Isamu Noguchi

<h2 id="early-life-19041922">Early life (1904–1922)</h2>
Isamu Noguchi was born in Los Angeles, the son of <a href="/facts/Yone_Noguchi/WlddsVgd">Yone Noguchi</a>, a Japanese poet who was acclaimed in the United States, and <a href="/facts/L%C3%A9onie_Gilmour/PbXvfrs2">Léonie Gilmour</a>, an American writer who edited much of Noguchi's work.
Yone had ended his relationship with Gilmour earlier that year and planned to marry <a href="/facts/The_Washington_Post/dRvzvqJc">The Washington Post</a> reporter <a href="/facts/Ethel_Armes/ArtsbMKN">Ethel Armes</a>. After <a href="/facts/Marriage_proposal/MnheQptx">proposing</a> to Armes, Yone left for Japan in late August, settling in Tokyo and awaiting her arrival; their engagement fell through months later when Armes learned of Léonie and her newborn son.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a>
In 1906, Yone invited Léonie to come to Tokyo with their son. She at first refused, but growing <a href="/facts/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_the_United_States/8WfBUtb0">anti-Japanese sentiment</a> following the <a href="/facts/Russo-Japanese_War/YWIxIkE2">Russo-Japanese War</a> eventually convinced her to take up Yone's offer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> The two departed from San Francisco in March 1907, arriving in <a href="/facts/Yokohama/q5RcVlLf">Yokohama</a> to meet Yone. Upon arrival, their son was finally given the name Isamu (勇, "courage"). However, Yone had married a Japanese woman by the time they arrived, and was mostly absent from his son's childhood. After again separating from Yone, Léonie and Isamu moved several times throughout Japan.
In 1912, while the two were living in <a href="/facts/Chigasaki/Mgm9zmPE">Chigasaki</a>, Isamu's half-sister, pioneer of the American <a href="/facts/Modern_Dance/88H0r54h">Modern Dance</a> movement <a href="/facts/Ailes_Gilmour/YVUlpYTH">Ailes Gilmour</a>, was born to Léonie and an unknown Japanese father. Here, Léonie had a house built for the three of them, a project that she had the 8-year-old Isamu "oversee". Nurturing her son's artistic ability, she put him in charge of their garden and apprenticed him to a local carpenter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> However, they moved once again in December 1917 to an English-speaking community in Yokohama.
In 1918, Noguchi was sent back to the US for schooling in <a href="/facts/Rolling_Prairie,_Indiana/7VwR3FBN">Rolling Prairie, Indiana</a>. After graduation, he left with Dr. <a href="/facts/Edward_Rumely/Mak7CVlk">Edward Rumely</a> to <a href="/facts/LaPorte,_Indiana/3WHPcqf1">LaPorte</a>, where he found boarding with a <a href="/facts/Swedenborgian/aQBcWrb5">Swedenborgian</a> pastor, Samuel Mack. Noguchi began attending La Porte High School, graduating in 1922. During this period of his life, he was known by the name "Sam Gilmour".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>

<h2 id="early-artistic-career-19221927">Early artistic career (1922–1927)</h2>
After high school, Noguchi explained his desire to become an artist to Rumely;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> though Rumely preferred that Noguchi become a doctor, he acknowledged Noguchi's request and sent him to <a href="/facts/Connecticut/LeDhYdJG">Connecticut</a> to work as an apprentice to his friend <a href="/facts/Gutzon_Borglum/3YD1vHMj">Gutzon Borglum</a>. Best known as the creator of <a href="/facts/Mount_Rushmore_National_Memorial/LXopN6Al">Mount Rushmore National Memorial</a>, Borglum was at the time working on the group called <a href="/facts/Wars_of_America/VdrbLx2P">Wars of America</a> for the city of Newark, New Jersey, a work of art that includes forty-two figures and two <a href="/facts/Equestrian_sculpture/EmQmG4e1">equestrian sculptures</a>. As one of Borglum's apprentices, Noguchi received little training as a sculptor; his tasks included arranging the horses and modeling for the monument as <a href="/facts/General_Sherman/cDbr9QS4">General Sherman</a>. He did, however, pick up some skills in casting from Borglum's Italian assistants, later fashioning a bust of <a href="/facts/Abraham_Lincoln/F8VqYAsA">Abraham Lincoln</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> At summer's end, Borglum told Noguchi that he would never become a sculptor, prompting him to reconsider Rumely's prior suggestion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>
He then traveled to New York City, reuniting with the Rumely family at their new residence, and with Dr. Rumely's financial aid enrolled in February 1922 as a <a href="/facts/Medicine/2fnp90Je">premedical</a> student at <a href="/facts/Columbia_University/Hlf1gw53">Columbia University</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> Soon after, he met the <a href="/facts/Bacteriologist/Xk70D2YU">bacteriologist</a> <a href="/facts/Hideyo_Noguchi/m0Q2IoPu">Hideyo Noguchi</a>, who urged him to reconsider art, as well as the Japanese dancer <a href="/facts/Michio_It%C5%8D/6nazfU5V">Michio Itō</a>, whose celebrity status later helped Noguchi find acquaintances in the art world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> Another influence was his mother, who in 1923 moved from Japan to California, then later to New York.
In 1924, while still enrolled at Columbia, Noguchi followed his mother's advice to take night classes at the <a href="/facts/Leonardo_da_Vinci_Art_School/seUCQ1IX">Leonardo da Vinci Art School</a>. The school's head, <a href="/facts/Onorio_Ruotolo/kFmf7wvA">Onorio Ruotolo</a>, was immediately impressed by Noguchi's work. Only three months later, Noguchi held his first exhibit, a selection of <a href="/facts/Plaster/GG73HRD7">plaster</a> and <a href="/facts/Terracotta/Yze0TnSH">terracotta</a> works. He soon dropped out of Columbia University to pursue sculpture full-time, changing his name from Gilmour (the surname he had used for years) to Noguchi.
After moving into his own studio, Noguchi found work through commissions for portrait busts, and won the <a href="/facts/Logan_Medal_of_the_Arts/Ur2xEMFM">Logan Medal of the Arts</a>. During this time, he frequented avant garde shows at the galleries of such modernists as <a href="/facts/Alfred_Stieglitz/v2SVMIw2">Alfred Stieglitz</a> and J. B. Neuman, and took a particular interest in a show of the works of Romanian-born sculptor <a href="/facts/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i/gIdGxbB3">Constantin Brâncuși</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>
In late 1926, Noguchi applied for a <a href="/facts/Guggenheim_Fellowship/SuatTbVK">Guggenheim Fellowship</a>. In his letter of application, he proposed to study stone and wood cutting and to gain "a better understanding of the human figure" in Paris for a year, then spend another year traveling through Asia, exhibit his work, and return to New York.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> He was awarded the grant despite being three years short of the age requirement.

<h2 id="early-travels-19271937">Early travels (1927–1937)</h2>
Noguchi arrived in Paris in April 1927 and soon afterward met the American author <a href="/facts/Robert_McAlmon/sLGNwhtR">Robert McAlmon</a>, who brought him to Constantin Brâncuși's studio for an introduction. Despite a language barrier between the two artists (Noguchi barely spoke French, and Brâncuși did not speak English<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>), Noguchi was taken in as Brâncuși's assistant for the next seven months. During this time, Noguchi gained his footing in <a href="/facts/Stone_sculpture/ykYo40y8">stone sculpture</a>, a medium with which he was unacquainted, though he would later admit that one of Brâncuși's greatest teachings was to appreciate "the value of the moment".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> Meanwhile, Noguchi found himself in good company in France, with letters of introduction from Michio Itō helping him to meet such artists as <a href="/facts/Jules_Pascin/MN6tYHxY">Jules Pascin</a> and <a href="/facts/Alexander_Calder/AzVBmLlu">Alexander Calder</a>, who lived in the studio of <a href="/facts/Arno_Breker/Igd4zzF8">Arno Breker</a>. They became friends and Breker did a bronze bust of Noguchi.
Noguchi only produced one sculpture – his marble Sphere Section – in his first year, but during his second year he stayed in Paris and continued his training in <a href="/facts/Stoneworking/kzvdRB4A">stoneworking</a> with the Italian sculptor Mateo Hernandes, producing over twenty more abstractions of wood, stone and <a href="/facts/Sheet_metal/3yK7SwL4">sheet metal</a>. Noguchi's next major destination was <a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM">India</a>, from which he would travel east; he arrived in London to read up on Oriental sculpture, but was denied the extension to the Guggenheim Fellowship he needed.
In February 1929, he left for New York City. Brâncuși had recommended that Noguchi visit <a href="/facts/Romany_Marie/L8fsD3vu">Romany Marie</a>'s café in <a href="/facts/Greenwich_Village/yqbBHchP">Greenwich Village</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> Noguchi did so and there met <a href="/facts/Buckminster_Fuller/fLvx87hc">Buckminster Fuller</a>, with whom he collaborated on several projects,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> including the modeling of Fuller's <a href="/facts/Dymaxion_car/h1aCcPPJ">Dymaxion car</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>
Upon his return, Noguchi's abstract sculptures made in Paris were exhibited in his first one-man show at the Eugene Schoen Gallery. After none of his works sold, Noguchi altogether abandoned abstract art for portrait busts in order to support himself. He soon found himself accepting commissions from wealthy and celebrity clients. A 1930 exhibit of several busts, including those of <a href="/facts/Martha_Graham/Gl5KqQP7">Martha Graham</a> and <a href="/facts/Buckminster_Fuller/fLvx87hc">Buckminster Fuller</a>, garnered positive reviews,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> and after less than a year of portrait sculpture, Noguchi had earned enough money to continue his trip to Asia.
Noguchi left for Paris in April 1930, and two months later received his visa to ride the <a href="/facts/Trans-Siberian_Railway/nKn6Md9B">Trans-Siberian Railway</a>. He opted to visit Japan first rather than India, but after learning that his father Yone did not want his son to visit using his surname, a shaken Noguchi instead departed for <a href="/facts/Beijing/Bg4puFBv">Beijing</a>. In China, he studied brush painting with <a href="/facts/Qi_Baishi/n7TuJ3cr">Qi Baishi</a>, staying for six months before finally sailing for Japan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> Even before his arrival in <a href="/facts/Kobe/BRn7TPho">Kobe</a>, Japanese newspapers had picked up on Noguchi's supposed reunion with his father; though he denied that this was the reason for his visit, the two did meet in Tokyo. He later arrived in <a href="/facts/Kyoto/gUWtvjfd">Kyoto</a> to study <a href="/facts/Pottery/XLcUT1mX">pottery</a> with Uno Jinmatsu. Here he took note of local <a href="/facts/Zen_garden/Q9lMMfMs">Zen gardens</a> and <a href="/facts/Haniwa/XXDVv9LF">haniwa</a>, clay funerary figures of the <a href="/facts/Kofun_period/yLC2R7pw">Kofun period</a> which inspired his <a href="/facts/Terracotta/Yze0TnSH">terracotta</a> The Queen.
Noguchi returned to New York amidst the <a href="/facts/Great_Depression/5K13wcg0">Great Depression</a>, finding few clients for his portrait busts. However, he hoped to sell his newly produced sculptures and brush paintings from Asia. Though very few sold, Noguchi regarded this one-man exhibition (which began in February 1932 and toured Chicago, the west coast, and <a href="/facts/Honolulu/DF2WutFs">Honolulu</a>) as his "most successful".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> Additionally, his next attempt to break into <a href="/facts/Abstract_art/GSJo7bbm">abstract art</a>, a large streamlined figure of dancer <a href="/facts/Ruth_Page_(ballerina)/mENv7L8h">Ruth Page</a> entitled Miss Expanding Universe, was poorly received.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> In January 1933 he worked in Chicago with <a href="/facts/Santiago_Mart%C3%ADnez_Delgado/HQUmtk98">Santiago Martínez Delgado</a> on a mural for Chicago's <a href="/facts/Century_of_Progress/TGncXgDA">Century of Progress</a> Exposition, then again found a business for his <a href="/facts/Bust_(sculpture)/3jflmFQe">portrait busts</a>. He moved to London in June hoping to find more work, but returned in December just before his mother Leonie's death.
Beginning in February 1934, Noguchi began submitting his first designs for public spaces and monuments to the Public Works of Art Program. One such design, a monument to <a href="/facts/Benjamin_Franklin/Dmfv5URr">Benjamin Franklin</a>, remained unrealized for decades. Another design, a gigantic pyramidal <a href="/facts/Earthworks_(art)/U5mvFeka">earthwork</a> entitled Monument to the American Plow, was similarly rejected, and his "sculptural landscape" of a playground, Play Mountain, was personally rejected by Parks Commissioner <a href="/facts/Robert_Moses/UflUKuHB">Robert Moses</a>. He was eventually dropped from the program, and again supported himself by sculpting portrait busts. In early 1935, after another solo exhibition, the <a href="/facts/The_Sun_(New_York)/lmzjL3Nc">New York Sun's</a> <a href="/facts/Henry_McBride_(art_critic)/KvQzTUBd">Henry McBride</a> labeled Noguchi's <a href="/facts/Death_(statue)/yqQGKDs5">Death</a>, depicting a <a href="/facts/Lynching/e23NmEsn">lynched</a> African-American, as "a little Japanese mistake".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> That same year he produced the set for <a href="/facts/Frontier_(ballet)/5LLU5KjQ">Frontier</a>, the first of many set designs for Martha Graham.
After the <a href="/facts/Federal_Art_Project/HjwBaC5J">Federal Art Project</a> started up, Noguchi again put forth designs, one of which was another earthwork chosen for the New York City airport entitled Relief Seen from the Sky; following further rejection, Noguchi left for <a href="/facts/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles/hF4zF5n6">Hollywood</a>, where he again worked as a portrait sculptor to earn money for a sojourn in <a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh">Mexico</a>. Here, Noguchi was chosen to design his first public work, a relief mural for the <a href="/facts/Abelardo_L._Rodr%C3%ADguez_Market/Bn56Up41">Abelardo Rodriguez market</a> in <a href="/facts/Mexico_City/gEnGxDEd">Mexico City</a>. The 20-meter-long History as Seen from Mexico in 1936 was hugely political and socially conscious, featuring such modern symbols as the <a href="/facts/Nazi/JjsMI4lE">Nazi</a> <a href="/facts/Swastika/621c40UU">swastika</a>, a <a href="/facts/Hammer_and_sickle/YcpATBaH">hammer and sickle</a>, and the equation <a href="/facts/Mass-energy_equivalence/ExXawGcc">E = mc²</a>. Noguchi also met <a href="/facts/Frida_Kahlo/BreVxlqm">Frida Kahlo</a> during this time and had a brief but passionate affair with her; they remained friends until her death.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>

<h2 id="further-career-in-the-united-states-19371948">Further career in the United States (1937–1948)</h2>
Noguchi returned to New York in 1937. He designed the <a href="/facts/Zenith_Radio_Nurse/VIUGDC2E">Zenith Radio Nurse</a>, the iconic original <a href="/facts/Baby_monitor/w6B9QVHp">baby monitor</a> now held in many museum collections. The Radio Nurse was Noguchi's first major design commission and he called it "my only strictly industrial design".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a>
He again began to turn out portrait busts, and after various proposals was selected for two sculptures. The first of these, a fountain built of automobile parts for the <a href="/facts/Ford_Motor_Company/lY6Wcwty">Ford Motor Company</a>'s exhibit at the <a href="/facts/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair/M8h3jfm9">1939 New York World's Fair</a>, was thought of poorly by critics and Noguchi alike<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> but nevertheless introduced him to fountain-construction and <a href="/facts/Magnesite/X0tdEuYy">magnesite</a>. Conversely, his second sculpture, a nine-ton <a href="/facts/Stainless_steel/IDdo8bEx">stainless steel</a> <a href="/facts/Bas-relief/quWLJGKo">bas-relief</a> entitled News, was unveiled over the entrance to the <a href="/facts/Associated_Press/b4T5P1bT">Associated Press</a> building at the <a href="/facts/Rockefeller_Center/pLSH8Mld">Rockefeller Center</a> in April 1940 to much praise.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> Following further rejections of his playground designs, Noguchi left on a cross-country road trip with <a href="/facts/Arshile_Gorky/m6wltV9v">Arshile Gorky</a> and Gorky's fiancée in July 1941, eventually separating from them to go to Hollywood.
Following the <a href="/facts/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor/CLBkUVjC">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, anti-Japanese sentiment was energized in the United States, and in response Noguchi formed "<a href="/facts/Nisei/f0bkokAl">Nisei</a> Writers and Artists for Democracy". Noguchi and other group leaders wrote to influential officials, including the congressional committee headed by Representative <a href="/facts/John_H._Tolan/teY54YoQ">John H. Tolan</a>, hoping to halt the <a href="/facts/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans/HDPLECdm">internment of Japanese Americans</a>; Noguchi later attended the hearings but had little effect on their outcome. He later helped organize a documentary of the internment, but left California before its release; as a legal resident of New York, he was allowed to return home. He hoped to prove Japanese-American loyalty by somehow contributing to the war effort, but when other governmental departments turned him down, Noguchi met with <a href="/facts/John_Collier_(sociologist)/qxqrHW2K">John Collier</a>, head of the <a href="/facts/Office_of_Indian_Affairs/WjzPw4dz">Office of Indian Affairs</a>, who persuaded him to travel to the internment camp located on an <a href="/facts/Indian_reservation/Y52l5YFG">Indian reservation</a> in <a href="/facts/Poston,_Arizona/wPMpXCtf">Poston, Arizona</a>, to promote <a href="/facts/Handicraft/MXjkwQQD">arts and crafts</a> and community.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a>
Noguchi arrived at the <a href="/facts/Poston_War_Relocation_Center/Yx95LbQq">Poston camp</a> in May 1942, becoming its only voluntary internee.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> Noguchi first worked in a carpentry shop, but his hope was to design parks and recreational areas within the camp. Although he created several plans at Poston, among them designs for baseball fields, swimming pools, and a cemetery,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> he found that the <a href="/facts/War_Relocation_Authority/hhcQl474">War Relocation Authority</a> had no intention of implementing them. To the WRA camp administrators he was a troublesome interloper from the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and to the internees he was an agent of the camp administration.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> Many did not trust him and saw him as a spy. He had found nothing in common with the <a href="/facts/Nisei/f0bkokAl">Nisei</a>, who regarded him as a strange outsider.
In June, Noguchi applied for release, but intelligence officers labeled him as a "suspicious person" due to his involvement in "Nisei Writers and Artists for Democracy". He was finally granted a month-long furlough on November 12, but never returned; though he was granted a permanent leave afterward, he soon afterward received a deportation order. The Federal Bureau of Investigation, accusing him of espionage, launched into a full investigation of Noguchi which ended only through the <a href="/facts/American_Civil_Liberties_Union/yDxr2A43">American Civil Liberties Union</a>'s intervention.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> Noguchi would later retell his wartime experiences in the British World War II television documentary series <a href="/facts/The_World_at_War/2Vtvap0U">The World at War</a>.
Upon his return to New York, Noguchi took a new studio in Greenwich Village. Throughout the 1940s, Noguchi's sculpture drew from the ongoing <a href="/facts/Surrealist/VUJpoo6c">surrealist</a> movement; these works include not only various <a href="/facts/Mixed-media/VhX2LE6x">mixed-media</a> constructions and landscape reliefs, but lunars – self-illuminating reliefs – and a series of <a href="/facts/Biomorphism/cWwGGpa2">biomorphic</a> sculptures made of interlocking slabs. The most famous of these assembled-slab works, Kouros, was first shown in a September 1946 exhibition, helping to cement his place in the New York art scene.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a>
In 1947 he began a working relationship with <a href="/facts/Herman_Miller_(manufacturer)/TuNIK82z">Herman Miller</a> of Zeeland, Michigan. This relationship was to prove very fruitful, resulting in several designs that have become symbols of the <a href="/facts/Modernist/AfPDL45X">modernist</a> style, including the iconic <a href="/facts/Noguchi_table/dTGNrelt">Noguchi table</a>, which remains in production today. Noguchi also developed a relationship with <a href="/facts/Knoll_(company)/dFwS9ptd">Knoll</a>, designing furniture and lamps. During this period he continued his involvement with theater, designing sets for Martha Graham's <a href="/facts/Appalachian_Spring/QxCfvhrH">Appalachian Spring</a> and <a href="/facts/John_Cage/L8UuNbIY">John Cage</a> and <a href="/facts/Merce_Cunningham/tUg6GUVe">Merce Cunningham</a>'s production of The Seasons. Near the end of his time in New York, he also found more work designing public spaces, including a commission for the ceilings of the <a href="/facts/Time-Life/BBb91vSa">Time-Life</a> headquarters.
In March 1949, Noguchi had his first one-person show in New York since 1935 at the <a href="/facts/Charles_Egan_Gallery/ue4JXF7l">Charles Egan Gallery</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> In September 2003, The <a href="/facts/Pace_Gallery/4xVGJ6x1">Pace Gallery</a> held an exhibition of Noguchi's work at their 57th Street gallery. The exhibition, entitled 33 MacDougal Alley: The Interlocking Sculpture of Isamu Noguchi, featured eleven of the artist’s interlocking sculptures. This was the first exhibition to illustrate the historical significance of the relationship between MacDougal Alley and Isamu Noguchi’s sculptural work.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a>

<h2 id="bollingen-fellowship-and-life-in-japan-19481952">Bollingen Fellowship and life in Japan (1948–1952)</h2>

Following the suicide of his artist friend Arshile Gorky in 1948, and a failed romantic relationship with <a href="/facts/Nayantara_Sahgal/L3fExaeD">Nayantara Pandit</a> (the niece of Indian nationalist <a href="/facts/Jawaharlal_Nehru/et3I8NGT">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>), Noguchi applied for a <a href="/facts/Bollingen_Fellowship/Dvfc7cTU">Bollingen Fellowship</a> to travel the world, proposing to study public space as research for a book about the "environment of leisure". It wasn't until 15 years after his death that this project came to fruition as an international traveling exhibition<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> and a deluxe limited-edition publication,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> organized by Noguchi's long-time assistant and curator at the Noguchi Museum, <a href="/facts/Bonnie_Rychlak/BsXyb0CG">Bonnie Rychlak</a>.

<h2 id="later-years-19521988">Later years (1952–1988)</h2>

In his later years Noguchi gained in prominence and acclaim, installing his large-scale works in many of the world's major cities.
He was married to the ethnic-Japanese icon of Chinese song and cinema <a href="/facts/Yoshiko_Yamaguchi/7UKxshV9">Yoshiko Yamaguchi</a>, between 1952 and 1957.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a>: 115 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a>: 131, 148 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a>
From 1959 to 1988, Noguchi was in a long-term friendship with Priscilla Morgan, a New York talent agent and art patron who strove to protect Noguchi's artistic legacy after his death.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a>
In 1955, he designed the sets and costumes for a controversial theatre production of <a href="/facts/King_Lear/FuQnmmGj">King Lear</a> starring <a href="/facts/John_Gielgud/bkvhFsdz">John Gielgud</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a>
In 1962, he was elected to membership in the <a href="/facts/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters/8Fq42xjl">American Academy of Arts and Letters</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a>
In 1971, he was elected a fellow of the <a href="/facts/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences/KptWYgz4">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a>
In 1986, he represented the United States at the Venice Biennale, showing a number of his Akari light sculptures.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a>
In 1987, he was awarded the <a href="/facts/National_Medal_of_Arts/XlgAvzqT">National Medal of Arts</a>.
Isamu Noguchi died on December 30, 1988, at the age of 84 at New York University Medical Center of pneumonia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> In its obituary for Noguchi, <a href="/facts/The_New_York_Times/T9marWVX">The New York Times</a> called him "a versatile and prolific sculptor whose earthy stones and meditative gardens bridging East and West have become landmarks of 20th-century art".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a>

<h2 id="notable-works">Notable works</h2>

<ul><li>Martha Graham (1929), <a href="/facts/Honolulu_Museum_of_Art/YMY7xEkp">Honolulu Museum of Art</a>, Honolulu, Hawaii<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a></li>
<li>Tsuneko-san (1931), Honolulu Museum of Art</li>
<li>News (1938), <a href="/facts/50_Rockefeller_Plaza/kD6pz3jg">50 Rockefeller Plaza</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a></li>
<li>Lunar Landscape (1943–44), now at <a href="/facts/Crystal_Bridges_Museum_of_American_Art/bEdYSYb3">Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a></li>
<li>Coffee Table (1944), an iconic item of <a href="/facts/Mid-century_Modern/5Ctg7Lxy">Mid-century Modern</a> furniture<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a></li>
<li>Texas Sculpture (1960–1961), First National Bank of Fort Worth Plaza, Fort Worth, Texas<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a></li>
<li>Decorative railings for a bridge in <a href="/facts/Hiroshima_Peace_Memorial/qTLrj5kr">Peace Park</a> (1951–1952), Hiroshima, Japan<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a></li>
<li>666 Fifth Avenue Ceiling and Waterfall, also known as Landscape of the Cloud (1956–1958), formerly in the lobby of <a href="/facts/666_Fifth_Avenue/BQo44uHp">666 Fifth Avenue</a>, New York City<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a></li>
<li>Gardens for UNESCO, <a href="/facts/UNESCO/QSbkRv3o">UNESCO</a> Headquarters (1956–1958), Paris, France<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Floor_Frame/h90rNyd4">Floor Frame</a> (1962; castings from 1963 to 1987). A 1963 cast is displayed at <a href="/facts/White_House_Rose_Garden/dutWUkRN">The White House Rose Garden</a>, in Washington, D.C.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a></li>
<li>The Cry (1962), <a href="/facts/Albright%E2%80%93Knox_Art_Gallery/rIdxTnNT">Albright–Knox Art Gallery</a>, Buffalo, New York</li>
<li>Sun (1963), <a href="/facts/Empire_State_Plaza/mLpmuxb6">The Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza Art Collection</a>, Albany, New York<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a></li>
<li>Sunken Garden for <a href="/facts/Beinecke_Rare_Book_and_Manuscript_Library/ss1ewuwk">Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library</a> (1960–1964), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a></li>
<li>Sunken Garden for <a href="/facts/28_Liberty_Street/fPv9ESwo">Chase Manhattan Bank Plaza</a> (1961–1964), New York City<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a></li>
<li>Gardens for <a href="/facts/IBM/QszA7nwd">IBM</a> Headquarters (1964), Armonk, New York<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Billy_Rose/GvB6z9RB">Billy Rose</a> Sculpture Garden (1960–1965), <a href="/facts/Israel_Museum/bJAj8jqy">Israel Museum</a>, Jerusalem<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a></li>
<li>Children's Land (1965–1966), a temporary children's playground for Kodomo no Kuni, Yokohama, Japan<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a></li>
<li>Red Cube (1968), <a href="/facts/Marine_Midland_Building/vhuLcEIs">HSBC Building</a>, New York City</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Octetra/MD6CjaSC">Octetra</a> (1968), <a href="/facts/Crystal_Bridges_Museum_of_American_Art/bEdYSYb3">Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art</a>. It was first located near <a href="/facts/Spoleto_Cathedral/t7DkjXjC">Spoleto Cathedral</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a> It is an abstract painted concrete sculpture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a></li>
<li>Untitled Red (1965–66), <a href="/facts/Honolulu_Museum_of_Art/YMY7xEkp">Honolulu Museum of Art</a></li>
<li>Sky Viewing Sculpture (1969), <a href="/facts/Western_Washington_University_Public_Sculpture_Collection/1Ep3mB5a">Western Washington University Public Sculpture Collection</a>, Bellingham, Washington</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Black_Sun_(sculpture)/bWDbSgUa">Black Sun</a> (1969), <a href="/facts/Volunteer_Park_(Seattle)/b5jf83AL">Volunteer Park</a>, Seattle, Washington</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Expo_%2770/fpJcnlEJ">Expo '70</a> Fountains, Osaka, Japan<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a></li>
<li>Twin Sculptures, Bayerische Vereinsbank, Munich (1970–1972), Munich, Germany<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Playscapes/eGXCcPth">Playscapes</a>, Piedmont Park, Atlanta, Georgia (1975–1976), a children's playground in Atlanta, Georgia</li>
<li>Intetra (1976), <a href="/facts/Society_of_the_Four_Arts/CF9D2nwj">Society of the Four Arts</a>, Palm Beach, Florida</li>
<li>Portal (1976), <a href="/facts/Justice_Center_Complex/mjUBgDhg">Justice Center Complex</a>, Cleveland, Ohio</li>
<li>Sky Gate (1976–1977), <a href="/facts/Honolulu_Hale/3X0YkBtk">Honolulu Hale</a>, Honolulu, Hawaii</li>
<li>Dodge Fountain (1972–1979) and <a href="/facts/Hart_Plaza/P37ee3rQ">Philip A. Hart Plaza</a> in Detroit, Michigan (created in collaboration with <a href="/facts/Shoji_Sadao/TcSC64KW">Shoji Sadao</a>)</li>
<li>Untitled (1981), <a href="/facts/Obsidian/GW1DI93A">obsidian</a> and wood sculpture, <a href="/facts/Honolulu_Museum_of_Art/YMY7xEkp">Honolulu Museum of Art</a></li>
<li>California Scenario and Spirit of the Lima Bean (1980–1982), Noguchi Garden, Costa Mesa, California<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a></li>
<li>To the Issei (1980-1983), Noguchi Plaza, Los Angeles, California<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Bolt_of_Lightning_(sculpture)/5BHD9WEC">Bolt of Lightning...A Memorial to Benjamin Franklin</a> (conceived 1933, installed 1984), <a href="/facts/Franklin_Square_(Philadelphia)/5BHD9WEC">Franklin Square</a>, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</li>
<li>Constellation for Louis Kahn (1983), <a href="/facts/Kimbell_Art_Museum/6IrYE1Me">Kimbell Art Museum</a>, Fort Worth, Texas</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Lillie_and_Hugh_Roy_Cullen_Sculpture_Garden/GE8nvDq9">Lillie and Hugh Roy Cullen Sculpture Garden</a> (1986) for the <a href="/facts/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Houston/yM51p4Mq">Museum of Fine Arts, Houston</a>, Texas</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Bayfront_Park/y7hpoIFK">Bayfront Park</a> (1980–1996), Miami, Florida</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Moerenuma_Park/V8zAkhCl">Moerenuma Park</a> (2004), Sapporo, Japan</li></ul>
His final project was the design for Moerenuma Park, a 400-acre (160 ha) park in Sapporo, Japan. Designed in 1988 shortly before his death, it was completed by Noguchi's partner, Shoji Sadao, and Architects 5. It opened to the public in 2004.

<h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2>

<h2 id="honors">Honors</h2>
Noguchi received the <a href="/facts/Edward_MacDowell_Medal/GkF8IbWT">Edward MacDowell Medal</a> for Outstanding Lifetime Contribution to the Arts in 1982; the National Medal of Arts in 1987; and the <a href="/facts/Order_of_the_Sacred_Treasure/wsoaggSm">Order of the Sacred Treasure</a> from the Japanese government in 1988.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a>
In 2004, the US Postal Service issued a 37-cent stamp honoring Noguchi.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a>

<h2 id="legacy">Legacy</h2>

The <a href="/facts/Noguchi_Museum/b35nAz2V">Isamu Noguchi Foundation and Garden Museum</a> is devoted to the preservation, documentation, presentation, and interpretation of the work of Isamu Noguchi. It is supported by a variety of public and private funding bodies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a> The US copyright representative for the Isamu Noguchi Foundation and Garden Museum is the <a href="/facts/Artists_Rights_Society/kxHH2YT0">Artists Rights Society</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a> In 2012, it was announced that, in order to reduce liability, Noguchi's <a href="/facts/Catalogue_raisonn%C3%A9/pfwEDRH8">catalogue raisonné</a> would be published as an online-only, ever-modifiable work-in-progress. It began in 1979 with the publication by Nancy Grove and Diane Botnick for Grove Press. After 1980 Bonnie Rychlak continued the research and became the managing editor of the catalogue until 2011. After 2011, Shaina Larrivee continued the project and 2015, Alex Ross became the managing editor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a>

<h3>Exhibition</h3>
<a href="/facts/M%2B/d6LghJX2">M+</a> in partnership with the Isamu Noguchi Foundation and Garden Museum organized an exhibition of Isamu Noguchi and <a href="/facts/Danh_V%C3%B5/HGHhDs96">Danh Võ</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a> The exhibition took place in the M+ Pavilion, Hong Kong, from November 16, 2018, to April 22, 2019.

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul>
<li>United States portal</li><li>Arts portal</li><li>Biography portal</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Wabi-sabi/YeRDNsTd">Wabi-sabi</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Japanese_in_New_York_City/9odS4QXz">Japanese in New York City</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<ul><li>Noguchi, Isamu (1968). <a href="https://archive.org/details/sculptorsworld0000nogu">A Sculptor's World</a>. Harper & Row.</li>
<li>Duus, Masayo; translated by Duus, Peter (2004). <a href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofisamunoguc00duus">The life of Isamu Noguchi: journey without borders</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-691-12096-X.</li>
<li>Kuh, Katherine (1962). <a href="https://archive.org/details/artistsvoicetalk00kuhk">The Artist's Voice: Talks with Seventeen Artists</a>. Harper & Row.</li>
<li>Marika Herskovic, <a href="http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/50253062&tab=holdings">American Abstract Expressionism of the 1950s An Illustrated Survey,</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125405/http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/50253062%26tab%3Dholdings">Archived</a> September 29, 2007, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> (New York School Press, 2003.) <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-9677994-1-4. p. 254–257</li>
<li>Marika Herskovic, <a href="http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/50666793&tab=holdings">New York School Abstract Expressionists Artists Choice by Artists,</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103229/http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/50666793%26tab%3Dholdings">Archived</a> September 29, 2007, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> (New York School Press, 2000.) <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-9677994-0-6. p. 39; p. 270–273</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100120001719/http://www.nea.gov/honors/medals/medalists_year.html">Lifetime Honors – National Medal of Arts</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Kenjiro_Okazaki/dXJgbsKh">Kenjiro Okazaki</a>, <a href="http://www.noguchi.org/programs/public/noguchi-talks-kenjiro-okazaki/essay">A Place to Bury Names</a> (about Isamu Noguchi and Shirai Seiichi)</li></ul>
<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li>Altshuler, Bruce (1995). Isamu Noguchi (Modern Masters). Abbeville Press, Inc. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-55859-755-7.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Dore_Ashton/ta3n5E64">Ashton, Dore</a>; Hare, Denise Brown (1993). Noguchi East and West. University of California Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-520-08340-7</li>
<li>Cort, Louise Allison, Bert Winther-Tamaki. Isamu Noguchi and modern Japanese ceramics: a close embrace of the earth, Washington, DC: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; Berkeley: <a href="/facts/University_of_California_Press/r11UnrYP">University of California Press</a>, 2003.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Hayden_Herrera/BnfPpgxs">Herrera, Hayden</a>. Listening To Stone: The Art and Life of Isamu Noguchi. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. New York. 2015.</li>
<li>Lyford, Amy. Isamu Noguchi's Modernism: Negotiating Race, Labor, and Nation, 1930–1950 (University of California Press; 2013)</li>
<li>Noguchi, Isamu et al. (1986). Space of Akari and Stone. Chronicle Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-87701-405-1.</li>
<li>Pina, Leslie (1998). Classic Herman Miller. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-7643-0471-2.</li>
<li>Torres, Ana Maria; Williams, Tod (2000). Isamu Noguchi: A Study of Space. The Monticelli Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-58093-054-9.</li>
<li>Winther-Tamaki, Bert. Art in the encounter of nations: Japanese and American artists in the early postwar years. Honolulu: <a href="/facts/University_of_Hawaii_Press/NyfeBuJ8">University of Hawai’i Press</a>, 2001.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Udo_Weilacher/G02F16QM">Weilacher, Udo</a>: "Isamu Noguchi: Space as Sculpture", in: Weilacher, Udo (1999): Between Landscape Architecture and Land Art, Birkhauser Publisher. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 3-7643-6119-0.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Bonnie_Rychlak/BsXyb0CG">Rychlak, Bonnie</a>, (2021) "On Noguchi's Studio and the Bollingen Archives," transcribed interview for Looking Forward: Ivorypress at Twenty-Five, London and Madrid: Ivory Press, p. 53-548.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Bonnie_Rychlak/BsXyb0CG">Rychlak, Bonnie</a> (2004). "Forward," A Sculptor's World by Isamu Noguchi. Reprint from 1968. Gottingen, Germany: Steidl.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Bonnie_Rychlak/BsXyb0CG">Rychlak, Bonnie</a> (2002) "A Glimpse of Isamu's Life and Works," for Isamu Noguchi, Human Aspect as a Contemporary: 54 Witnesses in Japan and America, Kagawa, Japan: The Shikoku Shimbun.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Isamu Noguchi.

<ul><li><a href="https://www.noguchi.org/">The Isamu Noguchi Foundation and Garden Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/quick_search/query?utf8=true&q=artist:%22Isamu%20Noguchi%22">Drawings by Isamu Noguchi</a> from the <a href="/facts/University_of_Michigan_Museum_of_Art/rIldIXln">University of Michigan Museum of Art</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"Noguchi". Dictionary.com. Retrieved November 26, 2023. <a href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/noguchi" target="_blank">https://www.dictionary.com/browse/noguchi</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Brenson, Michael (December 31, 1988). "Isamu Noguchi, the Sculptor, Dies at 84". The New York Times. Retrieved January 2, 2022. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/31/obituaries/isamu-noguchi-the-sculptor-dies-at-84.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/31/obituaries/isamu-noguchi-the-sculptor-dies-at-84.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Pina, Leslie (1998). Classic Herman Miller. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 0-7643-0471-2. <a href="0-7643-0471-2" target="_blank">0-7643-0471-2</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"Chronology". The Noguchi Museum. Retrieved January 2, 2022. <a href="https://www.noguchi.org/isamu-noguchi/biography/chronology/" target="_blank">https://www.noguchi.org/isamu-noguchi/biography/chronology/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Duus, 2004. pp. 45–46 <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Duus, 2004. pp. 73–74 <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Winther, Bert (Fall 1995). "Isamu Noguchi". Art Journal. 54 (3): 113–115. doi:10.2307/777614. JSTOR 777614. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Noguchi, 1968. p. 14 <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Noguchi, 1968. pp. 14–15 <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Noguchi, 1968. p. 15 <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"The Abstract Sculptor Who Melded East and West". Columbia College Today. Fall 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020. <a href="https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/issue/fall-2020/article/abstract-sculptor-who-melded-east-and-west" target="_blank">https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/issue/fall-2020/article/abstract-sculptor-who-melded-east-and-west</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">"Interview with Isamu Noguchi. November 7, 1973.". Cummings, Paul. Retrieved October 19, 2006. <a href="http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/oralhistories/transcripts/noguch73.htm" target="_blank">http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/oralhistories/transcripts/noguch73.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Noguchi, 1968. p. 16 <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"Proposal to the Guggenheim Foundation (1927)". The Noguchi Museum. Retrieved October 18, 2006. Archived October 3, 2006, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.noguchi.org/proposals.html#guggenheim" target="_blank">http://www.noguchi.org/proposals.html#guggenheim</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Duus, 2004. p. 114 <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Kuh, 1962. p. 173 <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Robert Schulman. Romany Marie: The Queen of Greenwich Village (pp. 109–110). Louisville: Butler Books, 2006. ISBN 1-884532-74-8. <a href="/wiki/Romany_Marie" target="_blank">/wiki/Romany_Marie</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"Interview with Isamu Noguchi". Conducted November 7, 1973, by Paul Cummings at Noguchi's studio in Long Island City, Queens. Smithsonian Archives of American Art. <a href="http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/oralhistories/tranSCRIPTs/noguch73.htm" target="_blank">http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/oralhistories/tranSCRIPTs/noguch73.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Grace Glueck (May 19, 2006). "The Architect and the Sculptor: A Friendship of Ideas". The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/Grace_Glueck" target="_blank">/wiki/Grace_Glueck</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">John Haber. "Before Buckyballs". Review of Noguchi Museum's Best of Friends exhibition (2006). <a href="http://www.haberarts.com/fuller.htm" target="_blank">http://www.haberarts.com/fuller.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">John Haskell. "Buckminster Fuller and Isamu Noguchi". Kraine Gallery Bar Lit, Fall 2007. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513065703/http://www.kgbbar.com/lit/features/buckminster_ful.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080513065703/http://www.kgbbar.com/lit/features/buckminster_ful.html</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Michael John Gorman (March 12, 2002). "Passenger Files: Isamo Noguchi, 1904–1988". Towards a cultural history of Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion Car. Stanford Humanities Lab. Archived from the original on September 16, 2007. Includes images <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070916004925/http://shl.stanford.edu/Bucky/dymaxion/noguchi.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070916004925/http://shl.stanford.edu/Bucky/dymaxion/noguchi.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Jewell, Edward Allen (February 9, 1930). "Work by 6 Japanese Artists", The New York Times. <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Isamu Noguchi and Qi Baishi: Beijing 1930 Archived September 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Frye Art Museum (Seattle). Web page for exhibit February 22 – May 25, 2014. Retrieved May 11, 2014. <a href="http://fryemuseum.org/exhibition/5098/" target="_blank">http://fryemuseum.org/exhibition/5098/</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Duus, 2004. p. 137 <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Duus, 2004. p. 140 <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Noguchi, 1968. pp. 22–23 <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">PBS—The Life and Times of Frida Kahlo <a href="https://www.pbs.org/weta/fridakahlo/life/people.html" target="_blank">https://www.pbs.org/weta/fridakahlo/life/people.html</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Banham, Joanna (1997). Encyclopedia of Interior Design. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-78757-7. <a href="978-1-136-78757-7" target="_blank">978-1-136-78757-7</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Duus, 2004. p. 159 <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Noguchi, 1968. p. 24 <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">"Stainless Sculpture", (May 5, 1940). The New York Times. p. 2. <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Duus, 2004. p. 169 <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Duus, 2004. p. 169 <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Duus, 2004. p. 170 <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Duus, Masayo (2004). The Life of Isamu Noguchi. Princeton University Press. pp. 171–172. <a href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofisamunoguc00duus" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/lifeofisamunoguc00duus</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Duus, 2004. pp. 184–185 <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Duus, 2004. p. 191 <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Noguchi Museum: Timeline (Drag to year, then month) <a href="http://www.noguchi.org/noguchi/timeline" target="_blank">http://www.noguchi.org/noguchi/timeline</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">33 MacDougal Alley: The Interlocking Sculpture of Isamu Noguchi Official media release by PaceWildenstein, New York, c. September 2003 (undated) Archived July 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://thepacegallery.com/repository/envs/live/resources/10795/Noguchi_33%20McDougal%20Alley.pdf" target="_blank">http://thepacegallery.com/repository/envs/live/resources/10795/Noguchi_33%20McDougal%20Alley.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Isamu Noguchi: 18 Drawings, 18 Photographs. Introduction by Bonnie Rychlak. Essay by Pico Iyer. London: Ivory Press, 2007. [1] <a href="https://ivorypress.com/en/?editorial=isamu-noguchi-18-drawings-18-photographs" target="_blank">https://ivorypress.com/en/?editorial=isamu-noguchi-18-drawings-18-photographs</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Isamu Noguchi, 18 Drawings, 18 Photographs. Ivory Press, 2007. https://ivorypress.com/en/?editorial=isamu-noguchi-18-drawings-18-photographs] <a href="https://ivorypress.com/en/?editorial=isamu-noguchi-18-drawings-18-photographs" target="_blank">https://ivorypress.com/en/?editorial=isamu-noguchi-18-drawings-18-photographs</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Altshuler, Bruce (1994). Isamu Noguchi (1st ed.). New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 1-55859-755-7. <a href="1-55859-755-7" target="_blank">1-55859-755-7</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Ashton, Dore; Hare, Denise Brown (1993). Noguchi : East and West. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08340-7. <a href="0-520-08340-7" target="_blank">0-520-08340-7</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Brenson, Michael (December 31, 1988). "Isamu Noguchi, the Sculptor, Dies at 84". The New York Times. Retrieved January 2, 2022. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/31/obituaries/isamu-noguchi-the-sculptor-dies-at-84.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/31/obituaries/isamu-noguchi-the-sculptor-dies-at-84.html</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Weber, Bruce (April 3, 2014). "Priscilla Morgan, Cultural Matchmaker, Dies at 94". New York Times. Retrieved May 30, 2023. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/03/arts/priscilla-morgan-cultural-matchmaker-dies-at-94.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/03/arts/priscilla-morgan-cultural-matchmaker-dies-at-94.html</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">McPherson, Edward (July 19, 2004). "Noguchi's Loyal Mistress". Observer. Retrieved May 30, 2023. <a href="https://observer.com/2004/07/noguchis-loyal-mistress/" target="_blank">https://observer.com/2004/07/noguchis-loyal-mistress/</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Gielgud: A Theatrical Life 1904–2000 by Jonathan Croall, Continuum 2001 <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Academy of Arts & Letters web site, academicians Archived January 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.artsandletters.org/academicians.php#search" target="_blank">http://www.artsandletters.org/academicians.php#search</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">AAAS fellows, p. 303 (p.7 of 9). <a href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterN.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterN.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Ianco-Starrels, Josine (June 29, 1986). "Noguchi Represents U.S. At 42nd Venice Biennale". Los Angeles Times. <a href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-06-29-ca-67-story.html" target="_blank">https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-06-29-ca-67-story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">"Renowned Sculptor Isamu Noguchi Dies at 84". Associated Press. December 31, 1984. <a href="https://apnews.com/article/b4227ba3e36b14c63566882b31a395fa" target="_blank">https://apnews.com/article/b4227ba3e36b14c63566882b31a395fa</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Brenson, Michael (December 31, 1988). "Isamu Noguchi, the Sculptor, Dies at 84". The New York Times. Retrieved January 2, 2022. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/31/obituaries/isamu-noguchi-the-sculptor-dies-at-84.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/31/obituaries/isamu-noguchi-the-sculptor-dies-at-84.html</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">"Martha Graham". The Noguchi Museum. Retrieved January 2, 2022. <a href="https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/9624" target="_blank">https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/9624</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Okrent, Daniel (2003). Great Fortune: The Epic of Rockefeller Center. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0142001776. Retrieved March 6, 2014. <a href="978-0142001776" target="_blank">978-0142001776</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Roussel, Christine (May 17, 2006). The Art of Rockefeller Center. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-3930-6082-9. <a href="978-0-3930-6082-9" target="_blank">978-0-3930-6082-9</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">"Lunar Landscape". The Noguchi Museum. Retrieved January 2, 2022. <a href="https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/8604" target="_blank">https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/8604</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">"Lunar Landscape (Woman)". The Noguchi Museum. Retrieved January 2, 2022. <a href="https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/5365" target="_blank">https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/5365</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">"Coffee Table". The Noguchi Museum. Retrieved January 2, 2022. <a href="https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/1206" target="_blank">https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/1206</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">"Noguchi's Texas Sculpture · Isamu Noguchi". Texas Sculpture. Fort Worth Public Library. Archived from the original on January 2, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220102172102/https://texassculpture.omeka.net/exhibits/show/noguchi-texas/intro" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220102172102/https://texassculpture.omeka.net/exhibits/show/noguchi-texas/intro</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">"Hiroshima Bridge Railings; Hiroshima, Japan". The Noguchi Museum. Retrieved January 2, 2022. <a href="https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/467" target="_blank">https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/467</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">"666 Fifth Avenue Ceiling and Waterfall". The Noguchi Museum. Retrieved January 2, 2022. <a href="https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/1916" target="_blank">https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/1916</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">"Gardens for UNESCO". The Noguchi Museum. Retrieved January 2, 2022. <a href="https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/620" target="_blank">https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/620</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">"First Lady Melania Trump Unveils Sculpture Installation in the White House Rose Garden". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved November 21, 2020 – via National Archives. <a href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/first-lady-melania-trump-unveils-sculpture-installation-white-house-rose-garden/" target="_blank">https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/first-lady-melania-trump-unveils-sculpture-installation-white-house-rose-garden/</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Yeung, Jessie (November 23, 2020). "Isamu Noguchi sculpture becomes White House's first artwork by an Asian American". CNN. Retrieved February 11, 2024. <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/isamu-noguchi-white-house-statue-intl-hnk-scli/index.html" target="_blank">https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/isamu-noguchi-white-house-statue-intl-hnk-scli/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">"Sun". The Noguchi Museum. Retrieved January 2, 2022. <a href="https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/6020" target="_blank">https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/6020</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">"Yale Alumni Magazine: Last Look". archives.yalealumnimagazine.com. 2006. Retrieved December 3, 2021. <a href="http://archives.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2006_01/lastlook.html" target="_blank">http://archives.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2006_01/lastlook.html</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">"Sunken Garden for Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library". The Noguchi Museum. Retrieved January 2, 2022. <a href="https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/732" target="_blank">https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/732</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">"Sunken Garden, Chase Manhattan Bank Plaza". The Noguchi Museum. Retrieved January 2, 2022. <a href="https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/759" target="_blank">https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/759</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">"Gardens for IBM Headquarters, Armonk, NY". The Noguchi Museum. Retrieved January 2, 2022. <a href="https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/892" target="_blank">https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/892</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">"Billy Rose Sculpture Garden". The Noguchi Museum. Retrieved January 2, 2022. <a href="https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/737" target="_blank">https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/737</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">"Playground for Kodomo No Kuni". The Noguchi Museum. Retrieved January 2, 2022. <a href="https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/904" target="_blank">https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/904</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">Peggy Guggenheim Collection – Venedig <a href="http://www.kunstaspekte.de/index.php?tid=9432&action=termin" target="_blank">http://www.kunstaspekte.de/index.php?tid=9432&action=termin</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">"Isamu Noguchi Octetra". Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314100357/http://www.moderndesigninterior.com/2012/03/isamu-noguchi-octetra.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120314100357/http://www.moderndesigninterior.com/2012/03/isamu-noguchi-octetra.html</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">"Expo '70 Fountains". The Noguchi Museum. Retrieved January 2, 2022. <a href="https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/2222" target="_blank">https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/2222</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">"Twin Sculptures, Bayerische Vereins Bank, Munich". The Noguchi Museum. Retrieved January 2, 2022. <a href="https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/2279" target="_blank">https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/2279</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:77">"Spirit of the Lima Bean". Noguchi Museum. Retrieved July 5, 2023. <a href="https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/8322" target="_blank">https://archive.noguchi.org/Detail/artwork/8322</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:78">"Contrasting Elements: A Guided Tour of Isamu Noguchi's To the Issei and California Scenario with Prof. Amy Lyford and Prof. Bert Winther-Tamaki Share". Japanese American National Museum. Retrieved July 5, 2023. <a href="https://www.janm.org/events/2006-04-22/contrasting-elements-guided-tour-isamu-noguchis-issei-and-california-scenario" target="_blank">https://www.janm.org/events/2006-04-22/contrasting-elements-guided-tour-isamu-noguchis-issei-and-california-scenario</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">Official Biography at the Noguchi Museum website <a href="http://www.noguchi.org/noguchi/biography" target="_blank">http://www.noguchi.org/noguchi/biography</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:80">"Stamp Series". United States Postal Service. Archived from the original on August 10, 2013. Retrieved September 2, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130810160707/http://beyondtheperf.com/stamp-series" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130810160707/http://beyondtheperf.com/stamp-series</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:81">Noguchi Museum Mission, Vision and Supporters at Noguchi Museum website <a href="http://www.noguchi.org/museum/mission" target="_blank">http://www.noguchi.org/museum/mission</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:82">List of artists represented at the Artists Rights Society website Archived January 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://arsny.com/represented.html" target="_blank">http://arsny.com/represented.html</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:83">Collectors, artists and lawyers The Economist, November 24, 2012. <a href="https://www.economist.com/news/business/21567074-fear-litigation-hobbling-art-market-collectors-artists-and-lawyers" target="_blank">https://www.economist.com/news/business/21567074-fear-litigation-hobbling-art-market-collectors-artists-and-lawyers</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:84">"The Isamu Noguchi Catalogue Raisonné". The Noguchi Museum. Retrieved January 2, 2022. <a href="https://archive.noguchi.org/CR/Index" target="_blank">https://archive.noguchi.org/CR/Index</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:85">Noguchi for Danh Vo: Counterpoint <a href="https://www.westkowloon.hk/en/whats-on/current-forthcoming/noguchi-for-danh-vo-counterpoint/event-type/highlights" target="_blank">https://www.westkowloon.hk/en/whats-on/current-forthcoming/noguchi-for-danh-vo-counterpoint/event-type/highlights</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Isamu Noguchi open-in-new

Isamu Noguchi