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Crossover interference
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<h2 id="high-negative-interference">High negative interference</h2> <h3>Bacteriophage T4</h3> <p>High negative interference (HNI), in contrast to positive interference, refers to the association of <a href="/facts/Homologous_recombination/WU0IIVVv">recombination</a> events ordinarily measured over short <a href="/facts/Genome/31Sm08JT">genomic</a> distances, usually within a <a href="/facts/Gene/e1swwPY6">gene</a>. Over such short distances there is a positive correlation (negative interference) of recombinational events. As studied in <a href="/facts/Escherichia_virus_T4/Af4UyJxy">bacteriophage T4</a> this correlation is greater the shorter the interval between the sites used for detection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> HNI is due to multiple exchanges within a short region of the genome during an individual mating event.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> What is counted as a “single exchange” in a genetic cross involving only distant markers may in reality be a complex event that is distributed over a finite region of the genome.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Switching between template DNA strands during <a href="/facts/DNA_synthesis/ywV1plto">DNA synthesis</a> (see Figure, <a href="/facts/Synthesis-dependent_strand_annealing/kd3TwYdu">SDSA</a> pathway), referred to as copy-choice recombination, was proposed to explain the positive correlation of recombination events within the gene.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> HNI appears to require fairly precise <a href="/facts/Complementarity_(molecular_biology)/WQfqGlBJ">base complementarity</a> in the regions of the parental genomes where the associated recombination events occur.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h3>HIV</h3> <p>Each human immunodeficiency virus (<a href="/facts/HIV/ulY2rgzu">HIV</a>) particle contains two single-stranded positive sense <a href="/facts/RNA_virus/qwXPeATD">RNA genomes</a>. After infection of a host cell, a <a href="/facts/DNA/nB89Iauz">DNA</a> copy of the genome is formed by <a href="/facts/Reverse_transcriptase/Vc1lGk8P">reverse transcription</a> of the RNA genomes. Reverse transcription is accompanied by template switching between the two RNA genome copies (copy-choice recombination).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> From 5 to 14 recombination events per genome occur at each replication cycle.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> This recombination exhibits HNI.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> HNI is apparently caused by correlated template switches during minus-strand DNA synthesis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Template switching recombination appears to be necessary for maintaining genome integrity and as a repair mechanism for salvaging damaged genomes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li> Media related to Genetic interference at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Muller, H.J. (1916). "The mechanism of crossing over". Am. Nat. 50. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Youds JL, Mets DG, McIlwraith MJ, Martin JS, Ward JD, ONeil NJ, Rose AM, West SC, Meyer BJ, Boulton SJ (2010). "RTEL-1 enforces meiotic crossover interference and homeostasis". Science. 327 (5970): 1254–8. doi:10.1126/science.1183112. PMC 4770885. PMID 20203049. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4770885" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4770885</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Youds JL, Mets DG, McIlwraith MJ, Martin JS, Ward JD, ONeil NJ, Rose AM, West SC, Meyer BJ, Boulton SJ (2010). "RTEL-1 enforces meiotic crossover interference and homeostasis". Science. 327 (5970): 1254–8. doi:10.1126/science.1183112. PMC 4770885. PMID 20203049. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4770885" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4770885</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Youds JL, Mets DG, McIlwraith MJ, Martin JS, Ward JD, ONeil NJ, Rose AM, West SC, Meyer BJ, Boulton SJ (2010). "RTEL-1 enforces meiotic crossover interference and homeostasis". Science. 327 (5970): 1254–8. doi:10.1126/science.1183112. PMC 4770885. PMID 20203049. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4770885" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4770885</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Kong A, Barnard J, Gudbjartsson DF, Thorleifsson G, Jonsdottir G, Sigurdardottir S, Richardsson B, Jonsdottir J, Thorgeirsson T, Frigge ML, Lamb NE, Sherman S, Gulcher JR, Stefansson K (2004). "Recombination rate and reproductive success in humans". Nat. 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