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Frontoparietal network
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<h2 id="anatomy">Anatomy</h2> <p>The FPN is primarily composed of the rostral lateral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (especially the <a href="/facts/Middle_frontal_gyrus/tqMt8T6P">middle frontal gyrus</a>) and the anterior <a href="/facts/Inferior_parietal_lobule/knfcBFj6">inferior parietal lobule</a>. Additional regions include the middle <a href="/facts/Cingulate_gyrus/Eerbtdvr">cingulate gyrus</a> and potentially the dorsal <a href="/facts/Precuneus/U1HaykRB">precuneus</a>, posterior inferior <a href="/facts/Temporal_lobe/U2wLVCrg">temporal lobe</a>, dorsomedial <a href="/facts/Thalamus/UHDtUStc">thalamus</a> and the head of the <a href="/facts/Caudate_nucleus/tAkRY4c0">caudate nucleus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="function">Function</h2> <p>The FPN is involved in executive function and goal-oriented, cognitively demanding tasks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> It is crucial for rule-based problem solving, actively maintaining and manipulating information in working memory and making decisions in the context of goal-directed behaviour.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Efficient processing in the frontoparietal network during cognitive control tasks enables the fulfillment of cognitive demands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Based on current cognitive demands, the FPN flexibly divides into two subsystems that connect to other networks: the <a href="/facts/Default_mode_network/tTSIt9RB">default mode network</a> for introspective processes and the <a href="/facts/Dorsal_attention_network/9NtoSjS8">dorsal attention network</a> for perceptual attention.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="clinical-significance">Clinical significance</h2> <p>Disruption of the nodes of the FPN has been found in virtually every psychiatric and neurological disorder, from <a href="/facts/Autism/6MTwMNoJ">autism</a>, <a href="/facts/Schizophrenia/FMP4lQ57">schizophrenia</a> and <a href="/facts/Major_depressive_disorder/l2lQeWqr">depression</a> to <a href="/facts/Frontotemporal_dementia/Xxso4JA5">frontotemporal dementia</a> and <a href="/facts/Alzheimer%27s_disease/w7Ad6tdg">Alzheimer's disease</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2> <p>The term central executive network (CEN) is generally equivalent to the frontoparietal network in literature,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> distinguishing it from the <a href="/facts/Dorsal_attention_network/9NtoSjS8">dorsal attention network</a> (DAN), with which it has several similarities,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> though sometimes it has been used to include the DAN.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>The FPN has fewer similarities with the <a href="/facts/Salience_network/ahjW4uL7">salience network</a> (which has also been equated with the <a href="/facts/Cingulo-opercular_network/ahjW4uL7">cingulo-opercular network</a> or <a href="/facts/Ventral_attention_network/ahjW4uL7">ventral attention network</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a>). Regardless, it has sometimes been grouped together with either the DAN or the salience network (usually the latter<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a>) under the name executive control network (ECN).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> The term frontoparietal control network (FPCN) has also been used, generally also for a grouping of the FPN and the salience network.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p><p>Other names for the FPN have included the multiple-demand system, extrinsic mode network, domain-general system and cognitive control network.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p><p>In 2019, Uddin et al. proposed that <i>lateral frontoparietal network</i> (<i>L-FPN</i>) be used as the standard name for this network.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Default_mode_network/tTSIt9RB">Default mode network</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Salience_network/ahjW4uL7">Salience network</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Gong, Diankun; He, Hui; Ma, Weiyi; Liu, Dongbo; Huang, Mengting; Dong, Li; Gong, Jinnan; Li, Jianfu; Luo, Cheng (14 January 2016). "Functional Integration between Salience and Central Executive Networks: A Role for Action Video Game Experience". Neural Plasticity. 2016: 1–9. doi:10.1155/2016/9803165. PMC 4739029. PMID 26885408. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4739029" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4739029</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Gratton, Caterina; Sun, Haoxin; Petersen, Steven E. (2018). "Control networks and hubs". Psychophysiology. 55 (3): e13032. doi:10.1111/psyp.13032. ISSN 1469-8986. PMC 5811327. PMID 29193146. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5811327" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5811327</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Menon, Vinod (1 October 2011). "Large-scale brain networks and psychopathology: a unifying triple network model". 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"Large-scale brain networks and psychopathology: a unifying triple network model". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 15 (10): 483–506. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.08.003. ISSN 1364-6613. PMID 21908230. S2CID 26653572. <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364661311001719" target="_blank">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364661311001719</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Philippi, Carissa L.; Pujara, Maia S.; Motzkin, Julian C.; Newman, Joseph; Kiehl, Kent A.; Koenigs, Michael (15 April 2015). "Altered Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Cortical Networks in Psychopathy". Journal of Neuroscience. 35 (15): 6068–6078. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5010-14.2015. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 4397604. PMID 25878280. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4397604" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4397604</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Brodal, Per (2016). The Central Nervous System. Oxford University Press. p. 578. ISBN 978-0-19-022895-8. <a href="978-0-19-022895-8" target="_blank">978-0-19-022895-8</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Littow, Harri; Huossa, Ville; Karjalainen, Sami; Jääskeläinen, Erika; Haapea, Marianne; Miettunen, Jouko; Tervonen, Osmo; Isohanni, Matti; Nikkinen, Juha; Veijola, Juha; Murray, Graham (2015). "Aberrant Functional Connectivity in the Default Mode and Central Executive Networks in Subjects with Schizophrenia – A Whole-Brain Resting-State ICA Study". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 6: 26. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00026. ISSN 1664-0640. PMC 4341512. PMID 25767449. S2CID 14879568. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4341512" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4341512</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Gratton, Caterina; Sun, Haoxin; Petersen, Steven E. (2018). "Control networks and hubs". Psychophysiology. 55 (3): e13032. doi:10.1111/psyp.13032. ISSN 1469-8986. PMC 5811327. PMID 29193146. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5811327" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5811327</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Littow, Harri; Huossa, Ville; Karjalainen, Sami; Jääskeläinen, Erika; Haapea, Marianne; Miettunen, Jouko; Tervonen, Osmo; Isohanni, Matti; Nikkinen, Juha; Veijola, Juha; Murray, Graham (2015). "Aberrant Functional Connectivity in the Default Mode and Central Executive Networks in Subjects with Schizophrenia – A Whole-Brain Resting-State ICA Study". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 6: 26. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00026. ISSN 1664-0640. PMC 4341512. PMID 25767449. S2CID 14879568. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4341512" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4341512</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Uddin, Lucina Q.; Yeo, B. T. Thomas; Spreng, R. Nathan (1 November 2019). "Towards a Universal Taxonomy of Macro-scale Functional Human Brain Networks". Brain Topography. 32 (6): 926–942. doi:10.1007/s10548-019-00744-6. ISSN 1573-6792. PMC 7325607. PMID 31707621. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7325607" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7325607</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Spreng, R. Nathan; Sepulcre, Jorge; Turner, Gary R.; Stevens, W. Dale; Schacter, Daniel L. (January 2013). "Intrinsic architecture underlying the relations among the default, dorsal attention, and frontoparietal control networks of the human brain". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 25 (1): 74–86. doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00281. ISSN 0898-929X. PMC 3816715. PMID 22905821. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3816715" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3816715</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Gratton, Caterina; Sun, Haoxin; Petersen, Steven E. (2018). "Control networks and hubs". Psychophysiology. 55 (3): e13032. doi:10.1111/psyp.13032. ISSN 1469-8986. PMC 5811327. PMID 29193146. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5811327" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5811327</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Gratton, Caterina; Sun, Haoxin; Petersen, Steven E. (2018). "Control networks and hubs". Psychophysiology. 55 (3): e13032. doi:10.1111/psyp.13032. ISSN 1469-8986. PMC 5811327. PMID 29193146. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5811327" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5811327</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Spreng, R. Nathan; Sepulcre, Jorge; Turner, Gary R.; Stevens, W. Dale; Schacter, Daniel L. (January 2013). "Intrinsic architecture underlying the relations among the default, dorsal attention, and frontoparietal control networks of the human brain". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 25 (1): 74–86. doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00281. ISSN 0898-929X. PMC 3816715. PMID 22905821. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3816715" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3816715</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Uddin, Lucina Q.; Yeo, B. T. Thomas; Spreng, R. Nathan (1 November 2019). "Towards a Universal Taxonomy of Macro-scale Functional Human Brain Networks". Brain Topography. 32 (6): 926–942. doi:10.1007/s10548-019-00744-6. ISSN 1573-6792. PMC 7325607. PMID 31707621. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7325607" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7325607</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Uddin, Lucina Q.; Yeo, B. T. Thomas; Spreng, R. Nathan (1 November 2019). "Towards a Universal Taxonomy of Macro-scale Functional Human Brain Networks". Brain Topography. 32 (6): 926–942. doi:10.1007/s10548-019-00744-6. ISSN 1573-6792. PMC 7325607. PMID 31707621. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7325607" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7325607</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>