Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
SMS Gazelle
open-in-new
<h2 id="design">Design</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Gazelle-class_cruiser/Ap0FSJrd">Gazelle-class cruiser</a></p> <p>Following the construction of the <a href="/facts/Unprotected_cruiser/jLs79ARG">unprotected cruisers</a> of the <a href="/facts/Bussard-class_cruiser/MU2w8rbR"><i>Bussard</i> class</a> and the <a href="/facts/Aviso/5Wc6pv90">aviso</a> <a href="/facts/SMS_Hela/t3FyDMBB"><i>Hela</i></a> for the German <i><a href="/facts/Kaiserliche_Marine/wNhU6Hlo">Kaiserliche Marine</a></i> (Imperial Navy), the Construction Department of the <i><a href="/facts/Reichsmarineamt/hQVlDSrG">Reichsmarineamt</a></i> (Imperial Navy Office) prepared a design for a new small cruiser that combined the best attributes of both types of vessels. The designers had to design a small cruiser with armor protection that had an optimal combination of speed, armament, and stability necessary for fleet operations, along with the endurance to operate on foreign stations in the <a href="/facts/German_colonial_empire/CC1hchUz">German colonial empire</a>. The resulting <i>Gazelle</i> design provided the basis for all of the <a href="/facts/Light_cruiser/SMwX2q99">light cruisers</a> built by the <a href="/facts/German_Empire/lwQutJyN">German</a> fleet to the last official designs prepared in 1914.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p> <p><i>Gazelle</i> was 105 meters (344 ft 6 in) <a href="/facts/Length_overall/YMeByubQ">long overall</a> and had a <a href="/facts/Beam_(nautical)/kG7egDLm">beam</a> of 12.2 m (40 ft) and a <a href="/facts/Draft_(hull)/MHGIRjC0">draft</a> of 4.84 m (15 ft 11 in) forward. She <a href="/facts/Displacement_(ship)/19jbfNuM">displaced</a> 2,643 <a href="/facts/Tonne/gMymLmWv">t</a> (2,601 <a href="/facts/Long_ton/5ajqnrGq">long tons</a>) normally and up to 2,963 t (2,916 long tons) at <a href="/facts/Full-load_displacement/19jbfNuM">full combat load</a>. The ship had a minimal <a href="/facts/Superstructure/s94pXpHw">superstructure</a>, which consisted of a small <a href="/facts/Conning_tower/tX2VzTHz">conning tower</a> and <a href="/facts/Bridge_(nautical)/976E5bHV">bridge</a> structure. She was fitted with two pole <a href="/facts/Mast_(sailing)/fA4p9N56">masts</a>. Her <a href="/facts/Hull_(watercraft)/hY6LxATt">hull</a> had a raised <a href="/facts/Forecastle/VuaUcfoz">forecastle</a> and <a href="/facts/Quarterdeck/TxrCjB8J">quarterdeck</a>, along with a pronounced <a href="/facts/Naval_ram/QfHAcfHo">ram bow</a>. She had a crew of 14 officers and 243 enlisted men.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p><p>Her propulsion system consisted of two <a href="/facts/Triple-expansion_steam_engine/x2F844qg">triple-expansion steam engines</a> manufactured by <a href="/facts/Germaniawerft/D4SQ7zTA">Germaniawerft</a>, driving a pair of <a href="/facts/Screw_propeller/0IN0JKXC">screw propellers</a>. The engines were powered by eight coal-fired <a href="/facts/Niclausse_boiler/fE6je9So">Niclausse boilers</a> that were vented through a pair of <a href="/facts/Funnel_(ship)/qFM2PKIz">funnels</a>. They were designed to give 6,000 <a href="/facts/Metric_horsepower/jRMwmIxA">metric horsepower</a> (5,900 <a href="/facts/Horsepower/jRMwmIxA">ihp</a>), for a top speed of 19.5 <a href="/facts/Knot_(unit)/Sho0TF2y">knots</a> (36.1 km/h; 22.4 mph). <i>Gazelle</i> carried 500 t (490 long tons) of coal, which gave her a range of 3,570 <a href="/facts/Nautical_mile/V4yJzvKw">nautical miles</a> (6,610 km; 4,110 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p><i>Gazelle</i>'s armament consisted of ten <a href="/facts/10.5_cm_SK_L/40_naval_gun/1zSc798l">10.5 cm (4.1 in) SK L/40 guns</a> in single <a href="/facts/Pivot_gun/CQsPjgCP">pivot mounts</a>. Two were placed side-by-side forward on the forecastle; six were located on the <a href="/facts/Broadside_(naval)/QkWDKNel">broadside</a> in <a href="/facts/Sponson/8HT6pxgq">sponsons</a>; and two were placed side-by-side aft. The guns could engage targets out to 12,200 m (13,300 yd). They were supplied with 1,000 rounds of ammunition, for 100 shells per gun. She was also equipped with three 45 cm (17.7 in) <a href="/facts/Torpedo_tube/D0o8sNR1">torpedo tubes</a> with eight <a href="/facts/Torpedo/RLLPpktk">torpedoes</a>. One was submerged in the hull in the bow and two were mounted in deck launchers on the broadside.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>The ship was protected by an armored <a href="/facts/Deck_(ship)/mpNxwSAl">deck</a> that was 20 to 25 mm (0.79 to 0.98 in) thick. The deck sloped downward at the sides of the ship to provide a measure of protection against incoming fire. The conning tower had 80 mm (3.1 in) thick sides, and the guns were protected by 50 mm (2 in) thick <a href="/facts/Gun_shield/eWeNNn6u">gun shields</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="service-history">Service history</h2> <p><i>Gazelle</i> was ordered under the contract name "G" and was <a href="/facts/Keel_laying/0GjIvoG1">laid down</a> at the Germaniawerft shipyard in <a href="/facts/Kiel/d08pBvnm">Kiel</a> in April 1897. She was <a href="/facts/Ceremonial_ship_launching/kFSJFllx">launched</a> on 31 March 1898 in the presence of <a href="/facts/Victoria,_Princess_Royal/0Bl6Wbpl">Victoria</a>, the widow of the late <a href="/facts/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor/lfx61cCn">Kaiser Friedrich III</a>, and her daughter-in-law, <a href="/facts/Princess_Irene_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine/jC0BMoja">Princess Irene</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Konteradmiral/J8ng8I81">Konteradmiral</a></i> (Rear Admiral) <a href="/facts/Alfred_von_Tirpitz/UuDgd8Mc">Alfred von Tirpitz</a> christened the ship at her launching, after which <a href="/facts/Fitting-out/vlYXgkPC">fitting-out</a> work commenced. She was <a href="/facts/Ship_commissioning/aPxGm7yB">commissioned</a> for <a href="/facts/Sea_trials/qSmL1pdM">sea trials</a> on 23 November, which revealed problems with her French-designed Niclausse boilers that necessitated decommissioning for modifications on 6 April 1899. She was recommissioned on 6 October 1900, but her boilers continued to prove troublesome and she was decommissioned again on 14 November. She was finally commissioned for active service on 15 June 1901, assigned to <a href="/facts/I_Battle_Squadron/P8xU7lTo">I Squadron</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>The ships of I Squadron conducted unit exercises in the <a href="/facts/North_Sea/htGJNmsb">North Sea</a> until 22 July, when they were sent to visit Spain and Portugal. While there, on 1 August, the ships rendezvoused with the four <a href="/facts/Brandenburg-class_battleship/R8Nfexp9"><i>Brandenburg</i>-class battleships</a> and their escorts in <a href="/facts/Lisbon/zFTcC99e">Lisbon</a>, Portugal, which were returning from their deployment to help suppress the <a href="/facts/Boxer_Uprising/eMnpKNVl">Boxer Uprising</a> in <a href="/facts/Qing_China/5j6r4p5m">Qing China</a>. While on the way back to Germany, <i>Gazelle</i> was detached to visit <a href="/facts/Isle_of_Portland/wmzwRaA9">Portland</a>, Britain on 9 August, returning to Kiel three days later. She participated in the annual fleet training maneuvers that lasted from 22 August to 15 September. During the exercises, she operated with II Scouting Group, part of the reconnaissance force for the main German fleet. During the maneuvers, the fleet held a <a href="/facts/Naval_review/ueLXWzIz">naval review</a> for <a href="/facts/Tsar/qTE59C0T">Tsar</a> <a href="/facts/Nicholas_II_of_Russia/l4PRkopq">Nicholas II of Russia</a>, who was visiting Germany at the time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h3>East America station</h3> <p><i>Gazelle</i> was ordered to join the <a href="/facts/East_Asia_Squadron/x1l2AAL9">East Asia Squadron</a> in early October 1901, but the order was rescinded in favor of sending her sister <a href="/facts/SMS_Thetis/nJ78UsMH"><i>Thetis</i></a> instead. <i>Gazelle</i> remained in Germany until January 1902, when she was slated to join her sister in East Asian waters. She was redirected to the <a href="/facts/Caribbean_Sea/RPnJgdse">Caribbean Sea</a>, as tensions rose with Venezuela. <i>Gazelle</i> officially remained assigned to the East Asia Squadron until late 1902, though joined the East American Cruiser Division on arrival in the Caribbean on 3 February. The unit was created to respond to the dispute with Venezuela, and at that time also included the protected cruiser <a href="/facts/SMS_Vineta_(1897)/YxejNb8I"><i>Vineta</i></a> and the unprotected cruiser <a href="/facts/SMS_Falke_(1891)/F4R7k9Eq"><i>Falke</i></a>. <i>Gazelle</i> stopped in <a href="/facts/Port_of_Spain/B1EDnD0J">Port of Spain</a>, where she met <i>Falke</i>, before proceeding to Venezuela, stopping in <a href="/facts/Charlotte_Amalie,_United_States_Virgin_Islands/abp7R7s1">Charlotte Amalie</a> from 24 May to 10 June.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> The two ships assisted in the evacuation of German and French nationals from <a href="/facts/La_Guaira/s4NcgFHf">La Guaira</a> and <a href="/facts/Car%C3%BApano/KSMgBIIf">Carúpano</a> to protect them from expected fighting, carrying them to <a href="/facts/Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands/0FbUujBo">Saint Thomas</a> in the <a href="/facts/Dutch_Virgin_Islands/DJasNDoF">Dutch Virgin Islands</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>She then departed to visit the <a href="/facts/Antilles/yVcKQABR">Antilles</a>. During the <a href="/facts/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903/15Ls1xlK">Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903</a>, Germany and Great Britain, joined later by the <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Italy/X5hxYBvF">Kingdom of Italy</a>, issued demands for reparations following internal unrest in Venezuela; Venezuelan refusal led to the imposition of a <a href="/facts/Blockade/TzW69ybu">blockade</a> by the three powers. <i>Gazelle</i> and the <i>Falke</i> were the German contribution to the blockading squadron; they joined four British cruisers and three smaller vessels in enforcing the blockade. The Venezuelan <a href="/facts/Gunboat/J8q4Iglu">gunboat</a> Restaurador was seized during the blockade; she had been moored in <a href="/facts/Guanta/n32GLlL6">Guanta</a> when <i>Gazelle</i> arrived there on 11 December. The Germans ordered the Venezuelan gunboat to strike her flag and disembark the crew and ten minutes later they complied with the German demands. <i>Gazelle</i> sent a steam <a href="/facts/Pinnace_(ship%27s_boat)/f1CDqh2l">pinnace</a> and two <a href="/facts/Cutter_(boat)/qcc6eXzX">cutters</a> to board the vessel. <i>Restaurador</i> was then pressed into German service, under the command of <i><a href="/facts/Kapit%C3%A4nleutnant/WQjchm7R">Kapitänleutnant</a></i> (Captain Lieutenant) Titus Türk, along with a crew of three other officers, a machine operator, and fifty men from <i>Gazelle</i>. The gunboat, in poor condition owing to neglect from her former crew, required repairs before she could join the German vessels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>On 13 December, <i>Restaurador</i> departed for <a href="/facts/Trinidad/gJQ350S6">Trinidad</a>, where she was drydocked to have her hull cleaned. She also had boiler repairs done that were completed on 10 January 1903. She then returned to Venezuelan waters, where she joined the three-power blockade squadron, initially off Puerto Cabello. On 14 January, she shifted to <a href="/facts/Tucacas/5r4494P3">Tucacas</a> and she suffered a machinery breakdown that day, though her crew was able to repair her engines while at sea. The ship returned to Puerto Cabello on 19 January. During this time, <i>Gazelle</i> operated on the blockade line, and on 4 January, she stopped a Venezuelan merchant ship and seized her, taking her to Trinidad. The blockade ended on 23 February with a negotiated settlement, and Türk handed <i>Restaurador</i> back to the Venezuelan Navy in a condition better than when the Germans had seized the vessel. <i>Gazelle</i> was detached from the division on 17 March, for repairs at <a href="/facts/Newport_News/ypBkAoov">Newport News</a> in the United States that lasted from 31 March to 14 June.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p><i>Gazelle</i> then joined <i>Vineta</i> for a cruise in North American waters that included a stop in <a href="/facts/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia/Tcm27J9I">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a>; the ships then entered the <a href="/facts/Saint_Lawrence_River/5DvCUBp4">Saint Lawrence River</a>, steaming as far inland as <a href="/facts/Montreal/uQQaWd1b">Montreal</a>, Canada. <i>Gazelle</i> arrived back in the Caribbean on 27 October, stopping in Saint Thomas. By the end of the year, <i>Gazelle</i> lay off <a href="/facts/Santo_Domingo/WN8h3hcs">Santo Domingo</a>, the capital of the Dominican Republic; she had sent a landing party ashore to protect the German <a href="/facts/Consulate/6CaylqJe">consulate</a> owing to unrest in the country. She then moved to <a href="/facts/Port-au-Prince/09TIsqX6">Port-au-Prince</a> to send a detachment ashore there as well. <i>Gazelle</i> moved to <a href="/facts/Veracruz/jt5rM0VK">Veracruz</a>, Mexico in January 1904, where her commander made an official visit to the <a href="/facts/President_of_Mexico/WKeRteSb">President of Mexico</a>, <a href="/facts/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz/wly4T9kX">Porfirio Díaz</a>. The ship visited <a href="/facts/Belize/2xVuhCTt">Belize</a> in <a href="/facts/British_Honduras/AUF3IQSW">British Honduras</a> and several islands in the area. She next returned to Newport News for maintenance, where she was visited by <a href="/facts/Theodore_Roosevelt/WzUPbcbo">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, the <a href="/facts/President_of_the_United_States/oMsfmLb1">President of the United States</a>. On 19 June, she was recalled to Germany, arriving back in Kiel on 18 July. She was decommissioned in <a href="/facts/Danzig/a6VNPK28">Danzig</a> on 3 August and taken into the <i><a href="/facts/Kaiserliche_Werft_Danzig/lTBePKyj">Kaiserliche Werft</a></i> (Imperial Shipyard) there for an overhaul. During the overhaul, her troublesome Niclausse boilers were replaced with navy-built models.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h3>World War I and fate</h3> <p><i>Gazelle</i> remained <a href="/facts/Laid_up/SH225kWF">laid up</a>, out of service, for more than a decade until the outbreak of <a href="/facts/World_War_I/vITTUanQ">World War I</a> in July 1914. She was reactivated on 18 August and assigned to the Coastal Defense Division of the <a href="/facts/Baltic_Sea/jbQJGLQX">Baltic Sea</a>. Shortly thereafter, she was transferred to the Detached Division for offensive operations against <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian</a> forces in the eastern Baltic. She joined IV Battle Squadron for a sweep into the <a href="/facts/Gulf_of_Finland/rXE4CB5m">Gulf of Finland</a> that lasted from 24 to 29 August, during which she cruised on a patrol line between <a href="/facts/Gotland/ocBHJEQK">Gotland</a> and <a href="/facts/Courland/auWEb9pA">Courland</a>. The Germans failed to locate any Russian warships, and on the 29th, <i>Gazelle</i> was detached to bombard the <a href="/facts/Lighthouse/HAwW4RFW">lighthouse</a> at <a href="/facts/Gle%C5%BAnowo/meQravwL">Steinort</a> to deny it as a navigational marker to Russian vessels. She participated in an operation in the <a href="/facts/Bothnian_Sea/e9F7x4LR">Bothnian Sea</a> that lasted from 4 to 9 September, though engine problems prevented her from taking part in the first stage. After completing repairs in Danzig, she steamed as far north as the <a href="/facts/Sea_of_%C3%85land/qUI2jLp1">Sea of Åland</a> and then joined a <a href="/facts/Demonstration_(military)/B90vpL5U">demonstration</a> off <a href="/facts/Windau/G3vThajN">Windau</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>She escorted transports during an operation in the eastern Baltic by IV Battle Squadron from 19 to 24 September. The ship thereafter returned to the Coastal Defense Division, temporarily serving as its <a href="/facts/Flagship/bkQIgekS">flagship</a>. During this period, she operated in the western Baltic, patrolling the <a href="/facts/Danish_straits/0gN5vl8D">Danish straits</a> to prevent British <a href="/facts/Submarine/6fhcAKHV">submarines</a> from penetrating into the Baltic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> While cruising in the area on 17 November, <i>Gazelle</i> was attacked by the British submarine <a href="/facts/HMS_E9/DvjzQPXq">HMS <i>E9</i></a>. The submarine fired a pair of torpedoes at the cruiser, but both missed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> On the night of 25–26 January 1915, she struck Russian <a href="/facts/Naval_mine/jo9uVY9U">naval mines</a> to the north of <a href="/facts/Cape_Arkona/FvIxSMQd">Cape Arkona</a>. The mine explosion tore off both of her screws and she had to be towed to <a href="/facts/Swinem%C3%BCnde/N5S8fQk7">Swinemünde</a> by the <a href="/facts/Torpedo_boat/lPtPPLD2">torpedo boats</a> <a href="/facts/SMS_G132/WlddCKhR"><i>G132</i></a> and <a href="/facts/SMS_G134/WlddCKhR"><i>G134</i></a>. On 22 February, the German Navy decided the old cruiser was not worth repairing, and so she was placed out of service, with her crew being used to man more modern vessels. She was converted into a <a href="/facts/Hulk_(ship_type)/dvhg3gW6">hulk</a> for <a href="/facts/Minelayer/DPSkl2XS">minelayers</a>, first at Danzig and then at <a href="/facts/Cuxhaven/7x0mrefy">Cuxhaven</a>. In 1918, she was moved to <a href="/facts/Wilhelmshaven/9deashEc">Wilhelmshaven</a>. After the end of the war, <i>Gazelle</i> was formally stricken from the <a href="/facts/Naval_register/0vb4WJQA">naval register</a> on 28 August 1920 and broken up for scrap in Wilhelmshaven.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Erich_Gr%C3%B6ner/mgbRH00f">Gröner, Erich</a> (1990). <i>German Warships: 1815–1945</i>. Vol. I: Major Surface Vessels. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-87021-790-6.</li> <li>Halpern, Paul G. (1991). <i>A Naval History of World War I</i>. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1557503527.</li> <li>Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert & Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). <i>Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart</i> [<i>The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present</i>] (in German). Vol. 3. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-7822-0211-4.</li> <li>Marley, David (2008). <i>Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere, 1492 to the Present</i>. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-59884-100-8.</li> <li>Nottelmann, Dirk (2020). "The Development of the Small Cruiser in the Imperial German Navy". In Jordan, John (ed.). <i>Warship 2020</i>. Oxford: Osprey. pp. 102–118. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4728-4071-4.</li> <li>Polmar, Norman & Noot, Jurrien (1991). <i>Submarines of the Russian and Soviet Navies, 1718–1990</i>. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-87021-570-4.</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to SMS Gazelle (ship, 1898). <ul><li><a href="/facts/Aidan_Dodson/NmLbaC4e">Dodson, Aidan</a>; Nottelmann, Dirk (2021). <i>The Kaiser's Cruisers 1871–1918</i>. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-68247-745-8.</li> <li>Türk, Titus (1904). <i>75 Tage an Bord des Kreuzers "Restaurador": Aus dem Tagebuch eines Seemannes</i> [<i>75 Days Aboard the Cruiser "Restaurador": The Diary of a Seaman</i>] (in German). Lübeck: Borchers. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/254211445">254211445</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 183–184. - Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert & Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart [The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present] (in German). Vol. 3. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7822-0211-4. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Nottelmann, pp. 103–110. - Nottelmann, Dirk (2020). "The Development of the Small Cruiser in the Imperial German Navy". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2020. Oxford: Osprey. pp. 102–118. ISBN 978-1-4728-4071-4. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Gröner, pp. 99–101. - Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Vol. I: Major Surface Vessels. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-790-6. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Gröner, pp. 99–101. - Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Vol. I: Major Surface Vessels. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-790-6. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Gröner, p. 101. - Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Vol. I: Major Surface Vessels. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-790-6. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Gröner, p. 99. - Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Vol. I: Major Surface Vessels. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-790-6. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Gröner, pp. 99–101. - Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Vol. I: Major Surface Vessels. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-790-6. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 184. - Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert & Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart [The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present] (in German). Vol. 3. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7822-0211-4. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 184. - Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert & Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart [The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present] (in German). Vol. 3. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7822-0211-4. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 184. - Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert & Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart [The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present] (in German). Vol. 3. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7822-0211-4. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Naval & Military intelligence". The Times. No. 36831. London. 28 July 1902. p. 7. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Marley, pp. 924–925. - Marley, David (2008). Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere, 1492 to the Present. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-100-8. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 184–185. - Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert & Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart [The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present] (in German). Vol. 3. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7822-0211-4. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 185. - Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert & Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart [The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present] (in German). Vol. 3. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7822-0211-4. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 185. - Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert & Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart [The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present] (in German). Vol. 3. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7822-0211-4. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 185. - Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert & Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart [The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present] (in German). Vol. 3. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7822-0211-4. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 185–186. - Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert & Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart [The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present] (in German). Vol. 3. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7822-0211-4. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Polmar & Noot, p. 38. - Polmar, Norman & Noot, Jurrien (1991). Submarines of the Russian and Soviet Navies, 1718–1990. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-570-4. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Gröner, p. 101. - Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Vol. I: Major Surface Vessels. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-790-6. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Halpern, pp. 186–187. - Halpern, Paul G. (1991). A Naval History of World War I. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1557503527. <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 186. - Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert & Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart [The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present] (in German). Vol. 3. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7822-0211-4. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>