Chinese Train Control System

<h2 id="ctcs-levels">CTCS Levels</h2>
There consists of 5 different levels (Level 0 to Level 4).
Levels 2, 3, and 4 are back-compatible with lower levels.

<h3>CTCS Level 0 (CTCS-0)</h3>
For railway lines where operational speeds are below 120 km/h (75 mph):

<ul><li>Track configuration: <a href="/facts/Track_circuit/Txl75Un6">Track circuit</a></li>
<li>Cab configuration: CTCS Universal Cab Signalling (UCS) + Train operating service unit (TOSU/LKJ) + Driver Machine Interface (DMI).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a></li></ul>
Level 0 is used on lines with conventional trackside signalling. Train drivers follow trackside signals primarily, with cab signals as back-up. UCS receives train <a href="/facts/Fixed_block/yK37bHt7">fixed block</a> occupation signals from track circuits and is shown as cab signals using digital signal processes. TOSU/LKJ is used to supervise speed limits and can only advise train drivers on braking curves. The drivers are mainly responsible for maintaining train speed protection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>

<h3>CTCS Level 1 (CTCS-1)</h3>
For railway lines where operational speeds are below 160 km/h (99 mph):

<ul><li>Track configuration: Track circuit + <a href="/facts/Balise/y7whlhf5">Balise</a></li>
<li>Cab configuration: Primary cab signalling + <a href="/facts/Automatic_train_protection/8aGJaYVC">ATP</a> + Enhanced Safety Train Operation Supervision and Recording Device (LKJ) + DMI + Recording units + Balise Transmission Module<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a></li></ul>
<a href="/facts/Balise/y7whlhf5">Balises</a> are installed in addition to track circuits. <a href="/facts/Automatic_train_protection/8aGJaYVC">Automatic train protection (ATP)</a> is enabled on CTCS level 1.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> Drivers use cab signals as primary signals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> Train circuits are responsible for detecting track occupancy and integrity. Temporary speed restrictions, train positions and track data are provided intermittently.

<h3>CTCS Level 2 (CTCS-2)</h3>
For <a href="/facts/High-speed_rail/I1obpP6M">high-speed railways</a> where operational speeds are below 250 km/h (160 mph):

<ul><li>Track configuration: Track circuit (ZPW/UM) + <a href="/facts/Balise/y7whlhf5">Balise</a> + Lineside Electronic Unit (LEU) + Train Control Centre (TCC) + Temporary Speed Restriction Server (TSRS)</li>
<li>Cab configuration: <a href="/facts/Automatic_Train_Protection/8aGJaYVC">ATP</a> + Vital Computer (VC) + Specific Transmission Module (STM, for receiving track circuit information from non-CTCS-2 systems) + BTM + DMI + Speed Detection Unit (SDU) + Recording units<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a></li></ul>
The track circuit is used both for train occupation detection and movement authorization, its architecture is similar to <a href="/facts/Transmission_Voie-Machine/XaGXxBbE">TVM-300</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> Balises and track circuit serves to provide intermittent trackside information and <a href="/facts/Automatic_train_protection/8aGJaYVC">automatic train protection (ATP)</a> to cab equipment. Trackside signalling is not mandatory and can be replaced with cab signalling using DMI. LKJ can be equipped as redundancy on CTCS-0 lines. Minimum headways on CTCS-2 is 180 seconds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>
This system is compatible with <a href="/facts/European_Train_Control_System/ABXTw78g">ETCS-1</a>.

<h3>CTCS Level 3 (CTCS-3)</h3>
For <a href="/facts/High-speed_rail/I1obpP6M">high-speed railway</a> of above 250 km/h (160 mph):<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>

<ul><li>Track configuration: Track circuit (ZPW/UM) + <a href="/facts/Balise/y7whlhf5">Balise</a> + LEU + Radio block control (RBC)</li>
<li>Cab configuration: VC + <a href="/facts/GSM-R/LCgUXB96">GSM-R</a> Radio transmission unit (GSM-R RTU) + BTM + DMI + SDU + Recording units</li></ul>
CTCS-3 introduces <a href="/facts/GSM-R/LCgUXB96">GSM-R</a> radio for <a href="/facts/Application_of_railway_signals/ghfjIatI">bidirectional data transmission</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> Track circuits are used as a redundant system to CTCS-3. Train positions can be accurately calculated using balises and onboard <a href="/facts/Odometer/SQ0cGdcy">odometers</a> which are transmitted to Radio Block Centres (RBCs).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> Authorisation of train movement is created by RBCs and transmitted onto on-board cab equipment using GSM-R.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> Using both trackside equipment and onboard equipment, ATP can be achieved. Trackside signalling is not mandatory and can be replaced with cab signalling using DMI. It is considered to be a "quasi-moving-block" system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>
This is currently in use for all of the 200–250 km/h (120–160 mph) lines on <a href="/facts/High-speed_rail_in_China/E7ydtPVW">China's high-speed railway system</a>, with a backup system of CTCS-2. CTCS-3 is equivalent to <a href="/facts/European_Train_Control_System/ABXTw78g">ETCS-2</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>

<h3>CTCS Level 4 (CTCS-4) (proposed)</h3>
<ul><li>Track configuration: Radio block control (RBC)</li>
<li>Cab configuration: VC + GSM-R RTU + SDU + DMI + Recording units + <a href="/facts/Global_Positioning_System/DKVLnzF3">GPS</a> (or other positioning systems) + Train integrity detection device</li></ul>
It would feature the complete elimination of <a href="/facts/Track_circuit/Txl75Un6">track circuits</a>, <a href="/facts/Moving_block/tpdTqeV4">moving blocks</a> and self-train-integrity-check, which would significantly reduce the number of conventional track signalling equipment needed. Train integrity would be completely detected entirely through CTCS-3. Data transmission would be performed on <a href="/facts/GSM-R/LCgUXB96">GSM-R</a> or <a href="/facts/LTE-M/J7dG3S6W">LTE-M</a>. Trackside signalling is not mandatory and can be replaced with cab signalling using DMI.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>
Currently, Level 4 is not in use on any tracks and exists only as a conceptual system equivalent to <a href="/facts/European_Train_Control_System/ABXTw78g">ETCS-3</a>. It is being developed and defined by signalling manufacturers in China.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Chinese_railway_signalling/vM7v2xus">Chinese railway signalling</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Hitachi Rail - Hitachi wins contract to supply Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system for China's dedicated high speed passenger line Archived 2010-03-10 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.hitachi-rail.com/rail_now/hot_topics/2008/081020/index.html" target="_blank">http://www.hitachi-rail.com/rail_now/hot_topics/2008/081020/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Bin Ning (2003-12-08). "Intelligent Control In Railway Network". Beijing Jiaotong University. Archived from the original on 2012-04-23. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120423164058/http://www.ertico.com/download/bits_documents/day1_01.ppt" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120423164058/http://www.ertico.com/download/bits_documents/day1_01.ppt</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Lv, Jidong; Chen, Lei; Tang, Tao; Zhao, Ning (September 2016). "Chinese train control system principles" (PDF). IRSE News (225): 2–5. <a href="https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?Refno=-1442186958&GroupMembers={04%20IRSE%20NEWS%20-%20all%20papers}{11%20Cab%20sig%20(inc.%20ETCS/CBTC)}{13%20Signalling%20Principles}{16%20Train%20Prot.%20Systems}{IRSE%20NEWS%20-%202016%20papers%20*}_&document=IRSE%20News%20225%20(Sep%202016).PDF" target="_blank">https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?Refno=-1442186958&GroupMembers={04%20IRSE%20NEWS%20-%20all%20papers}{11%20Cab%20sig%20(inc.%20ETCS/CBTC)}{13%20Signalling%20Principles}{16%20Train%20Prot.%20Systems}{IRSE%20NEWS%20-%202016%20papers%20*}_&document=IRSE%20News%20225%20(Sep%202016).PDF</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Lv, Jidong; Chen, Lei; Tang, Tao; Zhao, Ning (September 2016). "Chinese train control system principles" (PDF). IRSE News (225): 2–5. <a href="https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?Refno=-1442186958&GroupMembers={04%20IRSE%20NEWS%20-%20all%20papers}{11%20Cab%20sig%20(inc.%20ETCS/CBTC)}{13%20Signalling%20Principles}{16%20Train%20Prot.%20Systems}{IRSE%20NEWS%20-%202016%20papers%20*}_&document=IRSE%20News%20225%20(Sep%202016).PDF" target="_blank">https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?Refno=-1442186958&GroupMembers={04%20IRSE%20NEWS%20-%20all%20papers}{11%20Cab%20sig%20(inc.%20ETCS/CBTC)}{13%20Signalling%20Principles}{16%20Train%20Prot.%20Systems}{IRSE%20NEWS%20-%202016%20papers%20*}_&document=IRSE%20News%20225%20(Sep%202016).PDF</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Xue, Anthony Weiqing; Cui, Sara; Yan, Fei; Yi, Haiwang (April 2016). "The New Development of CTCS in the Intercity Railway" (PDF). IRSE News. Retrieved 2022-08-15. <a href="https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?id=82&RefNo=1462697577&document=2.12%20Development%20of%20the%20Chinese%20Train%20Control%20System%20(CTCS)%20-%20Anthony%20Xue.PDF" target="_blank">https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?id=82&RefNo=1462697577&document=2.12%20Development%20of%20the%20Chinese%20Train%20Control%20System%20(CTCS)%20-%20Anthony%20Xue.PDF</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Bin Ning (2003-12-08). "Intelligent Control In Railway Network". Beijing Jiaotong University. Archived from the original on 2012-04-23. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120423164058/http://www.ertico.com/download/bits_documents/day1_01.ppt" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120423164058/http://www.ertico.com/download/bits_documents/day1_01.ppt</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Lv, Jidong; Chen, Lei; Tang, Tao; Zhao, Ning (September 2016). "Chinese train control system principles" (PDF). IRSE News (225): 2–5. <a href="https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?Refno=-1442186958&GroupMembers={04%20IRSE%20NEWS%20-%20all%20papers}{11%20Cab%20sig%20(inc.%20ETCS/CBTC)}{13%20Signalling%20Principles}{16%20Train%20Prot.%20Systems}{IRSE%20NEWS%20-%202016%20papers%20*}_&document=IRSE%20News%20225%20(Sep%202016).PDF" target="_blank">https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?Refno=-1442186958&GroupMembers={04%20IRSE%20NEWS%20-%20all%20papers}{11%20Cab%20sig%20(inc.%20ETCS/CBTC)}{13%20Signalling%20Principles}{16%20Train%20Prot.%20Systems}{IRSE%20NEWS%20-%202016%20papers%20*}_&document=IRSE%20News%20225%20(Sep%202016).PDF</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Xue, Anthony Weiqing; Cui, Sara; Yan, Fei; Yi, Haiwang (April 2016). "The New Development of CTCS in the Intercity Railway" (PDF). IRSE News. Retrieved 2022-08-15. <a href="https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?id=82&RefNo=1462697577&document=2.12%20Development%20of%20the%20Chinese%20Train%20Control%20System%20(CTCS)%20-%20Anthony%20Xue.PDF" target="_blank">https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?id=82&RefNo=1462697577&document=2.12%20Development%20of%20the%20Chinese%20Train%20Control%20System%20(CTCS)%20-%20Anthony%20Xue.PDF</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">The newer source (2016) says ATP is installed on CTCS-1 while the source from the previous year (2015) does not say so. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Lv, Jidong; Chen, Lei; Tang, Tao; Zhao, Ning (September 2016). "Chinese train control system principles" (PDF). IRSE News (225): 2–5. <a href="https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?Refno=-1442186958&GroupMembers={04%20IRSE%20NEWS%20-%20all%20papers}{11%20Cab%20sig%20(inc.%20ETCS/CBTC)}{13%20Signalling%20Principles}{16%20Train%20Prot.%20Systems}{IRSE%20NEWS%20-%202016%20papers%20*}_&document=IRSE%20News%20225%20(Sep%202016).PDF" target="_blank">https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?Refno=-1442186958&GroupMembers={04%20IRSE%20NEWS%20-%20all%20papers}{11%20Cab%20sig%20(inc.%20ETCS/CBTC)}{13%20Signalling%20Principles}{16%20Train%20Prot.%20Systems}{IRSE%20NEWS%20-%202016%20papers%20*}_&document=IRSE%20News%20225%20(Sep%202016).PDF</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Xue, Anthony Weiqing; Cui, Sara; Yan, Fei; Yi, Haiwang (April 2016). "The New Development of CTCS in the Intercity Railway" (PDF). IRSE News. Retrieved 2022-08-15. <a href="https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?id=82&RefNo=1462697577&document=2.12%20Development%20of%20the%20Chinese%20Train%20Control%20System%20(CTCS)%20-%20Anthony%20Xue.PDF" target="_blank">https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?id=82&RefNo=1462697577&document=2.12%20Development%20of%20the%20Chinese%20Train%20Control%20System%20(CTCS)%20-%20Anthony%20Xue.PDF</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Lv, Jidong; Chen, Lei; Tang, Tao; Zhao, Ning (September 2016). "Chinese train control system principles" (PDF). IRSE News (225): 2–5. <a href="https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?Refno=-1442186958&GroupMembers={04%20IRSE%20NEWS%20-%20all%20papers}{11%20Cab%20sig%20(inc.%20ETCS/CBTC)}{13%20Signalling%20Principles}{16%20Train%20Prot.%20Systems}{IRSE%20NEWS%20-%202016%20papers%20*}_&document=IRSE%20News%20225%20(Sep%202016).PDF" target="_blank">https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?Refno=-1442186958&GroupMembers={04%20IRSE%20NEWS%20-%20all%20papers}{11%20Cab%20sig%20(inc.%20ETCS/CBTC)}{13%20Signalling%20Principles}{16%20Train%20Prot.%20Systems}{IRSE%20NEWS%20-%202016%20papers%20*}_&document=IRSE%20News%20225%20(Sep%202016).PDF</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Wang, Changlin. "Chinese High Speed Railway Train Control System" (PDF). Electrical and Mechanical Services Department, The Government of Hong Kong SAR. Retrieved 2022-08-15. <a href="https://www.emsd.gov.hk/minisites/symposium/2011/session/ppt/M4_PPT_CL%20Wang.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.emsd.gov.hk/minisites/symposium/2011/session/ppt/M4_PPT_CL%20Wang.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Lv, Jidong; Chen, Lei; Tang, Tao; Zhao, Ning (September 2016). "Chinese train control system principles" (PDF). IRSE News (225): 2–5. <a href="https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?Refno=-1442186958&GroupMembers={04%20IRSE%20NEWS%20-%20all%20papers}{11%20Cab%20sig%20(inc.%20ETCS/CBTC)}{13%20Signalling%20Principles}{16%20Train%20Prot.%20Systems}{IRSE%20NEWS%20-%202016%20papers%20*}_&document=IRSE%20News%20225%20(Sep%202016).PDF" target="_blank">https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?Refno=-1442186958&GroupMembers={04%20IRSE%20NEWS%20-%20all%20papers}{11%20Cab%20sig%20(inc.%20ETCS/CBTC)}{13%20Signalling%20Principles}{16%20Train%20Prot.%20Systems}{IRSE%20NEWS%20-%202016%20papers%20*}_&document=IRSE%20News%20225%20(Sep%202016).PDF</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Xue, Anthony Weiqing; Cui, Sara; Yan, Fei; Yi, Haiwang (April 2016). "The New Development of CTCS in the Intercity Railway" (PDF). IRSE News. Retrieved 2022-08-15. <a href="https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?id=82&RefNo=1462697577&document=2.12%20Development%20of%20the%20Chinese%20Train%20Control%20System%20(CTCS)%20-%20Anthony%20Xue.PDF" target="_blank">https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?id=82&RefNo=1462697577&document=2.12%20Development%20of%20the%20Chinese%20Train%20Control%20System%20(CTCS)%20-%20Anthony%20Xue.PDF</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Xue, Anthony Weiqing; Cui, Sara; Yan, Fei; Yi, Haiwang (April 2016). "The New Development of CTCS in the Intercity Railway" (PDF). IRSE News. Retrieved 2022-08-15. <a href="https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?id=82&RefNo=1462697577&document=2.12%20Development%20of%20the%20Chinese%20Train%20Control%20System%20(CTCS)%20-%20Anthony%20Xue.PDF" target="_blank">https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?id=82&RefNo=1462697577&document=2.12%20Development%20of%20the%20Chinese%20Train%20Control%20System%20(CTCS)%20-%20Anthony%20Xue.PDF</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Xue, Anthony Weiqing; Cui, Sara; Yan, Fei; Yi, Haiwang (April 2016). "The New Development of CTCS in the Intercity Railway" (PDF). IRSE News. Retrieved 2022-08-15. <a href="https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?id=82&RefNo=1462697577&document=2.12%20Development%20of%20the%20Chinese%20Train%20Control%20System%20(CTCS)%20-%20Anthony%20Xue.PDF" target="_blank">https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?id=82&RefNo=1462697577&document=2.12%20Development%20of%20the%20Chinese%20Train%20Control%20System%20(CTCS)%20-%20Anthony%20Xue.PDF</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"Beijing - Tianjin elevated design anticipates 350 km/h". 2006-03-01. Archived from the original on 2012-07-28. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120728213430/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/beijing-tianjin-elevated-design-anticipates-350-kmh.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120728213430/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/beijing-tianjin-elevated-design-anticipates-350-kmh.html</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Bin Ning (2003-12-08). "Intelligent Control In Railway Network". Beijing Jiaotong University. Archived from the original on 2012-04-23. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120423164058/http://www.ertico.com/download/bits_documents/day1_01.ppt" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120423164058/http://www.ertico.com/download/bits_documents/day1_01.ppt</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Xue, Anthony Weiqing; Cui, Sara; Yan, Fei; Yi, Haiwang (April 2016). "The New Development of CTCS in the Intercity Railway" (PDF). IRSE News. Retrieved 2022-08-15. <a href="https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?id=82&RefNo=1462697577&document=2.12%20Development%20of%20the%20Chinese%20Train%20Control%20System%20(CTCS)%20-%20Anthony%20Xue.PDF" target="_blank">https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?id=82&RefNo=1462697577&document=2.12%20Development%20of%20the%20Chinese%20Train%20Control%20System%20(CTCS)%20-%20Anthony%20Xue.PDF</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Lv, Jidong; Chen, Lei; Tang, Tao; Zhao, Ning (September 2016). "Chinese train control system principles" (PDF). IRSE News (225): 2–5. <a href="https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?Refno=-1442186958&GroupMembers={04%20IRSE%20NEWS%20-%20all%20papers}{11%20Cab%20sig%20(inc.%20ETCS/CBTC)}{13%20Signalling%20Principles}{16%20Train%20Prot.%20Systems}{IRSE%20NEWS%20-%202016%20papers%20*}_&document=IRSE%20News%20225%20(Sep%202016).PDF" target="_blank">https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?Refno=-1442186958&GroupMembers={04%20IRSE%20NEWS%20-%20all%20papers}{11%20Cab%20sig%20(inc.%20ETCS/CBTC)}{13%20Signalling%20Principles}{16%20Train%20Prot.%20Systems}{IRSE%20NEWS%20-%202016%20papers%20*}_&document=IRSE%20News%20225%20(Sep%202016).PDF</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Xue, Anthony Weiqing; Cui, Sara; Yan, Fei; Yi, Haiwang (April 2016). "The New Development of CTCS in the Intercity Railway" (PDF). IRSE News. Retrieved 2022-08-15. <a href="https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?id=82&RefNo=1462697577&document=2.12%20Development%20of%20the%20Chinese%20Train%20Control%20System%20(CTCS)%20-%20Anthony%20Xue.PDF" target="_blank">https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?id=82&RefNo=1462697577&document=2.12%20Development%20of%20the%20Chinese%20Train%20Control%20System%20(CTCS)%20-%20Anthony%20Xue.PDF</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Lv, Jidong; Chen, Lei; Tang, Tao; Zhao, Ning (September 2016). "Chinese train control system principles" (PDF). IRSE News (225): 2–5. <a href="https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?Refno=-1442186958&GroupMembers={04%20IRSE%20NEWS%20-%20all%20papers}{11%20Cab%20sig%20(inc.%20ETCS/CBTC)}{13%20Signalling%20Principles}{16%20Train%20Prot.%20Systems}{IRSE%20NEWS%20-%202016%20papers%20*}_&document=IRSE%20News%20225%20(Sep%202016).PDF" target="_blank">https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?Refno=-1442186958&GroupMembers={04%20IRSE%20NEWS%20-%20all%20papers}{11%20Cab%20sig%20(inc.%20ETCS/CBTC)}{13%20Signalling%20Principles}{16%20Train%20Prot.%20Systems}{IRSE%20NEWS%20-%202016%20papers%20*}_&document=IRSE%20News%20225%20(Sep%202016).PDF</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Xue, Anthony Weiqing; Cui, Sara; Yan, Fei; Yi, Haiwang (April 2016). "The New Development of CTCS in the Intercity Railway" (PDF). IRSE News. Retrieved 2022-08-15. <a href="https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?id=82&RefNo=1462697577&document=2.12%20Development%20of%20the%20Chinese%20Train%20Control%20System%20(CTCS)%20-%20Anthony%20Xue.PDF" target="_blank">https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?id=82&RefNo=1462697577&document=2.12%20Development%20of%20the%20Chinese%20Train%20Control%20System%20(CTCS)%20-%20Anthony%20Xue.PDF</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Lv, Jidong; Chen, Lei; Tang, Tao; Zhao, Ning (September 2016). "Chinese train control system principles" (PDF). IRSE News (225): 2–5. <a href="https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?Refno=-1442186958&GroupMembers={04%20IRSE%20NEWS%20-%20all%20papers}{11%20Cab%20sig%20(inc.%20ETCS/CBTC)}{13%20Signalling%20Principles}{16%20Train%20Prot.%20Systems}{IRSE%20NEWS%20-%202016%20papers%20*}_&document=IRSE%20News%20225%20(Sep%202016).PDF" target="_blank">https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?Refno=-1442186958&GroupMembers={04%20IRSE%20NEWS%20-%20all%20papers}{11%20Cab%20sig%20(inc.%20ETCS/CBTC)}{13%20Signalling%20Principles}{16%20Train%20Prot.%20Systems}{IRSE%20NEWS%20-%202016%20papers%20*}_&document=IRSE%20News%20225%20(Sep%202016).PDF</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Xue, Anthony Weiqing; Cui, Sara; Yan, Fei; Yi, Haiwang (April 2016). "The New Development of CTCS in the Intercity Railway" (PDF). IRSE News. Retrieved 2022-08-15. <a href="https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?id=82&RefNo=1462697577&document=2.12%20Development%20of%20the%20Chinese%20Train%20Control%20System%20(CTCS)%20-%20Anthony%20Xue.PDF" target="_blank">https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?id=82&RefNo=1462697577&document=2.12%20Development%20of%20the%20Chinese%20Train%20Control%20System%20(CTCS)%20-%20Anthony%20Xue.PDF</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Lv, Jidong; Chen, Lei; Tang, Tao; Zhao, Ning (September 2016). "Chinese train control system principles" (PDF). IRSE News (225): 2–5. <a href="https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?Refno=-1442186958&GroupMembers={04%20IRSE%20NEWS%20-%20all%20papers}{11%20Cab%20sig%20(inc.%20ETCS/CBTC)}{13%20Signalling%20Principles}{16%20Train%20Prot.%20Systems}{IRSE%20NEWS%20-%202016%20papers%20*}_&document=IRSE%20News%20225%20(Sep%202016).PDF" target="_blank">https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?Refno=-1442186958&GroupMembers={04%20IRSE%20NEWS%20-%20all%20papers}{11%20Cab%20sig%20(inc.%20ETCS/CBTC)}{13%20Signalling%20Principles}{16%20Train%20Prot.%20Systems}{IRSE%20NEWS%20-%202016%20papers%20*}_&document=IRSE%20News%20225%20(Sep%202016).PDF</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Xue, Anthony Weiqing; Cui, Sara; Yan, Fei; Yi, Haiwang (April 2016). "The New Development of CTCS in the Intercity Railway" (PDF). IRSE News. Retrieved 2022-08-15. <a href="https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?id=82&RefNo=1462697577&document=2.12%20Development%20of%20the%20Chinese%20Train%20Control%20System%20(CTCS)%20-%20Anthony%20Xue.PDF" target="_blank">https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?id=82&RefNo=1462697577&document=2.12%20Development%20of%20the%20Chinese%20Train%20Control%20System%20(CTCS)%20-%20Anthony%20Xue.PDF</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Lv, Jidong; Chen, Lei; Tang, Tao; Zhao, Ning (September 2016). "Chinese train control system principles" (PDF). IRSE News (225): 2–5. <a href="https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?Refno=-1442186958&GroupMembers={04%20IRSE%20NEWS%20-%20all%20papers}{11%20Cab%20sig%20(inc.%20ETCS/CBTC)}{13%20Signalling%20Principles}{16%20Train%20Prot.%20Systems}{IRSE%20NEWS%20-%202016%20papers%20*}_&document=IRSE%20News%20225%20(Sep%202016).PDF" target="_blank">https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?Refno=-1442186958&GroupMembers={04%20IRSE%20NEWS%20-%20all%20papers}{11%20Cab%20sig%20(inc.%20ETCS/CBTC)}{13%20Signalling%20Principles}{16%20Train%20Prot.%20Systems}{IRSE%20NEWS%20-%202016%20papers%20*}_&document=IRSE%20News%20225%20(Sep%202016).PDF</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Xue, Anthony Weiqing; Cui, Sara; Yan, Fei; Yi, Haiwang (April 2016). "The New Development of CTCS in the Intercity Railway" (PDF). IRSE News. Retrieved 2022-08-15. <a href="https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?id=82&RefNo=1462697577&document=2.12%20Development%20of%20the%20Chinese%20Train%20Control%20System%20(CTCS)%20-%20Anthony%20Xue.PDF" target="_blank">https://webinfo.uk/webdocssl/irse-kbase/ref-viewer.aspx?id=82&RefNo=1462697577&document=2.12%20Development%20of%20the%20Chinese%20Train%20Control%20System%20(CTCS)%20-%20Anthony%20Xue.PDF</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Chinese Train Control System open-in-new

Chinese Train Control System