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Neurolysis
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<h2 id="terminology">Terminology</h2> <p>Early neurolysis techniques were used in the 1900s for pain relief by the surgeon-<a href="/facts/Neurologist/TXYEMSYI">neurologist</a> <a href="/facts/Mathieu_Jaboulay/AzmeEu0a">Mathieu Jaboulay</a> for <a href="/facts/Vasospastic_disorders/k8Gdjk5j">vasospastic disorders</a>, such as <a href="/facts/Peripheral_artery_disease/gIpXlQFu">arterial occlusive disease</a> before the introduction of <a href="/facts/Interventional_radiology/r6n1y8sU">endovascular</a> procedures.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>Neurolysis is a chemical <a href="/facts/Ablation/tTSHH09G">ablation</a> technique that is used to alleviate pain. Neurolysis is used when the disease has progressed to a point where other pain treatments are deemed ineffective.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> A neurolytic agent such as alcohol, phenol, or glycerol is typically injected into specific <a href="/facts/Sensory_nerve/0JVWPqKP">sensory nerves</a> assessed to be transmitting pain signals. </p><p>Chemical neurolysis is used to denervate specific sensory nerves, reducing pain signals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> The effects generally last for three to six months.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>Neurotomy is a <a href="/facts/Nerve_block/VjQ7XvBE">nerve block</a> procedure performed in cases, such as for severe knee arthritis, in an <a href="/facts/Outpatient/b0SWyyVD">outpatient</a> procedure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> The term <i>neurotomy</i> may be used as a synonym for <a href="/facts/Neurectomy/8Ex4CfuN">neurectomy</a> – the surgical cutting or removal of nervous tissue.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="methods">Methods</h2> <h3>Radiofrequency ablation</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Radiofrequency_ablation/Fgc8V6UG">Radiofrequency ablation</a> (RFA) uses heat generated from <a href="/facts/Radio_wave/XmB6WPpF">radio waves</a> to disrupt sensory nerve function in anatomical structures transmitting pain sensation to the brain, such as from the back, hip, neck, or knee.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> RFA is an alternative for eligible people who have <a href="/facts/Comorbidity/tX5TvuKJ">comorbidities</a> or do not want to undergo more extensive surgery, such as hip or knee <a href="/facts/Arthroplasty/y9KUfA7n">arthroplasty</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p> <h3>Chemical neurotomy</h3> <p>Clinical studies from 2023-25 reported that local injection of <a href="/facts/Phenol/ACJs5NIU">phenol</a> was effective as a neurolytic treatment of <a href="/facts/Knee/gJJScKdB">sensory knee nerves</a> to relieve chronic pain associated with <a href="/facts/Osteoarthritis/Iy1wDA1B">osteoarthritis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p> <h3>External neurolysis</h3> <p>Peripheral nerves move (glide) across bones and muscles. A peripheral nerve can be trapped by scarring of surrounding tissue which may lead to potential nerve damage or pain. An external neurolysis may be performed when scar tissue is removed from around the nerve without entering the nerve itself.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h3>Celiac plexus neurolysis</h3> <p>Celiac plexus neurolysis (CPN) is the chemical ablation of the celiac plexus. This type of neurolysis is mainly used to treat pain associated with advanced <a href="/facts/Pancreatic_cancer/6h9GIInW">pancreatic cancer</a>. Traditional <a href="/facts/Opioid/EGnE2x99">opioid</a> medications used to treat pancreatic cancer patients may yield inadequate pain relief in the most advanced stages of pancreatic cancer, so the goal of CPN is to increase the efficiency of the medication. This in turn may lead to a decreased dosage, thereby decreasing the severity of the side effects.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> CPN is also used to decrease the chances of a patient developing an addiction for opioid medications due to the large doses commonly used in treatment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p><p>CPN can be performed by percutaneous injection either anterior or posterior to the celiac plexus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> CPN is generally performed complementary to <a href="/facts/Nerve_block/VjQ7XvBE">nerve blocks</a>, due to the severe pain associated with the injection itself. Neurolysis is commonly performed only after a successful celiac plexus block.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> CPN and celiac plexus block (CPB) are different in that CPN is permanent ablation whereas CPB is temporal pain inhibition.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p><p>There are multiple posterior percutaneous approaches, but no clinical evidence suggests that any one technique is more efficient than the rest. The posterior approaches generally utilize two needles, one at each side of the <a href="/facts/Lumbar_vertebrae/BytnlsNy">L1 vertebral body</a> pointing towards the <a href="/facts/Thoracic_vertebrae/WXBWDkfM">T12 vertebral body</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p><p>Increasing the spread of the injection may increase the efficacy of the neurolysis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p> <h3>Endoscopic ultrasound-guided neurolysis</h3> <p>Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided neurolysis is a technique that performs neurolysis using a linear-array echoendoscope.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> The EUS technique is minimally invasive and is believed to be safer than the traditional percutaneous approaches. EUS-guided neurolysis technique can be used to target the <a href="/facts/Celiac_plexus/nG4zXK1J">celiac plexus</a>, the <a href="/facts/Celiac_ganglia/oEacToeY">celiac ganglion</a>, or the broad plexus in the treatment of pancreatic cancer-associated pain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p><p>EUS-guided celiac plexus neurolysis (EUS-CPN) is performed with either an oblique-viewing or forward-viewing echoendoscope and is passed through the mouth into the <a href="/facts/Esophagus/XWa7WoWn">esophagus</a>. From the <a href="/facts/Stomach/Q4PPDGT6">gastroesophageal junction</a>, EUS imaging allows the doctor to visualize the <a href="/facts/Aorta/ov2Gp9h4">aorta</a>, which can then be traced to the origin of the <a href="/facts/Celiac_artery/VfwtrY1D">celiac artery</a>. The celiac plexus itself cannot be identified, but is located relative to the celiac artery. The neurolysis is then performed with a spray needle that disperses a neurolytic agent, such as alcohol or phenol, into the celiac plexus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p><p>EUS-CPN can be performed unilaterally (centrally) or bilaterally, however, there is no clinical evidence supporting the superiority of one over the other.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p><p>EUS-guided neurolysis can also be performed on the <a href="/facts/Celiac_ganglia/oEacToeY">celiac ganglion</a> and the broad plexus in a similar fashion to the EUS-CPN. The celiac ganglion neurolysis (EUS-CGN) is more effective than EUS-CPN and broad plexus neurolysis (EUS-BPN) is more effective than EUS-CGN.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p> <h3>Lumbar sympathetic neurolysis</h3> <p>Lumbar sympathetic neurolysis is typically used on patients with <a href="/facts/Ischemia/ySL9xbCl">ischemic</a> rest pain, generally associated with nonreconstructable <a href="/facts/Peripheral_artery_disease/gIpXlQFu">arterial occlusive disease</a>. Although the disease is the basis for this type of neurolysis, other diseases such as peripheral <a href="/facts/Neuralgia/McB46wKk">neuralgia</a> or vasospastic disorders can receive lumbar sympathetic neurolysis for pain treatment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p><p>Lumbar sympathetic neurolysis is performed between the <a href="/facts/Lumbar_vertebrae/BytnlsNy">L1-L4 vertebrae</a> with separate injections at each vertebra junction. The chemicals used for neurolysis of the nerves cause destructive fibrosis and cause a disruption of the <a href="/facts/Sympathetic_ganglion/Nn7z7Y5r">sympathetic ganglia</a>. The vasomotor tone is decreased in the area affected by the neurolysis, which in addition to arteriovenous shunting, create a light pink appearance within the affected area. Lumbar sympathetic neurolysis alters the ischemic rest pain transmission by changing <a href="/facts/Norepinephrine/AjTIC9ox">norepinephrine</a> and <a href="/facts/Catecholamine/hHFrCMgM">catecholamine</a> levels or by disturbing afferent fibers. This procedure is mainly used only when other feasible approaches to pain management are unable to be used.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p><p>Lumbar sympathetic neurolysis is performed by using absolute alcohol, but other chemicals such as phenol, or other techniques such as <a href="/facts/Radiofrequency_ablation/Fgc8V6UG">radiofrequency</a> or <a href="/facts/Laser_ablation/VmXJnyLU">laser ablation</a> have been studied. To aid in the procedure, <a href="/facts/Fluoroscopy/ySerh62e">fluoroscopy</a> or <a href="/facts/CT_scan/NusPJ2S8">CT</a> guidance is used. Fluoroscopic guidance is the most frequent, giving better real-time monitoring of the needle. The general technique of administering lumbar sympathetic neurolysis involves using three separate needles rather than one because it allows for better longitudinal spread of the chemicals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p><p>Complications can arise from this procedure such as <a href="/facts/Nerve_root/c83yLSXI">nerve root</a> injury, bleeding, <a href="/facts/Paralysis/Sh1Rqr8R">paralysis</a>, and more. Complications have been seen to be diminished when using the aforementioned radiofrequency or laser ablation techniques in comparison to the injection of alcohol or phenol. Generally, approximately two-thirds of patients can expect a favorable outcome (pain relief with minimal complications). Overall, the minimally invasive technique of lumbar sympathetic neurolysis is important in the relief of ischemic rest pain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p> <h3>Chemodenervation</h3> <p>Chemodenervation is a process used to manage pain through the use of <a href="/facts/Phenol/ACJs5NIU">phenol</a>, alcohol, or a <a href="/facts/Botulinum_toxin/F2LTx09G">botulinum toxin</a> (botox).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> The agent of choice is injected into or adjacent to a specific sensory nerve or into muscle fibers to dull neuronal pain signaling.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p><p>As chemical denervation agents, phenol and alcohol are inexpensive, fast-acting, and can be readministered or boosted within months, while also possibly causing scarring or fibrosis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> </p> <h3>Cryoneurolysis</h3> <p>Cryoneurolysis is the use of ultracold miniature probes to inhibit sensory nerve function causing pain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> The method involves compressing a gas (<a href="/facts/Carbon_dioxide/xGzpppEp">carbon dioxide</a> or <a href="/facts/Nitrous_oxide/Jvys91lI">nitrous oxide</a>) through a small aperture into a larger outer tube (1.4-2 mm diameter) at a lower pressure, enabling the gas to expand rapidly at the ablation tip.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> The rapid expansion of gas moving from a high to a low pressure through the narrow probe aperture causes a rapid, substantial decrease in temperature (<a href="/facts/Joule%E2%80%93Thomson_effect/9MLL4NeG">Joule–Thomson effect</a>) to around −70 °C (−94 °F).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> Applied for two-three minutes at each targeted nerve site, the ultracold gas produces ice crystals which cause <a href="/facts/Edema/Q6MI3KdH">edema</a> at the nerve site, blocking nerve transmission and pain signals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> </p><p>Under research and limited clinical use as of 2024, chronic pain conditions treated by cryoneurolysis include knee osteoarthritis, <a href="/facts/Peripheral_neuropathy/2KjA7nyD">neuropathies</a>, post-mastectomy pain syndrome, <a href="/facts/Phantom_limb/9Eo1AlNE">phantom limb pain</a>, headaches, leg and shoulder pain, and <a href="/facts/Sacroiliac_joint/XgpSo3YP">sacroiliac joint</a> pain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> The efficacy of cryoneurolysis compared to other more common neurolytic methods for pain conditions is under study.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="potential-complications">Potential complications</h2> <p>Among possible clinical complications are infection at the injection site, <a href="/facts/Inflammation/Ura86MIy">inflammation</a> and pain at the injection or <a href="/facts/Catheter/ehnH1eF5">catheter</a> site, bleeding or bruising from injury of small blood vessels, nerve injury, <a href="/facts/Allergic_reaction/dYAVosh8">allergic reaction</a> from a local anesthetic or neurolytic medication, or <a href="/facts/Tinnitus/QNjx4EJp">tinnitus</a> and <a href="/facts/Flushing_(physiology)/3RCHADTC">flushing</a> from an agent like phenol.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Ben Aziz M, Cascella M (6 October 2024). "Neurolytic procedures". StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 11 February 2025. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559308/" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559308/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Tay MR, Mittal N, Yao S, Farag J (February 2025). "Chemical neurolysis of genicular nerves for chronic non-cancer knee pain: a scoping review". Pain Medicine. 26 (2): 76–89. doi:10.1093/pm/pnae109. PMID 39475441. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine/article/26/2/76/7852839" target="_blank">https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine/article/26/2/76/7852839</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Ben Aziz M, Cascella M (6 October 2024). "Neurolytic procedures". StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 11 February 2025. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559308/" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559308/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Ben Aziz M, Cascella M (6 October 2024). "Neurolytic procedures". StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 11 February 2025. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559308/" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559308/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Ben Aziz M, Cascella M (6 October 2024). "Neurolytic procedures". StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 11 February 2025. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559308/" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559308/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Radiofrequency neurotomy". Mayo Clinic. 6 April 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2024. <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/radiofrequency-neurotomy/about/pac-20394931" target="_blank">https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/radiofrequency-neurotomy/about/pac-20394931</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Radiofrequency ablation for pain management". Cleveland Clinic. 14 March 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2024. <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/17411-radiofrequency-ablation" target="_blank">https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/17411-radiofrequency-ablation</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Bahn, Bret M.; Erdek, Michael A. (2013-02-01). "Celiac Plexus Block and Neurolysis for Pancreatic Cancer". Current Pain and Headache Reports. 17 (2): 310. doi:10.1007/s11916-012-0310-y. ISSN 1531-3433. PMID 23299904. S2CID 28697699. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>D'Souza RS, Warner NS (28 August 2023). "Phenol nerve block". StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 10 February 2025. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525978/" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525978/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Tay MR, Mittal N, Yao S, Farag J (February 2025). "Chemical neurolysis of genicular nerves for chronic non-cancer knee pain: a scoping review". Pain Medicine. 26 (2): 76–89. doi:10.1093/pm/pnae109. PMID 39475441. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine/article/26/2/76/7852839" target="_blank">https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine/article/26/2/76/7852839</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Ben Aziz M, Cascella M (6 October 2024). "Neurolytic procedures". StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 11 February 2025. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559308/" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559308/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Bahn, Bret M.; Erdek, Michael A. (2013-02-01). "Celiac Plexus Block and Neurolysis for Pancreatic Cancer". Current Pain and Headache Reports. 17 (2): 310. doi:10.1007/s11916-012-0310-y. ISSN 1531-3433. PMID 23299904. S2CID 28697699. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>D'Souza RS, Warner NS (28 August 2023). "Phenol nerve block". StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 10 February 2025. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525978/" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525978/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Tay MR, Mittal N, Yao S, Farag J (February 2025). "Chemical neurolysis of genicular nerves for chronic non-cancer knee pain: a scoping review". Pain Medicine. 26 (2): 76–89. doi:10.1093/pm/pnae109. PMID 39475441. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine/article/26/2/76/7852839" target="_blank">https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine/article/26/2/76/7852839</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Ben Aziz M, Cascella M (6 October 2024). "Neurolytic procedures". StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 11 February 2025. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559308/" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559308/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Radiofrequency neurotomy". Mayo Clinic. 6 April 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2024. <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/radiofrequency-neurotomy/about/pac-20394931" target="_blank">https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/radiofrequency-neurotomy/about/pac-20394931</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Radiofrequency ablation for pain management". Cleveland Clinic. 14 March 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2024. <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/17411-radiofrequency-ablation" target="_blank">https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/17411-radiofrequency-ablation</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Scott Fishman; Jane Ballantyne; James P. Rathmell (January 2010). Bonica's Management of Pain. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1458. ISBN 978-0-7817-6827-6. Retrieved 15 August 2013. <a href="978-0-7817-6827-6" target="_blank">978-0-7817-6827-6</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Ben Aziz M, Cascella M (6 October 2024). "Neurolytic procedures". StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 11 February 2025. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559308/" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559308/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Radiofrequency neurotomy". 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