Hypericum androsaemum

<h2 id="description">Description</h2>
Hypericum androsaemum is a small bushy shrub, reaching 30–70 cm (0.98–2.30 ft) tall. It has many <a href="/facts/Plant_stem/QlQWSzV4">stems</a> which remain upright and erect instead of creeping over the ground. It has many oval-shaped leaves along its stems which are typically green with a red tint. The leaves have small glands on their surface that can be seen upon close inspection; these are filled with a red <a href="/facts/Pigment/I3clCYkF">pigment</a>. The plant has yellow flowers 1.5–2.5 cm in diameter with five <a href="/facts/Petal/DQMkpRSm">petals</a> and numerous <a href="/facts/Stamen/MzNPVK3D">stamens</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a> Uniquely among Hypericum, its <a href="/facts/Berry/PW8Tvdgu">berries</a> turn from red to black and remain soft and fleshy even after ripening.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> The plant's stems are cylindrical in shape when the plant is mature.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> The bark on the stems has longitudinal grooves or scale-like patterns.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a>

<h3>Foliage</h3>

The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs without <a href="/facts/Stipule/dpF27NFo">stipules</a> and lack <a href="/facts/Petiole_(botany)/pext65Wr">petioles</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>The leaf blade is 4–12 cm (1.6–4.7 in) long by 2–8 cm (0.79–3.15 in) wide.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> The leaves lack <a href="/facts/Trichome/tLjKSfvm">hairs</a> on either surface and have small oil <a href="/facts/Gland_(botany)/2SerHfNh">glands</a> across their surface.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> When these glands are crushed, they give off a pungent aroma and leak red <a href="/facts/Pigment/I3clCYkF">pigment</a>. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> There are other translucent glands that are dispersed throughout the <a href="/facts/Mesophyll/1m6wCNTg">mesophyll</a> at differing depths.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> There are four or five symmetrical pairs of main veins along the leaf that point in the direction of the tip.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>

<h3>Inflorescence</h3>

Hypericum androsaemum has between one and eleven flowers on an <a href="/facts/Inflorescence/CvpNd4vS">inflorescence</a>, which has the form of a <a href="/facts/Inflorescence/CvpNd4vS">cyme</a> and a <a href="/facts/Corymb/IERjACuJ">corymb</a>-like arrangement. There are never accessory flowers, but there are sometimes one to three flowering branches from the lower node. The <a href="/facts/Pedicel_(botany)/qPgkGFkJ">pedicel stems</a> are 8–14 mm long, with small lance-shaped <a href="/facts/Bract/pnMGNMdn">bracts</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>
The <a href="/facts/Flower/7gI5Kefw">flowers</a> are 15–25 mm in diameter and have globe-shaped <a href="/facts/Bud/USYHoQv8">buds</a>. The <a href="/facts/Sepal/rFYnXN4d">sepals</a> are very unequal in size, about 6–12 mm long by 3–7 mm wide in an egg shape. The flower <a href="/facts/Petal/DQMkpRSm">petals</a> are a bright golden yellow without the red tinge that is present in the foliage. They curve inward and have an egg-like shape. The <a href="/facts/Stamen/MzNPVK3D">stamens</a> are arranged in five <a href="/facts/Fascicle_(botany)/1YteJuoQ">fascicles</a> of twenty to twenty-five stamens the longest of which are 7–11 mm long. The <a href="/facts/Ovary_(botany)/Qug4yDY4">ovaries</a> measure 4–5 mm long and 3.5–5 mm wide in the shape of a rough globe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>

The <a href="/facts/Berry_(botany)/2JfhI0vw">berries</a> of the plant turn from red to a unique black color not found in any other Hypericum species, which is caused by a <a href="/facts/Xanthone/PHaKDkl7">xanthone</a> present only in Hypericum androsaemum.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> Another unique characteristic of the species' berries is that they remain fleshy and mostly soft when they ripen, instead of hardening and drying out like other related species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> The berries measure 7–12 mm long and 6–8 mm wide with thin casings. The <a href="/facts/Seed/a4xGSLxJ">seeds</a> inside are a reddish-brown color.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>

<h3>Phytochemistry</h3>
Hypericum androsaemum has a well-studied <a href="/facts/Phytochemistry/jnbbfsWz">phytochemical</a> profile as a result of its use as folk medicine and an herbal supplement. More than eighty essential compounds have been identified from its leaves. The total density of essential oil has been recorded as high as 0.34%. Several different <a href="/facts/Sesquiterpene/rFJG50mL">sesquiterpene</a> <a href="/facts/Hydrocarbon/Dcg95Ju5">hydrocarbons</a> dominate the profile, and intermediate and long chain <a href="/facts/Alkene/RtYcS6kU">alkenes</a> are highly present. Less prolific compounds include <a href="/facts/Caryophyllene/3lqoJWGW">caryophyllene</a> and <a href="/facts/Gurjunene/KhutSMqz">gurjunene</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> Many of these essential oils and other <a href="/facts/Phenols/xs1CtNTa">phenolic</a> compounds are present in higher quantities while the flowers are still growing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> While less studied than the leaves of the plant, the berries of H. androsaemum are rich in chemical constituents as well. Many of these constituents are found in higher densities (or only) while the fruits are red. The most present chemicals are <a href="/facts/Chlorogenic_acid/Q79UT6RR">chlorogenic acid</a>, <a href="/facts/Shikimic_acid/DldwC7tm">shikimic acid</a>, <a href="/facts/Rutin/FNbgcJ6B">rutin</a>, <a href="/facts/Epicatechin/EaYR3n8G">epicatechin</a>, and <a href="/facts/Hyperoside/9ql1atou">hyperoside</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>

<h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2>
Hypericum androsaemum is the <a href="/facts/Type_species/kL03T6V4">type species</a> of the small section <a href="/facts/Hypericum_sect._Androsaemum/DUcwGPRS">Hypericum sect. Androsaemum</a>. The species' placement within Hypericum can be summarized as follows:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>
<a href="/facts/Hypericum/4GVkRXhp">Hypericum</a>

Hypericum subg. Hypericum
<a href="/facts/Hypericum_sect._Androsaemum/DUcwGPRS">Hypericum sect. Androsaemum</a>
H. androsaeumum – <a href="/facts/Hypericum_foliosum/8NL8IA84">H. foliosum</a> – <a href="/facts/Hypericum_grandifolium/yqMmuDda">H. grandifolium</a> – <a href="/facts/Hypericum_hircinum/u5fKA3Fz">H. hircinum</a> – <a href="/facts/Hypericum_%C3%97_inodorum/pGqM0YzD">H. × inodorum</a>
<h3>Nomenclature</h3>
The genus name Hypericum derives from the <a href="/facts/Greek_language/pzDd6eIz">Greek</a> words hyper, meaning above, and eikon, meaning picture. This refers to the practice of hanging the flower "above pictures" to ward off evil spirits. The <a href="/facts/Specific_epithet_(botany)/31ckrsXv">specific epithet</a> androsaemum comes from the Greek word androsaemus, which was used to describe plants with red sap. It is a combination of the words andros, meaning man, and haima, meaning blood.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> The common name tutsan is <a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a> in origin, and derives from the phrase tout-saine, which means heal-all, in reference to the plant's medicinal properties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> Its alternative name sweet-amber is in reference to the <a href="/facts/Ambergris/HVzdr8w3">ambergris</a>-like aroma that is emitted when oil glands on its leaves are crushed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>
While Hypericum androsaemum is the most well-known plant named tutsan, other species share that common name. For example, <a href="/facts/Hypericum_xylosteifolium/SHG6BrHA">H. xylosteifolium</a> is called "Turkish tutsan" and <a href="/facts/Hypericum_hircinum/u5fKA3Fz">H. hircinum</a> is called "Stinking tutsan".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>

<h3>History</h3>
Hypericum androsaemum was known and studied long before the modern system of <a href="/facts/Taxonomy_(biology)/Qkg8wuyw">taxonomy</a> was developed. The species was first <a href="/facts/Species_description/JyFpxSvJ">formally described</a> in the <a href="/facts/Linnaean_taxonomy/DLdJDy2F">modern system</a> by <a href="/facts/Carl_Linnaeus/gy5HWkHS">Carl Linnaeus</a>. He described the species as Hypericum androsaemum in the second volume of his <a href="/facts/Species_Plantarum/SKwpspkt">Species Plantarum</a> in 1763 alongside around twenty other Hypericum species. Compiling several brief notes from other authorities, Linnaeus gave the following description for the plant:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>Floribus trigynis, fructu baccato, caule fruticoso acipiti.
Foliis ovatis pedunculo longloribus.With three-flowered inflorescence, bacciferous fruit (berries), and a bushy stem.
With ovate leaves and long stalks.In the same entry, Linnaeus noted the species' presence in England and its tendency to be found around fences.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> This original description and type specimen analysis by Linnaeus remains the basis for the modern definition of the species. However, since that original description numerous illegitimate synonyms have been created for various reasons. In fact, while there is now solid consensus that H. androsaemum belongs within the genus Hypericum,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> it was placed into a separate genus called Androsaemum as recently as 1893.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> 
In 1796, the garden of <a href="/facts/Chapel_Allerton/UDqTmwdM">Chapel Allerton</a> published a list of their plant specimens, noting Hypericum androsaemum as being in their collection, along with the fact it had been described by Linnaeus. However, they still applied two <a href="/facts/Nomen_illegitimum/apyFBuBW">superfluous names</a> (Androsaemum floridum and Hypericum floridum) to their specimens;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> these names were never accepted as legitimate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> Only one validly published <a href="/facts/Heterotypic_synonym/BHLdox7E">heterotypic</a> synonym for Hypericum androsaemum has arisen since its original description. In 1785, <a href="/facts/Carlo_Allioni/bmuaukkT">Carlo Allioni</a> published a description of a specimen he called Androsaemum officinale, without referencing Linnaeus' original description of Hypericum androsaemum. Still, the description corroborated with the one given by Linnaeus and there is consensus that the specimen Allioni observed did, in fact, belong to Hypericum androsaemum and was not a separate species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> 
The status of Hypericum androsaemum was definitively resolved with <a href="/facts/Norman_Robson_(botanist)/8PbK8Jdg">Norman Robson's</a> comprehensive <a href="/facts/Monograph/o8VRGpVc">monograph</a> of the genus Hypericum in 1996. Robson established 36 <a href="/facts/Section_(botany)/BVwRekvb">sections</a> within the genus which grouped together very similar species. He designated H. androsaemum as the type species of sect. Androsaemum and clarified its <a href="/facts/Lectotype/mTM1beKX">lectotype</a> specimen. Because the actual type specimen that Linnaeus analyzed was not preserved, Robson selected an illustration from <a href="/facts/Hortus_Cliffortianus/7KjasPpW">Hortus Cliffortianus</a>, which Linnaeus would have at least seen, to serve as the lectotype for the species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a>

Synonyms<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a><table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">Name</th><th rowspan="2">Type</th><th rowspan="2">Author</th><th rowspan="2">Year</th><th colspan="3">Journal</th><th rowspan="2">Notes</th></tr><tr><th>Title</th><th>Vol.</th><th>Page</th></tr><tr><th>Androsaemum androsaemum</th><td>Homotypic</td><td>(L.) Huth</td><td>1893</td><td>Helios</td><td>11</td><td>133</td><td>Not validly published</td></tr><tr><th>Androsaemum floridum</th><td>Homotypic</td><td>Salisb.</td><td>1796</td><td>Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton</td><td></td><td>369</td><td><a href="/facts/Nomen_illegitimum/apyFBuBW">Superfluous name</a></td></tr><tr><th>Androsaemum officinale</th><td>Heterotypic</td><td>All.</td><td>1785</td><td>Fl. Pedem.</td><td>2</td><td>147</td><td><a href="/facts/Heterotypic_synonym/BHLdox7E">Heterotypic synonym</a></td></tr><tr><th>Androsaemum vulgare</th><td>Homotypic</td><td>Gaertn.</td><td>1788</td><td>Fruct. Sem. Pl.</td><td>1</td><td>282</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Hypericum bacciferum</th><td>Homotypic</td><td>Lam.</td><td>1779</td><td>Fl. Franç.</td><td>3</td><td>151</td><td>Superfluous name</td></tr><tr><th>Hypericum bacciforme</th><td>Homotypic</td><td>Bubani</td><td>1901</td><td>Fl. Pyren.</td><td>3</td><td>343</td><td>Superfluous name</td></tr><tr><th>Hypericum floridum</th><td>Homotypic</td><td>Salisb.</td><td>1796</td><td>Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton</td><td></td><td>369</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Hypericum webbianum</th><td>Heterotypic</td><td>G.Nicholson</td><td>1894</td><td>Hand-List Trees Shrubs</td><td>1</td><td>37</td><td>Not validly published</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Subdivision</h3>
Hypericum androsaemum exhibits a great deal of variation in appearance, especially in cultivation. When this variation is deliberately brought out through selective breeding, the resulting forms are called "<a href="/facts/Cultivar/nfaLJJM3">cultivars</a>"; however, when populations develop unique traits on their own while in cultivation, those populations can be described by a legitimate botanical name. In the case of H. androsaemum, two such names have been given: H. androsaemum <a href="/facts/Variety_(botany)/r3qRdjVt">var.</a> aureum has yellow-green leaves, and H. androsaemum <a href="/facts/Form_(botany)/YflkSXx1">f.</a> variegatum has <a href="/facts/Variegation/90o77vN6">variegated</a> leaves.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a>
In the wild, H. androsaemum exhibits a similarly wide range of physical traits. Larger-flowered plants tend to have red-tinted leaves and larger fruits; smaller-flowered plants have greener leaves and smaller fruits. These traits are not binary, though, and there is a continuous spectrum of forms that link those two extremes wherever they are found. Thus, no legitimate names are given to any of these forms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>

<h3>Similar species</h3>
Hypericum androsaemum is similar in appearance to the other species in section Androsaemum. It can be told apart from <a href="/facts/Hypericum_foliosum/8NL8IA84">H. foliosum</a> and <a href="/facts/Hypericum_%C3%97_inodorum/pGqM0YzD">H. × inodorum</a> by its shorter styles, the unique black color of its ripe berries, and that its petals are never longer than its sepals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> In addition to the species of section Androsaemum, it is highly similar to <a href="/facts/Hypericum_xylosteifolium/SHG6BrHA">Hypericum xylosteifolium</a>, the sole species in section Inodorum. The most apparent <a href="/facts/Morphology_(biology)/Nl3B0myy">morphological</a> difference between it and H. xylosteifolium is that the seed capsules (berries) of the latter species dry completely when they are mature, whereas those of H. androsaemum remain soft and fleshy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> The berries of H. androsaemum only dry if they are left on the plant for around a month after ripening, and will begin to wither at that same time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a>

<h2 id="habitat">Habitat</h2>
Hypericum androsaemum is found in damp and shady areas at a great range of elevations, from low-lying regions up to 1,800 m (5,900 ft).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> It requires heavy rainfall, typically greater than 750 mm (30 in) of annual precipitation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a>

<h3>Distribution</h3>
The species has a wide <a href="/facts/Native_species/03kpM3rf">native</a> distribution, but is most densely found in Western Europe. It is particularly abundant across the <a href="/facts/British_Isles/4fBquvMU">British Isles</a> (except for in the <a href="/facts/Scottish_Highlands/wJoWjcUe">Scottish Highlands</a>), in the <a href="/facts/Ardennes/KcoMTcJj">Ardennes</a> forest of Belgium and France, and on the western French coast. Other European populations include the <a href="/facts/Pyrenees/YJ38kInj">Pyrenees Mountains</a>, across northern Spain and Portugal, and around <a href="/facts/Genoa/PE9sekQU">Genoa</a> and parts of central Italy. Scattered sightings have been reported through Germany and as far north as Denmark, as well as in Switzerland, Austria, and the <a href="/facts/Balkans/5Hy8ly0d">Balkans</a>. Outside of Europe, H. androsaemum is found in northern Turkey, the North African coast, the <a href="/facts/Caucasus/sE8P8Ejg">Caucasus</a>, and Iran. While it may have at one point been native to the island of <a href="/facts/Corsica/6xJ6aREr">Corsica</a>, it is now believed to be extinct there.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a>
Hypericum androsaemum has become <a href="/facts/Naturalization/xfrTf3WE">naturalized</a> or <a href="/facts/Invasive_species/Ya1v6RGx">invasive</a> in regions to which it is not native. In Australia, it is densely found in the <a href="/facts/Great_Otway_National_Park/lwHB75NW">Otway Ranges</a>, <a href="/facts/South_Gippsland/y0wtakB0">South Gippsland Hills</a>, <a href="/facts/Dandenong_Ranges/YIPLAcM8">Dandenong Ranges</a>, the <a href="/facts/Blue_Mountains_(New_South_Wales)/Sl2j4T7o">Blue Mountains</a>, and in the area around <a href="/facts/Mansfield,_Queensland/mNXWhhVW">Mansfield</a>. There are also a few scattered populations on <a href="/facts/Tasmania/q3dubPTt">Tasmania</a>, but it is not troublesome there. In New Zealand, it is found on both islands frequently enough to be an encroaching weed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a>

<h3>Invasiveness</h3>
In the late 19th century, H. androsaemum was a popular <a href="/facts/Ornamental_plant/ImyCDwMW">ornamental plant</a>, leading to its widespread dispersal in non-native regions. While its seeds don't have any other special properties that increase their potential for dispersal, they are small and extremely numerous. This allows the seeds to easily contaminate cargo, animals, clothing, vehicles, or other transported items. The species was invasively introduced to <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a> in 1865 via the <a href="/facts/Royal_Horticultural_Society/QrtXmlUo">Royal Horticultural Society's</a> <a href="/facts/Botanical_garden/dvg8YkRq">botanical garden</a> in <a href="/facts/Hobart/rcHqwrRt">Hobart</a>, apparently for use as an ornamental species because of its reddish leaves and bright yellow flowers. In <a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a>, the primary method of invasive <a href="/facts/Dispersal_vector/Pbcued3L">dispersal</a> is reportedly by birds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a>
In 2008, <a href="/facts/Landcare_Research/sFt7ImHN">Landcare Research</a> began investigating the feasibility of a <a href="/facts/Biological_pest_control/khkjgaQw">biological control</a> for the species. The seed and leaf-tip eating moth <a href="/facts/Lathronympha_strigana/FYJEt4dx">Lathronympha strigana</a> and the leaf-feeding beetle Chrysolina abchasica were tested and found to be sufficiently host specific and not a risk to native plant species. As of February 2017, moths were released at 30 sites around the central North Island in New Zealand; however, the beetle is more difficult to rear in captivity, so only one release has been made so far.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a>

<h2 id="ecology">Ecology</h2>

Seeds of Hypericum androsaemum <a href="/facts/Germination/BdNz4TyV">germinate</a> in the fall. They flower when the plant is between 18–24 months old, typically from late spring to early summer, with the fruit ripening by late summer. The plant is partially <a href="/facts/Deciduous/7jQHVtdd">deciduous</a>, losing most of its foliage in the fall but with rapid regrowth every spring.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a>

<h3>Cultivation</h3>
When <a href="/facts/Horticulture/m8qBLuT3">cultivated</a>, Hypericum androsaemum requires minimal maintenance. The species is generally pest and disease free, and is deer resistant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> However, it can be prone to <a href="/facts/Nematode/yLMJ43Eu">nematodes</a>, which cause <a href="/facts/Root_rot/7Wm0YWoW">root rot</a>; pest insects such as <a href="/facts/Thrips/FEW4Njc0">thrips</a> and <a href="/facts/Scale_insect/r42lyLhm">scale</a> have been noted. Additionally, in hot and humid climates the species is susceptible to wilting and unrelated root rot.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> It is tolerant of moderately acidic and alkaline soils, and can withstand drought and freezing temperatures down to −20° <a href="/facts/Celsius/okAEu1CA">C</a> (−4° <a href="/facts/Fahrenheit/2TVmyJod">F</a>). While the plant performs best if spaced roughly 90 cm (3.0 ft) apart from others, it will self-sow via seed in its area if allowed, creating ground cover. After the plant has lost its leaves in the fall, it can be cut back if needed and will regrow from the base in the spring.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a>
Most Hypericum species are difficult to germinate because of heavy <a href="/facts/Seed_dormancy/YHaDQK3B">seed dormancy</a>. Hypericum androsaemum exhibits both physiological dormancy and chemical dormancy, meaning that seed germination can be kickstarted by both physical and chemical factors. In particular, room-temperature water or the plant hormone <a href="/facts/Gibberellic_acid/57CTaN5G">gibberellic acid</a> are most effective at bringing its seeds out of a dormant state.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a>

New specimens are propagated by sowing non-dormant seeds in a 10 °C (50 °F) greenhouse in the spring under a very light layer of soil. Once the seedlings are large enough to handle (after 1–3 months), they are moved into individual pots. After the last frost of winter, the new plants are moved to their permanent outdoor locations. As an alternative method to seed propagation, <a href="/facts/Cutting_(plant)/4lTh0bjD">cuttings</a> of semi-hard wood 10–12 long are sometimes taken in the fall. These cuttings are then placed in a frame for the remainder of the fall and winter, and can be replanted the following spring.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a>

<h4>Cultivars</h4>
In order to combat the invasive tendencies of Hypericum androsaemum, <a href="/facts/Polyploidy/L7xyKHdK">triploid</a> clones of plants with desirable characteristics have been developed by several herbariums.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> These triploid specimens have been shown to have massively reduced male fertility and complete female infertility; in addition, they still produce the large and colorful fruits for which H. androsaemum is known, and at rates similar to regular diploid plants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a>

Selected cultivars<table><tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>Creator</th><th>Characteristics</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><th>'Albury Purple'</th><td></td><td>Leaves flushed purple, fruit more red</td><td>Also called 'Tedbury Purple'<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a></td></tr><tr><th>'Glacier'</th><td></td><td>Leaves with primarily white <a href="/facts/Variegation/90o77vN6">variegation</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a></td></tr><tr><th>'Golden Tutsan'</th><td></td><td>Leaves golden</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a></td></tr><tr><th>'Matisse'</th><td><a href="/facts/North_Carolina_State_University/FnMUAASu">North Carolina State University</a></td><td>Leaves with green and white spotty <a href="/facts/Variegation/90o77vN6">variegation</a></td><td>Triploid<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a></td></tr><tr><th>'Picasso'</th><td><a href="/facts/North_Carolina_State_University/FnMUAASu">North Carolina State University</a></td><td>Leaves with purple tint</td><td>Triploid<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a></td></tr><tr><th>'Pollock'</th><td><a href="/facts/North_Carolina_State_University/FnMUAASu">North Carolina State University</a></td><td>Leaves with abstract color patterns</td><td>Triploid<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="uses">Uses</h2>
Like many other Hypericum species, H. androsaemum is a <a href="/facts/Medicinal_plants/KUvkVQ8q">medicinal plant</a> used in <a href="/facts/Traditional_medicine/WLUmXCHz">folk medicine</a>. For example, it is used as a <a href="/facts/Diuretic/x3j4I1Tg">diuretic</a>, to treat <a href="/facts/Sciatica/yux9tHrW">sciatica</a> and <a href="/facts/Gout/ktWD69YP">gout</a>, and to stem bleeding and accelerate healing from burns and minor wounds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> Because H. androsaemum does not contain <a href="/facts/Hypericin/KKCGrIta">hypericin</a>, a chemical present in other Hypericum species that can cause skin irritation and other undesirable side effects, the plant is more widely used in <a href="/facts/Topical_medication/alFfLndS">topical applications</a> and skincare.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> This trait makes the species useful as an <a href="/facts/Antidepressant/N62ND3Fa">antidepressant</a> as well, and testing has demonstrated that it appears to be at least as effective as H. perforatum in that regard.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> In Portugal, the leaves are used to treat liver, kidney, and bladder ailments,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> while in England they are mixed with lard to make an ointment to put on cuts or other wounds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> The <a href="/facts/Antioxidant/4TG4MQ83">antioxidant</a> properties of the berries of Hypericum androsaemum have been confirmed in laboratory testing, lending credence to their use in teas as <a href="/facts/Antihepatotoxic/a88qlW26">antihepatotoxics</a> or diuretics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Stace, C. A. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles (Fourth ed.). Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.: C & M Floristics. ISBN 978-1-5272-2630-2. <a href="978-1-5272-2630-2" target="_blank">978-1-5272-2630-2</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Robson, Norman (1985). Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Guttiferae): 3. Sections: 1. Campylosporus to: 6a. Umbraculoides. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). ISBN 0565080032. <a href="0565080032" target="_blank">0565080032</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Robson, Norman (1985). Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Guttiferae): 3. Sections: 1. Campylosporus to: 6a. Umbraculoides. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). ISBN 0565080032. <a href="0565080032" target="_blank">0565080032</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Robson, Norman (1985). Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Guttiferae): 3. Sections: 1. Campylosporus to: 6a. Umbraculoides. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). ISBN 0565080032. <a href="0565080032" target="_blank">0565080032</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Stace, C. A. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles (Fourth ed.). Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.: C & M Floristics. ISBN 978-1-5272-2630-2. <a href="978-1-5272-2630-2" target="_blank">978-1-5272-2630-2</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Robson, Norman (1985). Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Guttiferae): 3. Sections: 1. Campylosporus to: 6a. Umbraculoides. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). ISBN 0565080032. <a href="0565080032" target="_blank">0565080032</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Robson, Norman (1985). Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Guttiferae): 3. Sections: 1. Campylosporus to: 6a. Umbraculoides. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). ISBN 0565080032. <a href="0565080032" target="_blank">0565080032</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Parsons, W. T. (2001). Noxious weeds of Australia. E. G. Cuthbertson (2nd ed.). Collingwood, VIC, Australia: CSIRO Pub. pp. 384–385. ISBN 0-643-06514-8. OCLC 46774815. <a href="0-643-06514-8" target="_blank">0-643-06514-8</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Perrone, Rosaria; Rosa, Paolode; Castro, Olgade; Colombo, Paolo (2013-10-01). "Leaf and stem anatomy in eight Hypericum species (Clusiaceae)". Acta Botanica Croatica. 72 (2): 269–286. doi:10.2478/botcro-2013-0008. ISSN 0365-0588. S2CID 84548978. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fbotcro-2013-0008" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fbotcro-2013-0008</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Robson, Norman (1985). Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Guttiferae): 3. Sections: 1. Campylosporus to: 6a. Umbraculoides. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). ISBN 0565080032. <a href="0565080032" target="_blank">0565080032</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Robson, Norman (1985). Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Guttiferae): 3. Sections: 1. Campylosporus to: 6a. Umbraculoides. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). ISBN 0565080032. <a href="0565080032" target="_blank">0565080032</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Robson, Norman (1985). Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Guttiferae): 3. Sections: 1. Campylosporus to: 6a. Umbraculoides. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). ISBN 0565080032. <a href="0565080032" target="_blank">0565080032</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Caprioli, Giovanni; Alunno, Alessia; Beghelli, Daniela; et al. (2016). "Polar Constituents and Biological Activity of the Berry-Like Fruits from Hypericum androsaemum L." Frontiers in Plant Science. 7. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00232. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 4771922. PMID 26973675. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4771922" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4771922</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Caprioli, Giovanni; Alunno, Alessia; Beghelli, Daniela; et al. (2016). "Polar Constituents and Biological Activity of the Berry-Like Fruits from Hypericum androsaemum L." Frontiers in Plant Science. 7. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00232. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 4771922. PMID 26973675. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4771922" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4771922</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Robson, Norman (1985). Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Guttiferae): 3. Sections: 1. Campylosporus to: 6a. Umbraculoides. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). ISBN 0565080032. <a href="0565080032" target="_blank">0565080032</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Guedes, Ana P.; Amorim, Lúcia R.; Vicente, Ana; Fernandes-Ferreira, M. (2004). "Variation of the essential oil content and composition in leaves from cultivated plants ofHypericum androsaemum L." Phytochemical Analysis. 15 (3): 146–151. Bibcode:2004PChAn..15..146G. doi:10.1002/pca.758. ISSN 0958-0344. PMID 15202597. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pca.758" target="_blank">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pca.758</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Cirak, Cuneyt; Seyis, Fatih; Özcan, Aysel; Yurteri, Emine (2022-06-01). "Ontogenetic changes in phenolic contents and volatile composition of Hypericum androsaemum and Hypericum xylosteifolium". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 102: 104429. Bibcode:2022BioSE.10204429C. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2022.104429. ISSN 0305-1978. S2CID 249139208. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305197822000485" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305197822000485</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Caprioli, Giovanni; Alunno, Alessia; Beghelli, Daniela; et al. (2016). "Polar Constituents and Biological Activity of the Berry-Like Fruits from Hypericum androsaemum L." Frontiers in Plant Science. 7. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00232. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 4771922. PMID 26973675. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4771922" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4771922</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">"sect. Androsaemum [(Duhamel) Godron ]". hypericum.myspecies.info. Retrieved 2023-04-21. <a href="https://hypericum.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/488" target="_blank">https://hypericum.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/488</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">"Hypericum androsaemum | Landscape Plants | Oregon State University". landscapeplants.oregonstate.edu. Retrieved 2023-04-07. <a href="https://landscapeplants.oregonstate.edu/plants/hypericum-androsaemum" target="_blank">https://landscapeplants.oregonstate.edu/plants/hypericum-androsaemum</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Parsons, W. T. (2001). Noxious weeds of Australia. E. G. Cuthbertson (2nd ed.). Collingwood, VIC, Australia: CSIRO Pub. pp. 384–385. ISBN 0-643-06514-8. OCLC 46774815. <a href="0-643-06514-8" target="_blank">0-643-06514-8</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">"Hypericum androsaemum - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2023-04-16. <a href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=279202" target="_blank">https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=279202</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Cirak, Cuneyt; Seyis, Fatih; Özcan, Aysel; Yurteri, Emine (2022-06-01). "Ontogenetic changes in phenolic contents and volatile composition of Hypericum androsaemum and Hypericum xylosteifolium". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 102: 104429. Bibcode:2022BioSE.10204429C. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2022.104429. ISSN 0305-1978. S2CID 249139208. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305197822000485" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305197822000485</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Linné, Carl von; Salvius, Lars (1753). Caroli Linnaei ... Species plantarum :exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas... (in Latin). Vol. 2. Holmiae: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. p. 783. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Linné, Carl von; Salvius, Lars (1753). Caroli Linnaei ... Species plantarum :exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas... (in Latin). Vol. 2. Holmiae: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. p. 783. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:28">Salisbury, R. A. (1796). Prodromus stirpium in horto ad Chapel Allerton vigentium. Londini: [s.n.] <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/9522" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/9522</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">"Hypericum androsaemum L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2023-04-21. <a href="http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:433187-1" target="_blank">http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:433187-1</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Zumaglini, Antonio Mauritio (1849). Flora Pedemontana : sive Species plantarum Phanerogamarum in Pedemonte et Liguria sponte nascentium ... Vol. 1. Augustae Taurinorum [Torino]: J. Favale. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/106666" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/106666</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Robson, Norman (1985). Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Guttiferae): 3. Sections: 1. Campylosporus to: 6a. Umbraculoides. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). ISBN 0565080032. <a href="0565080032" target="_blank">0565080032</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">"Hypericum androsaemum L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2023-04-21. <a href="http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:433187-1" target="_blank">http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:433187-1</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Robson, Norman (1985). Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Guttiferae): 3. Sections: 1. Campylosporus to: 6a. Umbraculoides. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). ISBN 0565080032. <a href="0565080032" target="_blank">0565080032</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Robson, Norman (1985). Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Guttiferae): 3. Sections: 1. Campylosporus to: 6a. Umbraculoides. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). ISBN 0565080032. <a href="0565080032" target="_blank">0565080032</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Robson, Norman (1985). Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Guttiferae): 3. Sections: 1. Campylosporus to: 6a. Umbraculoides. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). ISBN 0565080032. <a href="0565080032" target="_blank">0565080032</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Cirak, Cuneyt; Seyis, Fatih; Özcan, Aysel; Yurteri, Emine (2022-06-01). "Ontogenetic changes in phenolic contents and volatile composition of Hypericum androsaemum and Hypericum xylosteifolium". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 102: 104429. Bibcode:2022BioSE.10204429C. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2022.104429. ISSN 0305-1978. S2CID 249139208. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305197822000485" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305197822000485</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Robson, Norman (1985). Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Guttiferae): 3. Sections: 1. Campylosporus to: 6a. Umbraculoides. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). ISBN 0565080032. <a href="0565080032" target="_blank">0565080032</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Robson, Norman (1985). Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Guttiferae): 3. Sections: 1. Campylosporus to: 6a. Umbraculoides. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). ISBN 0565080032. <a href="0565080032" target="_blank">0565080032</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Parsons, W. T. (2001). Noxious weeds of Australia. E. G. Cuthbertson (2nd ed.). Collingwood, VIC, Australia: CSIRO Pub. pp. 384–385. ISBN 0-643-06514-8. OCLC 46774815. <a href="0-643-06514-8" target="_blank">0-643-06514-8</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Robson, Norman (1985). Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Guttiferae): 3. Sections: 1. Campylosporus to: 6a. Umbraculoides. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). ISBN 0565080032. <a href="0565080032" target="_blank">0565080032</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Parsons, W. T. (2001). Noxious weeds of Australia. E. G. Cuthbertson (2nd ed.). Collingwood, VIC, Australia: CSIRO Pub. pp. 384–385. ISBN 0-643-06514-8. OCLC 46774815. <a href="0-643-06514-8" target="_blank">0-643-06514-8</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Parsons, W. T. (2001). Noxious weeds of Australia. E. G. Cuthbertson (2nd ed.). Collingwood, VIC, Australia: CSIRO Pub. pp. 384–385. ISBN 0-643-06514-8. OCLC 46774815. <a href="0-643-06514-8" target="_blank">0-643-06514-8</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Hugh Gourlay (14 June 2024). "Tutsan Agents Released". landcareresearch.co.nz. <a href="http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/publications/newsletters/biological-control-of-weeds/issue-80/tustan-agents-released" target="_blank">http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/publications/newsletters/biological-control-of-weeds/issue-80/tustan-agents-released</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Parsons, W. T. (2001). Noxious weeds of Australia. E. G. Cuthbertson (2nd ed.). Collingwood, VIC, Australia: CSIRO Pub. pp. 384–385. ISBN 0-643-06514-8. OCLC 46774815. <a href="0-643-06514-8" target="_blank">0-643-06514-8</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">"Hypericum androsaemum (Sweet Amber)". Gardenia.net. Retrieved 2023-04-07. <a href="https://www.gardenia.net/plant/hypericum-androsaemum" target="_blank">https://www.gardenia.net/plant/hypericum-androsaemum</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">"Hypericum androsaemum - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2023-04-16. <a href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=279202" target="_blank">https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=279202</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">"Hypericum androsaemum Tutsan, Sweet-amber, St. Johnswort PFAF Plant Database". pfaf.org. Retrieved 2023-04-07. <a href="https://pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?latinname=Hypericum+androsaemum" target="_blank">https://pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?latinname=Hypericum+androsaemum</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Çýrak, Cüneyt (2006). "Physiological and Physical Seed Dormancy of some Hypericum Species Growing in Turkey". Plant Breeding and Seed Science. 53. <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">"Hypericum androsaemum Tutsan, Sweet-amber, St. Johnswort PFAF Plant Database". pfaf.org. Retrieved 2023-04-07. <a href="https://pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?latinname=Hypericum+androsaemum" target="_blank">https://pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?latinname=Hypericum+androsaemum</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">"Hypericum androsaemum 'Pollock' (Expressionistic Tutsans, St. John's Wort, Sweet Amber, Tutsans) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2023-04-07. <a href="https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/hypericum-androsaemum-pollock/" target="_blank">https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/hypericum-androsaemum-pollock/</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Trueblood, Clara E.; Ranney, Thomas G.; Lynch, Nathan P.; Neal, Joseph C.; Olsen, Richard T. (2010-07-01). "Evaluating Fertility of Triploid Clones of Hypericum androsaemum L. for Use as Non-invasive Landscape Plants". HortScience. 45 (7): 1026–1028. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.45.7.1026. ISSN 0018-5345. <a href="https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/view/journals/hortsci/45/7/article-p1026.xml" target="_blank">https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/view/journals/hortsci/45/7/article-p1026.xml</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">"Hypericum androsaemum - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2023-04-16. <a href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=279202" target="_blank">https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=279202</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">"PlantFiles: Hypericum, Sweet Amber, Tutsan, St. John's Wort, St. Johnswort". Dave's Garden. Retrieved 2023-04-18. <a href="https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/76626/" target="_blank">https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/76626/</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">"Hypericum androsaemum - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2023-04-16. <a href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=279202" target="_blank">https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=279202</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">"Hypericum androsaemum 'Pollock' (Expressionistic Tutsans, St. John's Wort, Sweet Amber, Tutsans) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2023-04-07. <a href="https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/hypericum-androsaemum-pollock/" target="_blank">https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/hypericum-androsaemum-pollock/</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">"Hypericum androsaemum 'Matisse' (Expressionistic Tutsans, St. John's Wort, Sweet Amber, Tutsans) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2023-04-16. <a href="https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/hypericum-androsaemum-matisse/" target="_blank">https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/hypericum-androsaemum-matisse/</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">"Hypericum androsaemum 'Picasso' (Expressionistic Tutsans, St. John's Wort, Sweet Amber, Tutsans) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2023-04-16. <a href="https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/hypericum-androsaemum-picasso/" target="_blank">https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/hypericum-androsaemum-picasso/</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Parsons, W. T. (2001). Noxious weeds of Australia. E. G. Cuthbertson (2nd ed.). Collingwood, VIC, Australia: CSIRO Pub. pp. 384–385. ISBN 0-643-06514-8. OCLC 46774815. <a href="0-643-06514-8" target="_blank">0-643-06514-8</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Antognoni, Fabiana; Lianza, Mariacaterina; Poli, Ferruccio; et al. (2017). "Polar extracts from the berry-like fruits of Hypericum androsaemum L. as a promising ingredient in skin care formulations". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 195: 255–265. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.11.029. ISSN 0378-8741. PMID 27864112. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.11.029" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.11.029</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Ramalhete, Nuno; Machado, Alexandra; Serrano, Rita; et al. (2016). "Comparative study on the in vivo antidepressant activities of the Portuguese Hypericum foliosum, Hypericum androsaemum and Hypericum perforatum medicinal plants". Industrial Crops and Products. 82: 29–36. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.12.014. ISSN 0926-6690. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.12.014" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.12.014</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Valentão, Patrícia; Fernandes, Eduarda; Carvalho, Félix; et al. (2002). "Antioxidant Activity of Hypericum androsaemum Infusion: Scavenging Activity against Superoxide Radical, Hydroxyl Radical and Hypochlorous Acid". Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 25 (10): 1320–1323. doi:10.1248/bpb.25.1320. ISSN 0918-6158. PMID 12392087. <a href="http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/25/10/25_10_1320/_article" target="_blank">http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/25/10/25_10_1320/_article</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Aronson, Jeff (2005-04-01). "David E Allen and Gabrielle Hatfield, Medicinal plants in folk tradition: an ethnobotany of Britain and Ireland". Medical History. 49 (2): 230–231. doi:10.1017/s002572730000870x. ISSN 0025-7273. S2CID 75493791. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs002572730000870x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs002572730000870x</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">Caprioli, Giovanni; Alunno, Alessia; Beghelli, Daniela; et al. (2016). "Polar Constituents and Biological Activity of the Berry-Like Fruits from Hypericum androsaemum L." Frontiers in Plant Science. 7. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00232. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 4771922. PMID 26973675. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4771922" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4771922</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Hypericum androsaemum open-in-new

Hypericum androsaemum