Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
ASCII Corporation
open-in-new
<h2 id="history">History</h2> <h3>1977–1990: Founding and first projects</h3> <p>ASCII was founded in 1977 by <a href="/facts/Kazuhiko_Nishi/5jtLUWGW">Kazuhiko Nishi</a> and Keiichiro Tsukamoto. Originally the publisher of a magazine with the same name, <i><a href="/facts/ASCII_(magazine)/kf8shI10">ASCII</a></i>, talks between <a href="/facts/Bill_Gates/z16t4m7s">Bill Gates</a> and Nishi led to the creation of <a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft's</a> first overseas sales office, ASCII Microsoft, in 1978.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> In 1980, ASCII made 1.2 billion yen of sales from licensing <a href="/facts/Microsoft_BASIC/SuctFIyc">Microsoft BASIC</a>. It was 40 percent of Microsoft's sales, and Nishi became Microsoft's Vice President of Sales for Far East.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> In 1983, ASCII and Microsoft introduced the <a href="/facts/MSX/mthwra8a">MSX</a>, a standardized specification for 8-bit home computers. In 1984, ASCII entered the semiconductor business, followed by a further expansion into commercial online service in 1985 under the brand of ASCII-NET. As the popularity of home video game systems soared in the 1980s, ASCII became active in the development and publishing of software and peripherals for popular consoles such as the <a href="/facts/Nintendo_Entertainment_System/YD59GCQQ">Family Computer</a> and <a href="/facts/Sega_Genesis/7GuPYDhM">Mega Drive</a>. After Microsoft's public stock offering in 1986, Microsoft founded its own Japanese subsidiary, <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Japan/HWN7tE0s">Microsoft Co., Ltd.</a>, traded as Microsoft Kabushiki Kaisha (MSKK), and dissolved its partnership with ASCII.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> At around the same time, the company was also obliged to reform itself as a result of its aggressive diversification in the first half of the 1980s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> The company went public in 1989. </p> <h3>1989–2000: Satellites and later projects</h3> <p>ASCII's revenue in its fiscal year ending March 1996 was 56 billion yen, broken down by sectors: publications (52.5% or 27.0 billion yen), game entertainment (27.8% or 14.3 billion yen), systems and semiconductors (10.8% or 6 billion yen) and others.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Despite its struggles to remain focused on its core businesses, the company continued to suffer from accumulated debts, until an arrangement was made that <a href="/facts/CSK_Holdings_Corporation/aeFWtmbU">CSK Corporation</a> would execute a major investment into ASCII in 1997.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>In the mid-1990s, ASCII acquired the company Something Good, and renamed it to ASCII Something Good, through which they developed three <a href="/facts/Sega_Saturn/x9fhrGgk">Sega Saturn</a> games: <i><a href="/facts/Shogi/z12HJ3vB">AI Shogi</a></i> (1995), <i><a href="/facts/Go_(game)/1fKhemww">AI Igo</a></i> (1997), <i>AI Shogi 2</i> (1998). </p><p>ASCII originally used the name Nexoft on early American releases. In 1991, they renamed Nexoft to ASCII Entertainment, although releases around this time used the Asciiware name. To focus on supporting the interactive entertainment channel in America, startup company <a href="/facts/Agetec/yEeJ2EN8">Agetec</a> (for "Ascii Game Entertainment Technology") was spun off as an independent corporation in 1998 and later became a fully independent publisher one year later. Co-founder Tsukamoto had left ASCII to create a company of his own in 1992, named Impress.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h3>2000–2008: Ownership changes and dissolution</h3> <p>On November 26, 2001, CSK Corporation and Unison Capital Partners L.P. announced the approval of transferring the control of its subsidiary ASCII to Unison Capital Partners L.P., effective on March 30, 2002, as part of a strategy to focus CSK's operations on <a href="/facts/Business-to-business/9vKUQSmL">B2B</a> enterprises.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> The transfer was approved on December 21, 2001.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> As a part of deal, ASCII's outstanding debt owed to CSK was forgiven, and under Unison's control, the ASCII's Enterbrain and IT publishing divisions would maintain autonomy, while ASCII was restructured to concentrate on PC and IT publishing businesses. </p><p>On May 28, 2002, Unison Media Partners announced ASCII became a fully owned subsidiary of via share exchange, and ASCII would be delisted, effective on October 1, 2002.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> On November 18, 2002, the Astroarts subsidiary was renamed to ASCII, while ASCII was renamed to MediaLeaves.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> The former Astroarts subsidiary would inherit the publishing business of the former ASCII. On January 29, 2004, Unison Capital Partners, L.P. announced the sale of ASCII's parent company MediaLeaves to <a href="/facts/Kadokawa_Group_Holdings/zLPau1yW">Kadokawa Group Holdings</a>, to be completed in March 2004.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>On September 27, 2007, <a href="/facts/Kadokawa_Group_Holdings/zLPau1yW">Kadokawa Group Holdings</a> announced the merger between subsidiaries <a href="/facts/MediaWorks_(publisher)/WsdRRGJB">MediaWorks</a> and ASCII under the name <a href="/facts/ASCII_Media_Works/W48D6JED">ASCII Media Works</a>, effective on April 1, 2008.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> The merger was approved in 2008.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> On January 10, 2010, the formerly named ASCII company MediaLeaves was merged into Enterbrain, dissolving the last of the ASCII entity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="products">Products</h2> <h3>MSX</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/MSX/mthwra8a">MSX</a></p> <p>MSX is a standardized <a href="/facts/Home_computer/CDEPVd1T">home computer</a> architecture, announced by Microsoft and ASCII on June 16, 1983.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> It was conceived and marketed by Kazuhiko Nishi, then vice-president at Microsoft Japan and director at ASCII Corporation. Nishi conceived the project as an attempt to create unified standards among various home computing system manufacturers of the period.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> MSX systems were popular in Japan and several other countries. It is difficult to determine how many MSX computers were sold worldwide, but eventually, 5 million MSX-based units were sold in Japan alone. Despite Microsoft's involvement, few MSX-based machines were released in the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> Before the great success of <a href="/facts/Nintendo/dMrLpaHu">Nintendo</a>'s <a href="/facts/Nintendo_Entertainment_System/YD59GCQQ">Family Computer</a>, MSX was the platform for which major <a href="/facts/Video_gaming_in_Japan/3JIUqUdS">Japanese game studios</a> such as <a href="/facts/Konami/pBu2rpta">Konami</a> and <a href="/facts/Hudson_Soft/BzmLg79F">Hudson Soft</a> produced video games. The <a href="/facts/Metal_Gear_(series)/KA9INnLG"><i>Metal Gear</i> series</a>, for example, was first written for MSX hardware.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/ASCII_Media_Works/W48D6JED">ASCII Media Works</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_magazines_published_by_ASCII_Media_Works/LDDKhhef">List of magazines published by ASCII Media Works</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080314034903/http://ascii.jp/">Archived ASCII Corporation page</a> (in Japanese)</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Japanese: 株式会社アスキー, Hepburn: Kabushiki kaisha Asukī <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" target="_blank">/wiki/Japanese_language</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>子会社の合併に関するお知らせ (PDF) (in Japanese). Kadokawa Group Holdings. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2007. Retrieved December 8, 2007. <a href="子会社の合併に関するお知らせ" target="_blank">子会社の合併に関するお知らせ</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Kadokawa Group to Merge ASCII, MediaWorks Subsidiaries". Anime News Network. October 2, 2007. Archived from the original on April 7, 2008. Retrieved March 30, 2008. <a href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-10-02/kadokawa-group-to-merge-ascii-mediaworks-subsidiaries" target="_blank">http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-10-02/kadokawa-group-to-merge-ascii-mediaworks-subsidiaries</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Allan, Roy A. (2001). A History of the Personal Computer. Allan Publishing. pp. 31, 65. ISBN 0-9689108-0-7. <a href="0-9689108-0-7" target="_blank">0-9689108-0-7</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Quote from Bill Gates' The Road Ahead, found in Lessem, Ronnie (1998). Management development through cultural diversity. Routledge. pp. 160–161. ISBN 0-415-17875-4. <a href="0-415-17875-4" target="_blank">0-415-17875-4</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>コンピュータ・ニュース社, ed. (1988). "「パソコン産業史」年表". 100万人の謎を解く ザ・PCの系譜 (in Japanese). コンピュータ・ニュース社. p. 45. ISBN 4-8061-0316-0. <a href="4-8061-0316-0" target="_blank">4-8061-0316-0</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Allan, Roy A. (2001). A History of the Personal Computer. Allan Publishing. pp. 31, 65. ISBN 0-9689108-0-7. <a href="0-9689108-0-7" target="_blank">0-9689108-0-7</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Toda, Satoru (戸田覚) (1997). A quick map to Information and Telecommunications makrket (情報・通信業界早わかりマップ). Kō Shobō (こう書房). pp. 130–135. ISBN 4-7696-0606-0. <a href="4-7696-0606-0" target="_blank">4-7696-0606-0</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Toda, Satoru (戸田覚) (1997). A quick map to Information and Telecommunications makrket (情報・通信業界早わかりマップ). Kō Shobō (こう書房). pp. 130–135. ISBN 4-7696-0606-0. <a href="4-7696-0606-0" target="_blank">4-7696-0606-0</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Ascii to join CSK group". The Japan Times. December 25, 1997. Retrieved April 22, 2009. <a href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn19971225a8.html" target="_blank">http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn19971225a8.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Impress Holdings website Archived February 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://en.impressholdings.com/" target="_blank">http://en.impressholdings.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"CSK Corporation to Transfer ASCII to Unison Capital Partners L.P." CSK. November 26, 2001. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved April 22, 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201190727/http://www.csk.com/press_e/his/2001/1176784_1712.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081201190727/http://www.csk.com/press_e/his/2001/1176784_1712.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"アスキーの経営権取得に関する基本合意書締結について" (PDF). November 26, 2001. <a href="https://www.unisoncap.com/jp/news/imgjs300000003nt-att/nr_8_jp.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.unisoncap.com/jp/news/imgjs300000003nt-att/nr_8_jp.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"CSK Corporation Formalizes Contract to Transfer ASCII to Unison Capital Partners L.P." CSK. December 21, 2001. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201183005/http://www.csk.com/press_e/his/2001/1176786_1712.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081201183005/http://www.csk.com/press_e/his/2001/1176786_1712.html</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"株式会社アスキーとの株式交換契約締結について" (PDF). Unison. May 28, 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104605/https://www.unisoncap.com/jp/news/imgjs300000003xh-att/nr_11_jp.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104605/https://www.unisoncap.com/jp/news/imgjs300000003xh-att/nr_11_jp.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"アスキーが社名変更". November 18, 2002. <a href="http://www.itmedia.co.jp/news/0211/18/njbt_11.html" target="_blank">http://www.itmedia.co.jp/news/0211/18/njbt_11.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"株式会社メディアリーヴス株式の公開買付への応募について" (PDF). Unison. January 29, 2004. <a href="https://www.unisoncap.com/jp/news/imgjs300000004bx-att/nr_17_jp.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.unisoncap.com/jp/news/imgjs300000004bx-att/nr_17_jp.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Kadokawa buys ASCII (アスキー、角川が買収へ)". IT Media, Inc. (in Japanese). January 29, 2004. Archived from the original on March 27, 2009. Retrieved April 22, 2009. <a href="http://www.itmedia.co.jp/news/articles/0401/29/news058.html" target="_blank">http://www.itmedia.co.jp/news/articles/0401/29/news058.html</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>子会社の合併に関するお知らせ (PDF) (in Japanese). Kadokawa Group Holdings. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2007. Retrieved December 8, 2007. <a href="子会社の合併に関するお知らせ" target="_blank">子会社の合併に関するお知らせ</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Kadokawa Group to Merge ASCII, MediaWorks Subsidiaries". Anime News Network. October 2, 2007. Archived from the original on April 7, 2008. Retrieved March 30, 2008. <a href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-10-02/kadokawa-group-to-merge-ascii-mediaworks-subsidiaries" target="_blank">http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-10-02/kadokawa-group-to-merge-ascii-mediaworks-subsidiaries</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>子会社の合併に関する経過のお知らせ (PDF) (in Japanese). Kadokawa Group Holdings. Retrieved February 8, 2008. <a href="子会社の合併に関する経過のお知らせ" target="_blank">子会社の合併に関する経過のお知らせ</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"MediaLeaves, Inc. announcement" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on October 28, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101028104044/http://www.medialeaves.co.jp/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20101028104044/http://www.medialeaves.co.jp/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Laing, Gordon (2004). Digital Retro: The Evolution and Design of the Personal Computer. Ilex Press. ISBN 9781904705390. <a href="9781904705390" target="_blank">9781904705390</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>"ASCII Express : 新しいホームパーソナルコンピュータ仕様 MSX". ASCII. 7 (8). ASCII. 1983. ISSN 0287-9506. <a href="/wiki/ASCII_(magazine)" target="_blank">/wiki/ASCII_(magazine)</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"MSX: The Japanese are coming! The Japanese are coming!". The Register. June 27, 2013. <a href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/06/27/feature_30_years_of_msx/" target="_blank">https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/06/27/feature_30_years_of_msx/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Kazuhiko Nishi - eNotes.com Reference. <a href="http://www.enotes.com/topic/Kazuhiko_Nishi" target="_blank">http://www.enotes.com/topic/Kazuhiko_Nishi</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Faceoff: will MSX be a success in the United States. <a href="http://www.atarimagazines.com/creative/v10n8/198_Faceoff_will_MSX_be_a_su.php" target="_blank">http://www.atarimagazines.com/creative/v10n8/198_Faceoff_will_MSX_be_a_su.php</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>"Kojima Productions". Konami.jp. Retrieved June 22, 2011. <a href="http://www.konami.jp/kojima_pro/english/history.html" target="_blank">http://www.konami.jp/kojima_pro/english/history.html</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>