC">Explorers Club</a> annual dinner, he was awarded the <a href="/facts/Buzz_Aldrin/meuu82u7">Buzz Aldrin</a> Space Exploration Award in recognition of his work with Blue Origin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218">218</a></li>
<li>He received Germany's 2018 <a href="/facts/Axel_Springer_Award/4ITztx1e">Axel Springer Award</a> for Business Innovation and Social Responsibility.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219">219</a> <a href="/facts/Time_(magazine)/N4FXc99l">Time</a> magazine named him one of the <a href="/facts/Time_100/12J5tflY">100 most influential people in the world</a> on five separate occasions between 2008 and 2018.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220">220</a></li>
<li>In 2019, Bezos was inducted into the <a href="/facts/Living_Legends_of_Aviation/0MyFDCf2">Living Legends of Aviation</a>, being awarded with the Jeff Bezos Freedom's Wings Award and the Kenn Ricci Lifetime Aviation Entrepreneur Award.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221">221</a></li>
<li>In February 2023, Bezos was presented with the <a href="/facts/L%25C3%25A9gion_d%2527honneur/XmLQTz71">Légion d'honneur</a>, the highest French <a href="/facts/Order_of_merit/D5JqjT5G">order of merit</a>. Bezos had been designated a member of the Légion d'Honneur about 10 years earlier but was not available to collect it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222">222</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="wealth">Wealth</h2>
<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="6">Annual estimates of Jeff Bezos's <a href="/facts/Net_worth/1gsgnLRx">net worth</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223">223</a></td></tr><tr><th>Year</th><th>Billions</th><th>Change</th><th>Year</th><th>Billions</th><th>Change</th></tr><tr><td>1999</td><td>10.1</td><td> 0.0%</td><td>2009</td><td>6.8</td><td> 17.1%</td></tr><tr><td>2000</td><td>6.1</td><td> 40.5%</td><td>2010</td><td>12.6</td><td> 85.3%</td></tr><tr><td>2001</td><td>2.0</td><td> 66.6%</td><td>2011</td><td>18.1</td><td> 43.7%</td></tr><tr><td>2002</td><td>1.5</td><td> 25.0%</td><td>2012</td><td>23.2</td><td> 28.2%</td></tr><tr><td>2003</td><td>2.5</td><td> 66.6%</td><td>2013</td><td>28.9</td><td> 24.5%</td></tr><tr><td>2004</td><td>5.1</td><td> 104%</td><td>2014</td><td>30.5</td><td> 5.5%</td></tr><tr><td>2005</td><td>4.1</td><td> 19.6%</td><td>2015</td><td>50.3</td><td> 60.9%</td></tr><tr><td>2006</td><td>4.3</td><td> 5.1%</td><td>2016</td><td>45.2</td><td> 10.1%</td></tr><tr><td>2007</td><td>8.7</td><td> 102.3%</td><td>2017</td><td>72.8</td><td> 61.6%</td></tr><tr><td>2008</td><td>8.2</td><td> 5.7%</td><td>2018</td><td>112.0</td><td> 53.8%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6">Main data source: Forbes World's Billionaires EstimatesAdditional reference(s): Bloomberg Billionaires Index</td></tr></tbody></table>
Bezos first became a millionaire in 1997 after raising $54 million through Amazon's <a href="/facts/Initial_public_offering/2NntDhrG">initial public offering</a> (IPO).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224">224</a> He was first included on the <a href="/facts/Forbes/lyULpGhW">Forbes</a> <a href="/facts/World%2527s_Billionaires/5PPbefmW">World's Billionaires</a> list in 1999 with an estimated <a href="/facts/Net_worth/1gsgnLRx">net worth</a> of $10.1 billion, which placed his on the 19th position in the world and 10th in the USA.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225">225</a> His net worth decreased to $6.1 billion a year later, a 40.5% drop.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226">226</a> His wealth plummeted even more the following year, dropping 66.6% to $2.0 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227">227</a> He lost $500 million the following year, which brought his net worth down to $1.5 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228">228</a> The following year, his net worth increased by 66.66% to $2.5 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229">229</a> From 2005 to 2007, he quadrupled his net worth to $8.7 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230">230</a> After the <a href="/facts/2008_financial_crisis/qw8n1pSN">2008 financial crisis</a> and <a href="/facts/Great_Recession/9LoVUhLf">Great Recession</a>, his net worth would decrease to $6.8 billion—a 17.7% drop.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231">231</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232">232</a> His wealth rose by 85.2% in 2010, leaving him with $12.6 billion. This percentage increase ascended him to the 43rd spot on the ranking from 68th.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233">233</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234">234</a>
After a rumor broke out that Amazon was developing a <a href="/facts/Smartphone/cSIrBMWG">smartphone</a>, Bezos's net worth rose to $30.5 billion in 2014.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235">235</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236">236</a> A year later, he entered the top ten when he increased his net worth to a total of $50.3 billion. Bezos rose to become the fifth richest person in the world hours before <a href="/facts/Stock_market/DyTRW5kA">market close</a>; he gained $7 billion in one hour.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237">237</a> By the time the Forbes list was calculated in March 2016, his net worth was registered at $45.2 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238">238</a> However, just months later in October 2016, his wealth increased by $16.2 billion to $66.5 billion, unofficially ranking him the third-richest person in the world, behind <a href="/facts/Warren_Buffett/6607Vdu5">Warren Buffett</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:239" href="#fn:239">239</a> After sporadic jumps in Amazon's share price, in July 2017 he briefly unseated <a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a> co-founder <a href="/facts/Bill_Gates/z16t4m7s">Bill Gates</a> as the wealthiest person in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:240" href="#fn:240">240</a>

Bezos would continue to sporadically surpass Gates throughout the month of October 2017 after Amazon's share price fluctuated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:241" href="#fn:241">241</a> His net worth surpassed $100 billion for the first time on November 24, 2017, after Amazon's <a href="/facts/Share_price/PlkFFTpT">share price</a> increased by more than 2.5%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:242" href="#fn:242">242</a> When the 2017 list was issued, Bezos's net worth was registered at $72.8 billion, adding $27.6 billion from the previous year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:243" href="#fn:243">243</a> His wealth's rapid growth from 2016 to 2017 sparked a variety of assessments about how much money Bezos earned on a controlled, reduced time scale. On October 10, 2017, he made an estimated $6.24 billion in 5 minutes, slightly less than the then annual gross domestic product of <a href="/facts/Kyrgyzstan/MSNdCp8u">Kyrgyzstan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:244" href="#fn:244">244</a>
On March 6, 2018, Bezos was designated the <a href="/facts/The_World%2527s_Billionaires/5PPbefmW">wealthiest person in the world</a>, with a registered net worth of $112 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:245" href="#fn:245">245</a> He unseated Bill Gates ($90 billion), who was $6 billion ahead of Warren Buffett ($84 billion), ranked third.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:246" href="#fn:246">246</a> He is considered the first registered <a href="/facts/Centibillionaire/7goIqHHJ">centi-billionaire</a> (not <a href="/facts/Real_versus_nominal_value_(economics)/r0oa61cC">adjusted for inflation</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:247" href="#fn:247">247</a>
His wealth, in 2017–18 terms, equaled that of 2.7 million Americans.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:248" href="#fn:248">248</a> Bezos's net worth increased by $33.6 billion from January 2017 to January 2018. This increase outstripped the economic development (in GDP terms) of more than 96 countries around the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:249" href="#fn:249">249</a> During March 9, Bezos earned $230,000 every 60 seconds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:250" href="#fn:250">250</a> <a href="/facts/The_Motley_Fool/2le6gDtg">The Motley Fool</a> estimated that if Bezos had not sold any of his shares from its original public offering in 1997, his net worth would sit at $181 billion in 2018.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:251" href="#fn:251">251</a> According to <a href="/facts/Quartz_(publication)/molXRSoC">Quartz</a>, his net worth of $150 billion in July 2018 was enough to purchase the entire stock markets of <a href="/facts/Nigeria/gbW17BX8">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/facts/Hungary/YRedQLtI">Hungary</a>, <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a>, <a href="/facts/Luxembourg/vRN04l7f">Luxembourg</a>, and <a href="/facts/Iran/24yukge8">Iran</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:252" href="#fn:252">252</a> Following the report by Quartz, Amazon workers in <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a>, (Germany), and Spain participated in demonstrations and <a href="/facts/Strike_action/aCsc26tR">labor strikes</a> to draw attention to his growing wealth and the lack of compensation, labor rights, and satisfactory working conditions of select Amazon workers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:253" href="#fn:253">253</a> On July 17, 2018, he was designated the "wealthiest person in modern history"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:254" href="#fn:254">254</a> by the <a href="/facts/Bloomberg_Billionaires_Index/nyGd2YWE">Bloomberg Billionaires Index</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:255" href="#fn:255">255</a> Fortune,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:256" href="#fn:256">256</a> <a href="/facts/MarketWatch/tp1zyFM8">MarketWatch</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:257" href="#fn:257">257</a> <a href="/facts/The_Wall_Street_Journal/9Pkf2cYK">The Wall Street Journal</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:258" href="#fn:258">258</a> and Forbes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:259" href="#fn:259">259</a>
In 2019, Bezos's wealth was reduced by the divorce from his wife <a href="/facts/MacKenzie_Bezos/cnSed4MJ">MacKenzie Bezos</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:260" href="#fn:260">260</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:261" href="#fn:261">261</a> According to Forbes, had the Washington state common law applied to their divorce without a prenuptial agreement, Bezos's wealth could have been equitably divided with his ex-wife;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:262" href="#fn:262">262</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:263" href="#fn:263">263</a> however, she eventually received 25% of Bezos's Amazon shares, then valued at approximately $36 billion, making her the third-richest woman in the world. Bezos retained his interest in The Washington Post and Blue Origin, as well as voting control of the shares received by his ex-wife.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:264" href="#fn:264">264</a>
In June 2019, Bezos purchased three adjoining apartments overlooking <a href="/facts/Madison_Square_Park/qzR4XduB">Madison Square Park</a> in <a href="/facts/Manhattan/fF9JeXjh">Manhattan</a>, including a <a href="/facts/Penthouse_apartment/3VdvMmcp">penthouse</a>, for a combined total of $80 million, making this one of the most expensive real estate purchases within New York City in 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:265" href="#fn:265">265</a> Bezos had also purchased three adjoining apartments at <a href="/facts/The_Century_(apartment_building)/LhWpvQmw">25 Central Park West</a> in Manhattan for $7.65 million in 1999;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:266" href="#fn:266">266</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:267" href="#fn:267">267</a> he bought a fourth unit in that building for $5.3 million in 2012.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:268" href="#fn:268">268</a>
In February 2020, Bezos purchased the <a href="/facts/Jack_Warner_Estate/cSm3ozoE">Warner Estate</a> from <a href="/facts/David_Geffen/kuuJozmc">David Geffen</a> for $165 million,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:269" href="#fn:269">269</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:270" href="#fn:270">270</a> a record price paid for a residence in the Los Angeles area. The previous record high price of $150 million was paid by <a href="/facts/Lachlan_Murdoch/ulcKDYmJ">Lachlan Murdoch</a> for the <a href="/facts/Chartwell_Mansion/qbr8fNaD">Chartwell Mansion</a>. During the <a href="/facts/COVID-19_pandemic/0xTsh7Ut">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, it was reported that Bezos's fortune had grown by $24 billion, citing a surge in demand from households on lockdown shopping on Amazon.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:271" href="#fn:271">271</a> He further expanded his residential holdings in February 2022, purchasing a $16.13-million-dollar apartment at a 24-story boutique condominium, located across from Madison Square Park in the Flatiron neighbourhood, where he already owns all the units on the top floors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:272" href="#fn:272">272</a> Bezos is the owner of the <a href="/facts/Y721/P2TK4vBT">Y721</a>, a luxury superyacht estimated to cost more than $500,000,000; it is the largest yacht in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:273" href="#fn:273">273</a> According to Forbes Bezos was the second-wealthiest person in America and the third-wealthiest person in the world in 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:274" href="#fn:274">274</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:275" href="#fn:275">275</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:276" href="#fn:276">276</a> Bezos is the second-wealthiest person in the world according to Bloomberg Billionaires Index. His net worth is about $197 billion as of February 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:277" href="#fn:277">277</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:278" href="#fn:278">278</a>

<h2 id="criticism">Criticism</h2>
Bezos is known for creating an <a href="/facts/Toxic_workplace/0K1YawPU">adversarial environment</a> at Amazon, as well as <a href="/facts/Workplace_bullying/9bPLL5pM">insulting and verbally abusing his employees</a>. As journalist <a href="/facts/Brad_Stone_(journalist)/AGzDQ4rm">Brad Stone</a> revealed in his book <a href="/facts/The_Everything_Store/X96nP2hV">The Everything Store</a>, Bezos issued remarks to his employees such as "I'm sorry, did I take my stupid pills today?", "Are you lazy or just incompetent?", and "Why are you ruining my life?"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:279" href="#fn:279">279</a> Additionally, Bezos reportedly pitted Amazon teams against each other, and once refused to give Amazon employees city bus passes in order to discourage them from leaving the office.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:280" href="#fn:280">280</a>
Throughout his early years of ownership of The Washington Post, Bezos was accused of having a potential <a href="/facts/Conflict_of_interest/Qdcsd326">conflict of interest</a> with the paper.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:281" href="#fn:281">281</a> Bezos and the newspaper's <a href="/facts/Editorial_board/7cjC14xC">editorial board</a> have dismissed accusations that he unfairly controlled the paper's content, and Bezos maintains that the paper is independent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:282" href="#fn:282">282</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:283" href="#fn:283">283</a> Bezos' treatment of employees at The Washington Post has also drawn scrutiny.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:284" href="#fn:284">284</a> In 2018, more than 400 Washington Post employees wrote an open letter to Bezos criticizing his <a href="/facts/Living_wage/xdM7PW9t">poor wages</a> and benefits for his employees. The letter demanded "Fair wages; fair benefits for retirement, family leave and health care; and a fair amount of job security".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:285" href="#fn:285">285</a> Around 750 employees at The Washington Post went on a brief strike in December 2023 in response to Bezos' plans to <a href="/facts/Layoff/8Nc5HRHV">lay off</a> staff.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:286" href="#fn:286">286</a>
In 2024, Bezos <a href="/facts/News_media_endorsements_in_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election/3Rl0fkx7">blocked the Washington Post's editorial board</a> from endorsing <a href="/facts/Kamala_Harris/hqeaVyFQ">Kamala Harris</a> in the <a href="/facts/2024_United_States_presidential_election/g70dUqvC">presidential election</a>. The move was criticized by former editor <a href="/facts/Marty_Baron/wdnuY97Y">Marty Baron</a>, who considered it to be an act of "disturbing spinelessness at an institution famed for courage" and said that it would invite intimidation of Bezos by Donald Trump. Editor-at-large <a href="/facts/Robert_Kagan/n4vFCbee">Robert Kagan</a> and columnist <a href="/facts/Michele_Norris/sHS9l2A5">Michele Norris</a> also resigned in the wake of the decision, and editor <a href="/facts/David_Maraniss/BoUj63JM">David Maraniss</a> said that the paper was "dying in darkness". Post opinion columnists jointly authored an article calling the decision to not endorse a "terrible mistake", and it was condemned by the Washington Post Guild, a union unit representing Post employees.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:287" href="#fn:287">287</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:288" href="#fn:288">288</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:289" href="#fn:289">289</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:290" href="#fn:290">290</a> More than 250,000 people (about ten percent of the Post's subscribers) cancelled their subscriptions, and three members of the editorial board left the board.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:291" href="#fn:291">291</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:292" href="#fn:292">292</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:293" href="#fn:293">293</a> Condemning the Post's decision, several columnists, including Will Bunch, <a href="/facts/Jonathan_V._Last/NJLhWqT1">Jonathan Last</a>, <a href="/facts/Dan_Froomkin/sukuMy9b">Dan Froomkin</a>, <a href="/facts/Donna_Ladd/kUh3UUdN">Donna Ladd</a> and <a href="/facts/Sewell_Chan/v34YjxCM">Sewell Chan</a>, described it as an example of what historian <a href="/facts/Timothy_Snyder/GSMtDL3A">Timothy Snyder</a> calls anticipatory obedience.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:294" href="#fn:294">294</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:295" href="#fn:295">295</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:296" href="#fn:296">296</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:297" href="#fn:297">297</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:298" href="#fn:298">298</a> Snyder, too, condemned the decision.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:299" href="#fn:299">299</a>
In January 2025, editorial cartoonist <a href="/facts/Ann_Telnaes/nNx7qvFe">Ann Telnaes</a> resigned from the Post after it refused to run a satirical cartoon critical of the relationship between American billionaires and President <a href="/facts/Donald_Trump/pqqKY21P">Donald Trump</a>, sparking conversations about the paper's ownership under Bezos; Telnaes called the decision "dangerous for a free press".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:300" href="#fn:300">300</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:301" href="#fn:301">301</a> In February 2025, Bezos announced that the opinion section of the Post will give voice only to opinions that support "personal liberties" and "free markets", and that divergent opinions will not be published by the Post.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:302" href="#fn:302">302</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:303" href="#fn:303">303</a> <a href="/facts/David_Shipley/wJsrwpkB">David Shipley</a>, The Post's opinion editor, resigned after trying to persuade Bezos to reconsider the new direction.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:304" href="#fn:304">304</a> Within two days of the announcement, it was reported that over 75,000 digital subscribers had canceled their subscriptions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:305" href="#fn:305">305</a>
Due to his considerable influence on industry, politics, and media, Bezos has been described as an <a href="/facts/Oligarchy/1PjREsee">oligarch</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:306" href="#fn:306">306</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:307" href="#fn:307">307</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:308" href="#fn:308">308</a>

<h2 id="personal-life">Personal life</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/Family_of_Jeff_Bezos/TkYSTTrC">Family of Jeff Bezos</a>

In 1992, while working for <a href="/facts/D._E._Shaw/Yx8TEz7d">D. E. Shaw</a> in Manhattan, Bezos met novelist <a href="/facts/MacKenzie_Scott/cnSed4MJ">MacKenzie Tuttle</a>, who was a research associate at the firm; the couple married a year later.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:309" href="#fn:309">309</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:310" href="#fn:310">310</a> In 1994, they moved across the country to <a href="/facts/Seattle/7lYIrCa6">Seattle, Washington</a>, where Bezos founded Amazon.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:311" href="#fn:311">311</a> Bezos and his now ex-wife MacKenzie are the parents of four children: three sons, and a daughter adopted from China.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:312" href="#fn:312">312</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:313" href="#fn:313">313</a>
In March 2003, Bezos was a passenger in a helicopter that crashed in <a href="/facts/West_Texas/W83B9coI">West Texas</a> while surveying land to buy for Blue Origin; the other three occupants in the helicopter were pilot Charles "Cheater" Bella, Amazon lawyer Elizabeth Korrell, and local rancher Ty Holland.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:314" href="#fn:314">314</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:315" href="#fn:315">315</a> All survived; Bezos sustained only minor injuries and was discharged from a local hospital the same day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:316" href="#fn:316">316</a>
Bezos portrayed a <a href="/facts/Starfleet/PQYA14Ic">Starfleet</a> official in the 2016 movie <a href="/facts/Star_Trek_Beyond/5aj8wMSa">Star Trek Beyond</a>, and joined the cast and crew at a <a href="/facts/San_Diego_Comic-Con/J3aquzW0">San Diego Comic-Con</a> screening.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:317" href="#fn:317">317</a> He had lobbied <a href="/facts/Paramount_Pictures/F6UIvDD9">Paramount</a> for the role apropos of <a href="/facts/Amazon_Alexa/deexPRqM">Alexa</a> and his personal/professional interest in <a href="/facts/Speech_recognition/z7S7Pgk6">speech recognition</a>. His one line consisted of a response to an alien in distress: "Speak Normally." In his initial discussion of the project which became Alexa with his technical advisor Greg Hart in 2011, Bezos told him that the goal was to create "the Star Trek computer."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:318" href="#fn:318">318</a> Bezos's family corporation Zefram LLC is named after <a href="/facts/Zefram_Cochrane/Io0XkJ16">Zefram Cochrane</a>, a character from <a href="/facts/Star_Trek/kKGkVK5y">Star Trek</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:319" href="#fn:319">319</a>
In January 2019, Bezos and his wife MacKenzie released a joint statement which revealed that they would be getting divorced after 25 years together.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:320" href="#fn:320">320</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:321" href="#fn:321">321</a> Subsequently, <a href="/facts/National_Enquirer/qfCnlBeU">National Enquirer</a> revealed that Bezos had an affair with media personality <a href="/facts/Lauren_S%25C3%25A1nchez/zNgl0zFt">Lauren Sánchez</a>; the affair with Sánchez had lasted for months.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:322" href="#fn:322">322</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:323" href="#fn:323">323</a> Later, Bezos published an online essay on February 7, 2019, in which he accused <a href="/facts/American_Media%2c_Inc./sevG7PL3">American Media, Inc.</a> owner <a href="/facts/David_Pecker/cxcQxInV">David Pecker</a> of "extortion and blackmail" for threatening to publish intimate photos of Bezos and current girlfriend Lauren Sánchez<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:324" href="#fn:324">324</a> if he did not stop his investigation into how his text messages and other photos had been leaked to the National Enquirer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:325" href="#fn:325">325</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:326" href="#fn:326">326</a> Media reports have accused Sánchez's brother Michael of being the source for the photos obtained by National Enquirer; however, Bezos has speculated that it may have been the Saudi Arabian government.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:327" href="#fn:327">327</a>
On April 4, 2019, the divorce was finalized, with Bezos keeping 75% of the couple's Amazon stock and MacKenzie getting the remaining 25% ($35.6 billion). However, Bezos would keep all of the couple's voting rights.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:328" href="#fn:328">328</a> Sánchez and Bezos became engaged in May 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:329" href="#fn:329">329</a> The couple <a href="/facts/Wedding_of_Jeff_Bezos_and_Lauren_S%25C3%25A1nchez/C6edQ3EU">married in Venice</a> on June 27, 2025.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:330" href="#fn:330">330</a>
Bezos is the Honorary Chair of the <a href="/facts/The_Explorers_Club/rMzLlmgC">Explorers Club</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:331" href="#fn:331">331</a>

<h2 id="politics">Politics</h2>

According to public <a href="/facts/Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States/cBxa7t14">campaign finance records</a>, Bezos supported the electoral campaigns of <a href="/facts/Patty_Murray/Y7CwcoDx">Patty Murray</a> and <a href="/facts/Maria_Cantwell/L7YQnln2">Maria Cantwell</a>, two <a href="/facts/Democratic_Party_(United_States)/MNe3nDrL">Democratic</a> U.S. senators from Washington. He has also supported Democrats U.S. representative <a href="/facts/John_Conyers/nUCr53Dm">John Conyers</a>, as well as <a href="/facts/Patrick_Leahy/FzADy3Br">Patrick Leahy</a> and Republican <a href="/facts/Spencer_Abraham/ao5V0fNX">Spencer Abraham</a>, U.S. senators serving on committees dealing with Internet-related issues.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:332" href="#fn:332">332</a> Jeff Bezos and MacKenzie Bezos have supported the legalization of <a href="/facts/Same-sex_marriage/J2dpSgaV">same-sex marriage</a>, and in 2012 contributed $2.5 million to <a href="/facts/Washington_United_for_Marriage/5ecdWCbY">Washington United for Marriage</a>, a group supporting a yes vote on <a href="/facts/Washington_Referendum_74/NMvuWnrV">Washington Referendum 74</a>, which affirmed a same-sex marriage law enacted in the state.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:333" href="#fn:333">333</a> Bezos donated $100,000 towards a movement against a Washington <a href="/facts/State_income_tax/ECFDDaWk">state income tax</a> in 2010 for "top earners".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:334" href="#fn:334">334</a> In 2012, he donated to Amazon's <a href="/facts/Political_action_committee/YSua6Jq7">political action committee</a> (PAC),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:335" href="#fn:335">335</a> which has given $56,000 and $74,500 to Democrats and Republicans, respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:336" href="#fn:336">336</a>
In 2014, Amazon won a bid for a <a href="/facts/Cloud_computing/guhg0FGV">cloud computing</a> contract with the <a href="/facts/Central_Intelligence_Agency/U7urmQYL">CIA</a> valued at $600 million.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:337" href="#fn:337">337</a> A 2018, $10 billion contract known as the <a href="/facts/Joint_Enterprise_Defense_Infrastructure/nf5Cz38K">Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure</a> (JEDI) project, this time with the <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">Pentagon</a>, was allegedly written up in a way that favors Amazon.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:338" href="#fn:338">338</a> Controversy over this was raised when General <a href="/facts/James_Mattis/J8WRjHvP">James Mattis</a> accepted a headquarters tour invitation from Bezos and co-ordinated the deal through Sally Donnelly, a lobbyist who previously worked for Amazon.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:339" href="#fn:339">339</a> In November 2019, when the contract was awarded to Microsoft instead, Amazon filed a lawsuit with allegations that the bidding process was biased.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:340" href="#fn:340">340</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:341" href="#fn:341">341</a> On July 6, 2021, the Pentagon cancelled the JEDI contract with Microsoft, citing that "due to evolving requirements, increased cloud conversancy, and industry advances, the JEDI Cloud contract no longer meets its needs."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:342" href="#fn:342">342</a> Despite Bezos's support for an open borders policy towards immigrants, Amazon has actively marketed facial recognition software to <a href="/facts/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement/tX1kde9l">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a> (ICE).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:343" href="#fn:343">343</a>
In 2019, a <a href="/facts/Political_action_committee/YSua6Jq7">PAC</a> linked to Bezos spent over $1 million in an unsuccessful attempt to defeat the reelection bid of Seattle city council member and activist <a href="/facts/Kshama_Sawant/sYBraASQ">Kshama Sawant</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:344" href="#fn:344">344</a> On November 22, 2021, Jeff Bezos donated $100 million to the <a href="/facts/Obama_Foundation/jTejKCes">Obama Foundation</a> to "help expand the scope of programming that reaches emerging leaders", and requested the <a href="/facts/Obama_Presidential_Center/K5gRatbP">Obama Presidential Center</a>'s plaza to be named after <a href="/facts/John_Lewis/bhpdeCqm">John Lewis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:345" href="#fn:345">345</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:346" href="#fn:346">346</a>

<h3>Donald Trump</h3>
After the <a href="/facts/2016_United_States_presidential_election/Bs9DUEoc">2016 presidential election</a>, Bezos was invited to join <a href="/facts/Donald_Trump/pqqKY21P">Donald Trump</a>'s <a href="/facts/Defense_Innovation_Advisory_Board/kzpNbM9I">Defense Innovation Advisory Board</a>, an advisory council to improve the technology used by the <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">Defense Department</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:347" href="#fn:347">347</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:348" href="#fn:348">348</a> Trump has repeatedly criticized Bezos <a href="/facts/Donald_Trump_on_Twitter/mwHX9mFc">via Twitter</a>, accused Bezos of avoiding <a href="/facts/Corporate_tax/H558GUjI">corporate taxes</a>, gaining undue political influence, and undermining his presidency by spreading <a href="/facts/Fake_news/nuT9xhDT">fake news</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:349" href="#fn:349">349</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:350" href="#fn:350">350</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:351" href="#fn:351">351</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:352" href="#fn:352">352</a> Nevertheless, Bezos congratulated Trump on his <a href="/facts/2024_United_States_presidential_election/g70dUqvC">second election victory</a>, posting on X, “Big congratulations to our 45th and now 47th President on an extraordinary political comeback and decisive victory. No nation has bigger opportunities. Wishing Donald Trump all success in leading and uniting the America we all love”.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:353" href="#fn:353">353</a>
Since 2023 Bezos has been a resident of <a href="/facts/Indian_Creek%2c_Florida/2h1rAPXU">Indian Creek, Florida</a>, which is near Trump's <a href="/facts/Mar-a-Lago/3UCBk4G1">Mar-a-Lago</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:354" href="#fn:354">354</a>
As reported by <a href="/facts/Axios_(website)/hvlefD5X">Axios</a> in February 2025, Bezos held a private phone conversation in July 2024 with then-candidate Donald Trump, planting the seeds of a "Bezos-Trump alliance" months before Bezos <a href="/facts/News_media_endorsements_in_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election/3Rl0fkx7">blocked the Washington Post's editorial board</a> from endorsing Kamala Harris in the election.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:355" href="#fn:355">355</a> After Trump's November victory, Bezos dined with <a href="/facts/Elon_Musk/GFgcp9Im">Elon Musk</a> and Trump at <a href="/facts/Mar-a-Lago/3UCBk4G1">Mar-a-Lago</a>; Amazon subsequently donated $1 million to <a href="/facts/Second_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump/AR1UmSeS">Trump's inauguration</a>, at which Bezos was in attendance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:356" href="#fn:356">356</a> Bezos and Trump were reported to have met for dinner again in February 2025, on the same night that Bezos announced <a href="/facts/The_Washington_Post/dRvzvqJc">changes to the Washington Post's opinion policies</a> to promote "free markets and personal liberties" and suppress divergent opinions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:357" href="#fn:357">357</a> Axios characterized it as "another sign of Trump and Bezos' growing closeness."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:358" href="#fn:358">358</a>
According to the <a href="/facts/Financial_Times/0ndae2YU">Financial Times</a>, Bezos had a contentious relationship with Trump during Trump's first term, but worked to have a positive relationship with Trump in 2024 and during <a href="/facts/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump/a3CUnzUu">Trump's second term</a>. Bezos reportedly supported Trump to further his business interests, and supports many of Trump's policies. The Financial Times also noted that Bezos had made other changes in his life, including stepping down as CEO of Amazon in 2021, focusing on <a href="/facts/Blue_Origin/CxFvEmDr">Blue Origin</a>, and being engaged to <a href="/facts/Lauren_S%25C3%25A1nchez/zNgl0zFt">Lauren Sánchez</a>, which may have changed his political views.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:359" href="#fn:359">359</a>

<h3>Saudi hacking claim</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Jeff_Bezos_phone_hacking_incident/JttgdaCB">Jeff Bezos phone hacking incident</a>
In March 2018, Bezos met in Seattle with <a href="/facts/Mohammad_bin_Salman/80RYCj1r">Mohammad bin Salman</a>, the crown prince and de facto ruler of <a href="/facts/Saudi_Arabia/uyUpe1J2">Saudi Arabia</a>, to discuss investment opportunities for <a href="/facts/Saudi_Vision_2030/UF9N0AST">Saudi Vision 2030</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:360" href="#fn:360">360</a> In March 2019, Bezos's security consultant accused the Saudi government of <a href="/facts/Phone_hacking/ku7maxP2">hacking</a> Bezos's phone. According to BBC, Bezos's top security staffer, <a href="/facts/Gavin_de_Becker/KsXGAous">Gavin de Becker</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:361" href="#fn:361">361</a> "linked the hack to the Washington Post's coverage of the murder of Saudi writer <a href="/facts/Jamal_Khashoggi/Cdn7HfvS">Jamal Khashoggi</a> at the Saudi consulate in Istanbul". Khashoggi, a Saudi journalist and dissident was employed as a writer at the Washington Post, owned by Bezos. Khashoggi was killed in late 2018 in Turkey's Saudi consulate for his critical stance and journalism against the Saudi government and its leader.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:362" href="#fn:362">362</a> In January 2020, <a href="/facts/The_Guardian/H84wwJYM">The Guardian</a> reported that the hack was initiated before the murder but after Khashoggi wrote critically about the crown prince in the Washington Post. Forensic analysis of Bezos's mobile phone conducted by advisory firm <a href="/facts/FTI_Consulting/HWlbmXh2">FTI Consulting</a>, concluded it "highly probable" that the hack was achieved using a malicious file hidden in a video sent in a <a href="/facts/WhatsApp/VMlSeFb6">WhatsApp</a> message to Bezos from the personal account of the crown prince on May 1, 2018.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:363" href="#fn:363">363</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:364" href="#fn:364">364</a> Saudi Arabia has denied the claim.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:365" href="#fn:365">365</a>

<h2 id="philanthropy">Philanthropy</h2>

Bezos donated to the <a href="/facts/Fred_Hutchinson_Cancer_Research_Center/lRer5Qo1">Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</a> several times between 2009 and 2017.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:366" href="#fn:366">366</a> In 2013, he pledged $500,000 to <a href="/facts/Worldreader/2hxvpVdw">Worldreader</a>, a non-profit founded by a former Amazon employee.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:367" href="#fn:367">367</a> In September 2018, Business Insider reported that Bezos was the only one of the top five billionaires in the world who had not signed the <a href="/facts/Giving_Pledge/7jF34Vpw">Giving Pledge</a>, an initiative created by Bill Gates and Warren Buffett that encourages wealthy people to give away a majority of their wealth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:368" href="#fn:368">368</a> That same month, Janet Camarena, director of transparency initiatives at <a href="/facts/Foundation_Center/FlDDE5Uh">Foundation Center</a>, was quoted by CNBC as having questions about Bezos's new Day 1 Fund, including the fund's structure and how exactly it will be funded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:369" href="#fn:369">369</a>
In May 2017, Bezos gave $1 million to the <a href="/facts/Reporters_Committee_for_Freedom_of_the_Press/vywKtY8B">Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press</a>, which provides <a href="/facts/Pro_bono/4DlI5NS6">pro bono</a> legal services for American journalists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:370" href="#fn:370">370</a> On June 15, 2017, he posted a message on Twitter asking for ideas for philanthropy: "I'm thinking about a philanthropy strategy that is the opposite of how I mostly spend my time—working on the long term".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:371" href="#fn:371">371</a> At the time of the post, Bezos's lifetime spending on charitable causes was estimated to be $100 million.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:372" href="#fn:372">372</a> Multiple opinion columnists responded by asking Bezos to pay higher wages to Amazon warehouse workers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:373" href="#fn:373">373</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:374" href="#fn:374">374</a> A year later in June, he tweeted that he would announce two philanthropic foci by the end of summer 2018.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:375" href="#fn:375">375</a> Bezos announced in September 2018 that he would commit approximately $2 billion to a fund to deal with <a href="/facts/Homelessness_in_the_United_States/hRfLr66k">American homelessness</a> and establish a network of non-profit <a href="/facts/Preschool/lmg7JkcL">preschools</a> for low income communities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:376" href="#fn:376">376</a> As part of this announcement, he committed to establishing the "Day 1 Families Fund" to finance "<a href="/facts/Homeless_shelter/tKCVzXJF">night shelters</a> and <a href="/facts/Child_care/ILBlaVb0">day care centers</a> for homeless families" and the "Day 1 Academies Fund" for <a href="/facts/Early_childhood_education/A9GVDps2">early childhood education</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:377" href="#fn:377">377</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:378" href="#fn:378">378</a>
In January 2018, Bezos made a $33 million donation to TheDream.US, a college scholarship fund for <a href="/facts/Undocumented_youth_in_the_United_States/BVaTfAJ3">undocumented immigrants brought to the United States as minors</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:379" href="#fn:379">379</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:380" href="#fn:380">380</a> In June 2018, Bezos donated to <a href="/facts/Breakthrough_Energy_Ventures/J0ogQaLc">Breakthrough Energy Ventures</a>, a private philanthropic fund founded by <a href="/facts/Bill_Gates/z16t4m7s">Bill Gates</a> aimed at promoting <a href="/facts/Sustainable_energy/EnD6dsKV">emissions-free energy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:381" href="#fn:381">381</a> In September 2018, Bezos donated $10 million to <a href="/facts/With_Honor/BqMYAlgN">With Honor</a>, a nonpartisan organization that works to increase the number of veterans in political office.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:382" href="#fn:382">382</a>
In February 2020, Bezos pledged $10 billion to <a href="/facts/Climate_change_mitigation/GgkoeWMk">combat climate change</a> through the Bezos Earth Fund.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:383" href="#fn:383">383</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:384" href="#fn:384">384</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:385" href="#fn:385">385</a> Later that year, in November, Bezos announced $791M of donations to established, well-known groups, with $100M each going to <a href="/facts/Environmental_Defense_Fund/M5N2PaTj">Environmental Defense Fund</a>, <a href="/facts/Natural_Resources_Defense_Council/1Cb7xy6K">Natural Resources Defense Council</a>, <a href="/facts/The_Nature_Conservancy/0YkQxxW1">The Nature Conservancy</a>, <a href="/facts/World_Resources_Institute/gK16YEME">World Resources Institute</a> and <a href="/facts/World_Wildlife_Fund/u8NgdHjK">World Wildlife Fund</a>, and the remainder going to 11 other groups.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:386" href="#fn:386">386</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:387" href="#fn:387">387</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:388" href="#fn:388">388</a> In April 2020, early in the <a href="/facts/COVID-19_pandemic/0xTsh7Ut">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, Bezos donated $100 million to food banks through <a href="/facts/Feeding_America/pvtFWqh8">Feeding America</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:389" href="#fn:389">389</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:390" href="#fn:390">390</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:391" href="#fn:391">391</a> In November 2021, Bezos pledged to donate $2 billion towards restructuring food systems and nature conservation at the <a href="/facts/2021_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference/JARSYWLa">2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:392" href="#fn:392">392</a>
In July 2021, Bezos announced the <a href="/facts/Courage_and_Civility_Award/LYkKL6Bl">Courage and Civility Award</a> and donated $100 million each to lawyer <a href="/facts/Van_Jones/QTeCxF6a">Van Jones</a> and chef <a href="/facts/Jos%25C3%25A9_Andr%25C3%25A9s/KHnG9yFw">José Andrés</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:393" href="#fn:393">393</a> The next year, he donated $100 million to singer <a href="/facts/Dolly_Parton/11l3QCmn">Dolly Parton</a> in recognition of her charity work focused on improving children's literacy around the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:394" href="#fn:394">394</a> In March 2024, he donated $50 million each to actress <a href="/facts/Eva_Longoria/m7B78Fn5">Eva Longoria</a> and retired admiral <a href="/facts/William_H._McRaven/XVmrb29h">Bill McRaven</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:395" href="#fn:395">395</a>
Bezos Academy is a group of tuition-free <a href="/facts/Preschool/lmg7JkcL">preschools</a> for students from <a href="/facts/Low-income/hNLtrNmK">low-income</a> families, which was created by Bezos, and which operate in a manner similar to the <a href="/facts/Montessori/UPloRhh2">Montessori</a> method (but are not accredited as Montessori schools).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:396" href="#fn:396">396</a> On November 22, 2022, Bezos awarded $123 million to organizations that are engaged in relocating homeless families to permanent housing. Day 1 Families Fund grants, the amounts of which vary in monetary terms, will be sent to 40 organizations across the country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:397" href="#fn:397">397</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_Princeton_University_people/az0Iccas">List of Princeton University alumni</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_richest_Americans_in_history/vJtLCXux">List of richest Americans in history</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Time_Person_of_the_Year/kaqqgbh3">List of Time Person of the Year recipients</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/The_World%2527s_Billionaires/5PPbefmW">The World's Billionaires</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="sources">Sources</h2>
<ul><li>Robinson, Tom (2010). Jeff Bezos: Amazon.com Architect. ABDO Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-60453-759-8.</li></ul>
<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>

<ul><li>Boyle, Alan (May 29, 2018). <a href="https://www.geekwire.com/2018/jeff-bezos-isdc-space-vision">"Jeff Bezos: 'We will have to leave this planet ... and it's going to make this planet better'"</a>. <a href="/facts/GeekWire/tmF0ahNJ">GeekWire</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180529170353/https://www.geekwire.com/2018/jeff-bezos-isdc-space-vision/">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved May 31, 2018.</li>
<li>Davenport, Christian (2018). The Space Barons: Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos, and the Quest to Colonize the Cosmos. PublicAffairs. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1610398299.</li>
<li>Döpfner, Mathias S. (March 28, 2018). <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-interview-axel-springer-ceo-amazon-trump-blue-origin-family-regulation-washington-post-2018-4">"Jeff Bezos reveals what it's like to build an empire"</a>. Business Insider. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180430233857/http://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-interview-axel-springer-ceo-amazon-trump-blue-origin-family-regulation-washington-post-2018-4">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2018. Retrieved April 29, 2018.</li>
<li>Fernholz, Tim (2018). Rocket Billionaires: Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos, and the New Space Race. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1328662231.</li>
<li>Leibovich, Mark. The New Imperialists (Prentice Hall, 2002) pp 55–104.<a href="https://archive.org/details/newimperialists00mark">online</a></li>
<li>Wingfield, Nick (January 12, 2018). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/12/technology/jeff-bezos-amazon.html">"Jeff Bezos, Mr. Amazon, Steps Out"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180422111725/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/12/technology/jeff-bezos-amazon.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2018. Retrieved April 29, 2018.</li>
<li>Wofford, Ben (April 22, 2018). <a href="https://www.washingtonian.com/2018/04/22/inside-jeff-bezos-dc-life">"Inside Jeff Bezos's Washington D.C. Life"</a>. <a href="/facts/Washingtonian_(magazine)/ekf9p0nI">Washingtonian</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180429052713/https://www.washingtonian.com/2018/04/22/inside-jeff-bezos-dc-life/">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 29, 2018.</li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

<ul><li><a href="https://www.ted.com/speakers/jeff_bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> at <a href="/facts/TED_(conference)/Sc3JxnA1">TED</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?53772">Appearances</a> on <a href="/facts/C-SPAN/MdgMU5eM">C-SPAN</a></li>
<li><a href="https://charlierose.com/videos/2495">Jeff Bezos</a> on <a href="/facts/Charlie_Rose_(talk_show)/7WJDcV7L">Charlie Rose</a></li>
<li><a href="https://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/b/jeffrey_p_bezos/index.html">Jeff Bezos</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/facts/The_New_York_Times/T9marWVX">The New York Times</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/jeff-bezos/">Forbes Profile</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
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<li id="fn:3">"Bloomberg Billionaire Index – Jeff Bezos". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on January 13, 2018. Retrieved May 19, 2024. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/jeffrey-p-bezos/" target="_blank">https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/jeffrey-p-bezos/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:7">"UPI Almanac for Sunday, Jan. 12, 2020". United Press International. January 12, 2020. Archived from the original on January 13, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2020. Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos in 1964 (age 56) <a href="https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2020/01/12/UPI-Almanac-for-Sunday-Jan-12-2020/8721578623716/" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2020/01/12/UPI-Almanac-for-Sunday-Jan-12-2020/8721578623716/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Robinson (2010), pp. 14, 100 <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Robinson (2010), pp. 14–15 <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Brad Stone, (2013). The Everything Store. United States: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-21926-6 <a href="/wiki/Brad_Stone_(journalist)" target="_blank">/wiki/Brad_Stone_(journalist)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon. Little, Brown. October 15, 2013. ISBN 978-0-316-21925-9. Archived from the original on August 7, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023. <a href="978-0-316-21925-9" target="_blank">978-0-316-21925-9</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Clifford, Catherine (June 14, 2019). "Jeff Bezos's single teen mom brought him to night school with her when he was a baby". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Condition one, I had to arrive and depart [high] school within five minutes of the starting and finishing bells. Condition two, I could not talk to other students. Condition three, I couldn't eat lunch in the cafeteria. Condition four, I was told I would not be allowed to walk across the stage with my classmates to get my diploma <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/06/14/jeff-bezoss-single-teen-mom-brought-him-to-night-school-with-her.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnbc.com/2019/06/14/jeff-bezoss-single-teen-mom-brought-him-to-night-school-with-her.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Why Some Locals Are Skeptical About Jeff Bezos' Free Preschool Near Seattle Archived February 1, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Forbes, October 14, 2020 <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/angelauyeung/2020/10/14/why-some-locals-are-miffed-about-jeff-bezos-free-preschool-near-seattle/" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/sites/angelauyeung/2020/10/14/why-some-locals-are-miffed-about-jeff-bezos-free-preschool-near-seattle/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Stone, Brad (October 10, 2013). "The Secrets of Bezos: How Amazon Became the Everything Store". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on December 16, 2022. Retrieved March 27, 2023. <a href="/wiki/Brad_Stone_(journalist)" target="_blank">/wiki/Brad_Stone_(journalist)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Stone, Brad (2013). The Everything Store. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-21926-6. <a href="978-0-316-21926-6" target="_blank">978-0-316-21926-6</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Robinson (2010), pp. 14, 18 <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Robinson (2010), p. 15 <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Barr, Alistair (October 10, 2013). "Bike shop owner discovers he's father of Amazon founder". USA Today. Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. Retrieved March 27, 2023. <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2013/10/10/bezos-amazon-biological-father/2959633/" target="_blank">https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2013/10/10/bezos-amazon-biological-father/2959633/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">"Family of Voices: Miguel Bezos". National Museum of American History. March 16, 2017. Archived from the original on December 24, 2020. Retrieved April 6, 2022. <a href="https://americanhistory.si.edu/family-voices/individuals/miguel-bezos" target="_blank">https://americanhistory.si.edu/family-voices/individuals/miguel-bezos</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Robinson (2010), p. 18 <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Robinson (2010), p. 16 <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Robinson (2010), p. 17 <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Frank, Robert (June 15, 2017). "At Last, Jeff Bezos Offers a Hint of His Philanthropic Plans". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018. Retrieved March 8, 2018. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/15/business/media/jeff-bezos-amazon-rich-charity.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/15/business/media/jeff-bezos-amazon-rich-charity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Parkhurst, Emily (August 5, 2015). "Jeff Bezos just sold $534 million worth of Amazon stock". Puget Sound Business Journal. Archived from the original on August 7, 2015. Retrieved August 5, 2015. <a href="http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/morning_call/2015/08/jeff-bezos-just-sold-534-million-worth-of-amazon.html" target="_blank">http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/morning_call/2015/08/jeff-bezos-just-sold-534-million-worth-of-amazon.html</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Robinson (2010), p. 19 <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">"Biography and Video Interview of Jeff Bezos at Academy of Achievement". Achievement.org. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved April 1, 2019. <a href="https://www.achievement.org/achiever/jeffrey-p-bezos" target="_blank">https://www.achievement.org/achiever/jeffrey-p-bezos</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Yanez, Luisa (August 5, 2013). "Jeff Bezos: A rocket launched from Miami's Palmetto High". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on February 12, 2018. Retrieved February 11, 2018. <a href="http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/article1953866.html" target="_blank">http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/article1953866.html</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Bayers, Chip. "The Inner Bezos". Wired. Archived from the original on February 12, 2018. Retrieved February 11, 2018. <a href="https://www.wired.com/1999/03/bezos-3" target="_blank">https://www.wired.com/1999/03/bezos-3</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Fishman, Charles (January 31, 2001). "Face Time With Jeff Bezos". Fast Company. Archived from the original on April 17, 2018. Retrieved April 16, 2018. <a href="https://www.fastcompany.com/42412/face-time-jeff-bezos" target="_blank">https://www.fastcompany.com/42412/face-time-jeff-bezos</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Robinson (2010), p. 24 <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Martinez, Amy (March 31, 2012). "Amazon.com's Bezos invests in space travel, time". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2013. <a href="http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2017883721_amazonbezos25.html" target="_blank">http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2017883721_amazonbezos25.html</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Robinson (2010), p. 24 <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Foer, Franklin (November 1, 2019). "Jeff Bezos's Master Plan". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on October 10, 2019. Retrieved October 10, 2019. <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/11/what-jeff-bezos-wants/598363" target="_blank">https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/11/what-jeff-bezos-wants/598363</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Deutschman, Alan (August 1, 2004). "Inside the Mind of Jeff Bezos". Fast Company. Archived from the original on February 26, 2018. Retrieved March 7, 2018. <a href="https://www.fastcompany.com/50541/inside-mind-jeff-bezos-4" target="_blank">https://www.fastcompany.com/50541/inside-mind-jeff-bezos-4</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">CNBC (September 13, 2018). Jeff Bezos At The Economic Club Of Washington (9/13/18). Retrieved June 17, 2024 – via YouTube. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xv_vkA0jsyo" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xv_vkA0jsyo</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">"The seeds of my success were sown in early childhood. | UNICEF Sri Lanka". www.unicef.org. Retrieved June 17, 2024. <a href="https://www.unicef.org/srilanka/stories/seeds-my-success-were-sown-early-childhood" target="_blank">https://www.unicef.org/srilanka/stories/seeds-my-success-were-sown-early-childhood</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:41">Robinson (2010), pp. 25–27 <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">"Biography and Video Interview of Jeff Bezos at Academy of Achievement". Achievement. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved April 7, 2019. <a href="https://www.achievement.org/achiever/jeffrey-p-bezos/#interview" target="_blank">https://www.achievement.org/achiever/jeffrey-p-bezos/#interview</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:44">Robinson (2010), p. 26 <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Robinson (2010), p. 7 <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:48">Robinson (2010), p. 7 <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Robinson (2010), pp. 9–12 <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:383">"Instagram a new Bezos Earth Fund". February 17, 2020. Archived from the original on February 17, 2020. Retrieved February 17, 2020 – via Instagram. Today, I'm thrilled to announce I am launching the Bezos Earth Fund. <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/B8rWKFnnQ5c/" target="_blank">https://www.instagram.com/p/B8rWKFnnQ5c/</a> <a href="#fnref:383" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:384">"Amazon founder Jeff Bezos commits $10bn to fight climate change". Sky News. Archived from the original on February 17, 2020. <a href="https://news.sky.com/story/amazon-founder-bezos-commits-10bn-to-fight-climate-change-11936763" target="_blank">https://news.sky.com/story/amazon-founder-bezos-commits-10bn-to-fight-climate-change-11936763</a> <a href="#fnref:384" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:385">"Jeff Bezos: World's richest man pledges $10bn to fight climate change". BBC News. February 17, 2020. Archived from the original on February 17, 2020. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51539321" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51539321</a> <a href="#fnref:385" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:386">"Bezos Earth Fund announces first grants totaling $791M of his $10B pledge to help planet". GeekWire. November 16, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2021. <a href="https://www.geekwire.com/2020/bezos-earth-fund-announces-first-grants-totaling-791m-10b-pledge-help-planet/" target="_blank">https://www.geekwire.com/2020/bezos-earth-fund-announces-first-grants-totaling-791m-10b-pledge-help-planet/</a> <a href="#fnref:386" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:387">"Bezos Earth Fund gives nearly $800 million to climate groups in first round of grants". phys.org. Retrieved March 10, 2021. <a href="https://phys.org/news/2020-11-bezos-earth-fund-million-climate.html" target="_blank">https://phys.org/news/2020-11-bezos-earth-fund-million-climate.html</a> <a href="#fnref:387" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:388">Palmer, Annie (November 16, 2020). "Jeff Bezos names first recipients of his $10 billion Earth Fund for combating climate change". CNBC. Retrieved March 10, 2021. <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/16/jeff-bezos-names-first-recipients-of-his-10-billion-earth-fund.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/16/jeff-bezos-names-first-recipients-of-his-10-billion-earth-fund.html</a> <a href="#fnref:388" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:389">Evelyn, Kenya (April 15, 2020). "Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos grows fortune by $24bn amid coronavirus pandemic". The Guardian. Archived from the original on April 15, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2020. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/apr/15/amazon-jeff-bezos-gains-24bn-coronavirus-pandemic" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/apr/15/amazon-jeff-bezos-gains-24bn-coronavirus-pandemic</a> <a href="#fnref:389" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:390">"Twitter boss pledges $1bn for coronavirus relief". BBC News. April 7, 2020. Archived from the original on April 13, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2020. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52209690" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52209690</a> <a href="#fnref:390" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:391">Schleifer, Theodore (April 2, 2020). "Why Jeff Bezos's $100 million donation to food banks won't satisfy his critics". Vox. Archived from the original on April 13, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2020. <a href="https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/4/2/21206205/jeff-bezos-100-million-charity-food-banks-feeding-america" target="_blank">https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/4/2/21206205/jeff-bezos-100-million-charity-food-banks-feeding-america</a> <a href="#fnref:391" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:392">Hahn, Jason Duaine (November 2, 2021). "Jeff Bezos Pledges $2B for Nature Conservation as World Leaders Address Deforestation, Emissions". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on December 13, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2021. <a href="https://news.yahoo.com/jeff-bezos-pledges-2b-nature-211448103.html" target="_blank">https://news.yahoo.com/jeff-bezos-pledges-2b-nature-211448103.html</a> <a href="#fnref:392" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:393">Darcy, Oliver (July 20, 2021). "Bezos donates $100 million each to CNN contributor Van Jones and chef Jose Andres". CNN. Retrieved March 15, 2024. <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2021/07/20/media/van-jones-bezos-100-million/index.html" target="_blank">https://edition.cnn.com/2021/07/20/media/van-jones-bezos-100-million/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:393" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:394">"Country star Dolly Parton gets $100m award from Amazon founder Jeff Bezos". BBC News. November 14, 2022. Retrieved November 14, 2022. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-63619512" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/business-63619512</a> <a href="#fnref:394" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:395">"Eva Longoria and Bill McRaven Receive $100 Million From Jeff Bezos". The Republic Reporter. March 15, 2024. Retrieved March 15, 2024. <a href="https://republicreporter.com/2024/03/eva-longoria-and-bill-mcraven-receive-100-million-from-jeff-bezos/" target="_blank">https://republicreporter.com/2024/03/eva-longoria-and-bill-mcraven-receive-100-million-from-jeff-bezos/</a> <a href="#fnref:395" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:396">Jeff Bezos's tuition-free preschool is expanding to new locations in Texas and Florida. Here's who's eligible to attend and why Bezos says 'the child will be the customer.', Business Insider, January 31, 2022 <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-free-preschool-bezos-academy-locations-curriculum-eligibility-2022-1" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-free-preschool-bezos-academy-locations-curriculum-eligibility-2022-1</a> <a href="#fnref:396" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:397">Melas, Chloe (November 22, 2022). "Jeff Bezos announces 40 grants totaling $123 million to combat homelessness". CNN. Retrieved June 28, 2025. <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2022/11/22/business/jeff-bezos-day-1-fund-grants" target="_blank">https://edition.cnn.com/2022/11/22/business/jeff-bezos-day-1-fund-grants</a> <a href="#fnref:397" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Jeff Bezos open-in-new

Jeff Bezos