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Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
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<h2 id="structure">Structure</h2> <p>In <i>E. coli</i> the single CPS that carries out the functions of CPSI and <a href="/facts/Carbamoyl_phosphate_synthase_II/Xke9Illc">CPSII</a> is a heterodimer with a small subunit and a larger subunit with about 382 and 1073 amino acid residues in size, although in mammals (and other vertebrates) the CPSI protein is encoded by a single gene.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> The small subunit contains one active site for the binding and deamination of glutamine to make ammonia and glutamate. The large subunit contains two active sites, one for the production of carboxyphosphate, and the other for the production of carbamoyl phosphate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Within the large subunit there are two domains (B and C) each with an active site of the <a href="/facts/ATP-grasp/6696qYKW">ATP-grasp</a> family.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Connecting the two subunits is a tunnel of sorts, which directs the ammonia from the small subunit to the large subunit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="mechanism">Mechanism</h2> <p>The overall reaction that occurs in CPSI is: </p><p>2ATP + HCO3− + NH4+ → 2ADP + Carbamoyl phosphate + Pi<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>This reaction can be thought of occurring in three distinct steps.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <ol><li>Bicarbonate is phosphorylated to form carboxyphosphate</li> <li>Ammonia attacks the carboxyphosphate, resulting in carbamate</li> <li>Carbamate is phosphorylated to give carbamoyl phosphate</li></ol> <h3>Regulation</h3> <p>CPSI is regulated by <a href="/facts/N-acetylglutamate/egTmcfvE"><i>N</i>-acetylglutamate</a> which acts as an <a href="/facts/Allosteric_regulation/alMRuyt9">obligate allosteric activator</a> of CPS1. NAG, by binding to domain L4, triggers changes in the A-loop and in Arg1453 that result in changing interactions with the T′-loop of domain L3, which reorganizes completely from a <a href="/facts/%CE%92-hairpin/wHmw5Yfx">β-hairpin</a> in the apo form to a widened loop in the ligand-bound form. In this last form, the T′-loop interacts also with the tunnel-loop and the T-loop of the L1 domain, thus transferring the activating information to the bicarbonate-phosphorylating domain. This interaction with NAG and a second interaction, with a nucleotide, stabilise the active form of CPSI.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> The necessity for this ligand also connects the high concentration of nitrogen, reflected in excess of glutamate and arginine to produce NAG, to an increase in CPSI activity to clear this excess. </p> <h2 id="metabolism">Metabolism</h2> <p>CPSI plays a vital role in protein and nitrogen metabolism. Once ammonia has been brought into the mitochondria via glutamine or glutamate, it is CPSI's job to add the ammonia to bicarbonate along with a phosphate group to form carbamoyl phosphate. <a href="/facts/Carbamoyl_phosphate/tTLwfema">Carbamoyl phosphate</a> is then put into the <a href="/facts/Urea_cycle/rWjAo7DY">urea cycle</a> to eventually create urea. Urea can then be transferred back to the <a href="/facts/Blood_stream/WXwudzzc">blood stream</a> and to the <a href="/facts/Kidneys/HBspPrv9">kidneys</a> for filtration and on to the <a href="/facts/Bladder/g8Khaf7A">bladder</a> for excretion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h3>Related health problems</h3> <p>The main problem related to CPSI is genetics-based. Sometimes the body does <a href="/facts/Carbamoyl_phosphate_synthetase_I_deficiency/2YKuWItu">not produce enough CPSI</a> due to a mutation in the genetic code, resulting in poor metabolism of proteins and nitrogen, as well as high levels of ammonia in the body. This is dangerous because ammonia is highly toxic to the body, especially the <a href="/facts/Nervous_system/CDxRKU2U">nervous system</a>, and can result in <a href="/facts/Intellectual_disability/IuuYXdT1">intellectual disability</a> and <a href="/facts/Seizures/zuIrQyze">seizures</a>. </p> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1217/">GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Urea Cycle Disorders Overview</a></li> <li><a href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Carbamoyl-Phosphate+Synthase+%28Ammonia%29">Carbamoyl-Phosphate+Synthase+(Ammonia)</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/facts/Medical_Subject_Headings/C57g2JuF">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Thoden JB, Huang X, Raushel FM, Holden HM (October 2002). "Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase. Creation of an escape route for ammonia". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (42): 39722–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M206915200. PMID 12130656. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M206915200" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M206915200</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Powers SG, Griffith OW, Meister A (May 1977). "Inhibition of carbamyl phosphate synthetase by P1, P5-di(adenosine 5')-pentaphosphate: evidence for two ATP binding sites". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 252 (10): 3558–60. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)40428-5. PMID 193838. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2817%2940428-5" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2817%2940428-5</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Thoden JB, Holden HM, Wesenberg G, Raushel FM, Rayment I (May 1997). "Structure of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase: a journey of 96 A from substrate to product". Biochemistry. 36 (21): 6305–16. doi:10.1021/bi970503q. PMID 9174345. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Thoden JB, Huang X, Raushel FM, Holden HM (October 2002). "Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase. Creation of an escape route for ammonia". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (42): 39722–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M206915200. PMID 12130656. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M206915200" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M206915200</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Kim J, Raushel FM (May 2004). "Perforation of the tunnel wall in carbamoyl phosphate synthetase derails the passage of ammonia between sequential active sites". Biochemistry. 43 (18): 5334–40. doi:10.1021/bi049945+. PMID 15122899. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Kim J, Raushel FM (May 2004). "Perforation of the tunnel wall in carbamoyl phosphate synthetase derails the passage of ammonia between sequential active sites". Biochemistry. 43 (18): 5334–40. doi:10.1021/bi049945+. PMID 15122899. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Meister A (1989). "Mechanism and Regulation of the Glutamine-Dependent Carbamyl Phosphate Synthetase of Escherichia Coli". Mechanism and regulation of the glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase of Escherichia coli. Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology. Vol. 62. pp. 315–74. doi:10.1002/9780470123089.ch7. ISBN 9780470123089. PMID 2658488. <a href="9780470123089" target="_blank">9780470123089</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>de Cima S, Polo LM, Díez-Fernández C, Martínez AI, Cervera J, Fita I, Rubio V (November 2015). "Structure of human carbamoyl phosphate synthetase: deciphering the on/off switch of human ureagenesis". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 16950. Bibcode:2015NatSR...516950D. doi:10.1038/srep16950. PMC 4655335. PMID 26592762. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4655335" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4655335</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Nelson D, Cox M. Principles of Biochemistry (fourth ed.). pp. 666–669. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>