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Kata Kolok
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <h3>Background</h3> <p>Kata Kolok was most likely established due to the prevalence of hereditary <a href="/facts/Sensorineural_deafness/wa81Kykf">sensorineural deafness</a> caused by a recessive non-syndromic mutation of the <a href="/facts/MYO15A/Q6T8hQeu">MYO15A</a> gene.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> This gene led to a significant population of hearing-impaired people in Bengkal village. According to the 1995 census, around 2.2% of the village population has impaired hearing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p><p>This form of communication is thought to have been established from five to seven generations ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> According to a 2011 census in the village of Bengkal, around 1,500 people out of 2,740 people, or 57% of the population, were able to communicate in this language, in addition to 46 hearing-impaired people.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> In addition, at least eight hearing-impaired people from Bengkal who have left the village, then returning after a while were still able to use Kata Kolok.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h3>Usage in Bengkal village</h3> <p>Kata Kolok usually used when at least one of the interlocutors is deaf. It can also be used by hearing interlocutors when they are far apart or working with noisy equipment. Kata Kolok can be used in all areas of life: i.e. used to communicate when repairing water pipes or when a village nurse need to communicate with hearing-impaired patients.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>Due to the high proportion of people who were able to communicate in Kata Kolok, a deaf child can learn it from birth in the same way that hearing children learn spoken language.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="phonology">Phonology</h2> <p>In the study of different gesture languages, such as <a href="/facts/American_Sign_Language/MGTCXaGb">American Sign Language</a>, gestures are decomposed into several components: palm shape, hand orientation, gesture, and hand movement were taken into account denoting meaning. If gestures differ in only one component, they are said to form minimal pairs. The presence of such pairs allows user to prove that the differing parameters have <a href="/facts/Phoneme/EXGHlJ7a">phoneme</a> and meaning. User of any sign language pay attention to them when determining the meaning of an utterance, and the transition from one meaning to another changes the content of the gesture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>Unlike mentioned <a href="/facts/Sign_language/Wjfl9Db6">phonology</a> characteristic of <a href="/facts/Sign_language/Wjfl9Db6">sign language</a>, in Kata Kolok, it is almost impossible to identify minimal pairs, so it is difficult to determine the phoneme status of the palm forms used in gesturing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>All palm shapes observed in Kata Kolok can be categorized into 3 category: basic (i.e. the simplest configurations that are easily recognised and used in a large number of gestures), regular (found in a certain number of gestures but less frequently than basic), and limited (used in a single gesture).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>Basic palm shapes include the following configurations:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <ul><li>Connie de Vos (2012), <i>Sign-Spatiality in Kata Kolok</i>, <a href="/facts/Nijmegen/TFpELGNF">Nijmegen</a>: <a href="/facts/University_of_Nijmegen/HzHJcIWX">University of Nijmegen</a></li> <li>Connie de Vos (2012). U. Zeshan, C. de Vos (ed.). "Kata Kolok: An updated sociolinguistic profile". <i>Sign Languages in Village Communities</i>. DeGruyter & Ishara Press: 381–386.</li> <li>Connie de Vos, Ulrike Zeshan (2012). U. Zeshan, C. de Vos (ed.). "Introduction: Demographic, sociocultural, and linguistic variation across rural signing communities". <i>Sign Languages in Village Communities</i>. DeGruyter & Ishara Press: 2–23. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781614511496.2">10.1515/9781614511496.2</a>. <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-000F-EBB6-B">11858/00-001M-0000-000F-EBB6-B</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-61451-203-5.</li> <li>Connie de Vos (2012), U. Zeshan, C. de Vos (ed.), <i>The Kata Kolok perfective in child signing: Coordination of manual and non-manual components</i>, DeGruyter & Ishara Press, pp. 127–152, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781614511496.2">10.1515/9781614511496.2</a>, <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-000F-EBB6-B">11858/00-001M-0000-000F-EBB6-B</a></li> <li>Connie de Vos, Roland Pfau (2015). "Sign Language Typology: The Contribution of Rural Sign Languages". <i>Annual Review of Linguistics</i>. 1: 265–288. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-linguist-030514-124958">10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-124958</a>. <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0019-DA09-5">11858/00-001M-0000-0019-DA09-5</a>.</li> <li>Annelies Kusters (2009). "Deaf Utopias? Reviewing the Sociocultural Literature on the World's "Martha's Vineyard Situations"". <i>The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education</i>. 15: 3–16. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdeafed%2Fenp026">10.1093/deafed/enp026</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19812282">19812282</a>.</li> <li>Victoria Nyst (2012), "24. Shared sign languages", in Roland Pfau; Markus Steinbach; Bencie Woll (eds.), <i>Sign Language</i> (Sign Language. An International Handbook ed.), <a href="/facts/Berlin/pMTIRNXK">Berlin</a>, <a href="/facts/Boston/exjfn6xf">Boston</a>: DeGruyter, p. 552—574, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110261325.552">10.1515/9783110261325.552</a>, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-11-020421-6</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>de Vos (b) 2012, p. 381. sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Vos_(b)2012 (help) <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>de Vos 2012, p. 22. sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Vos2012 (help) <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>de Vos (b) 2012, p. 381. sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Vos_(b)2012 (help) <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Bengkala Sign Language at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) <a href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/bqy/" target="_blank">https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/bqy/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>de Vos (b) 2012, pp. 381–382. sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Vos_(b)2012 (help) <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>de Vos 2012, p. 26. sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Vos2012 (help) <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>de Vos 2012, p. 26. sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Vos2012 (help) <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>de Vos 2012, pp. 27–28. sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Vos2012 (help) <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>de Vos (c) 2012, pp. 130–131. sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Vos_(c)2012 (help) <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>de Vos 2012, p. 77. sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Vos2012 (help) <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>de Vos 2012, p. 77. sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Vos2012 (help) <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>de Vos 2012, p. 77. sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Vos2012 (help) <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>de Vos 2012, pp. 79–80. sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Vos2012 (help) <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>