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Late Ottoman genocides
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<h2 id="overview">Overview</h2> <p><a href="/facts/U%C4%9Fur_%C3%9Cmit_%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r/qyIHBBRV">Uğur Ümit Üngör</a>, a Dutch–Turkish historian and professor of <a href="/facts/Genocide_studies/AphDn7FT">genocide studies</a>, explains that the <a href="/facts/Mass_violence/1Jc577pI">mass violence</a> and <a href="/facts/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire/46jBMA3e">enslavement</a> which occurred in the <a href="/facts/Late_Ottoman_period/4xqmxcuk">late</a> <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottoman Empire</a> and its <a href="/facts/Republic_of_Turkey/KIYAWAs0">successor state</a> includes, but is not limited to, the <a href="/facts/Adana_massacre/mL0lKJx3">Adana massacre</a>; the <a href="/facts/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_Ottoman_contraction/ArVDMSSk">persecution of Muslims during Ottoman contraction</a>; the <a href="/facts/Armenian_genocide/n4qY58hs">Armenian</a>, <a href="/facts/Greek_genocide/BhTKfBBw">Greek</a>, and <a href="/facts/Assyrian_genocide/v8wng75H">Assyrian</a> <a href="/facts/Genocide/IjkNvg7y">genocides</a>; the 1921 <a href="/facts/Ko%C3%A7giri_rebellion/WYx3rSa4">Koçgiri massacres</a>; "the mass violence against Kurds from the 1925 <a href="/facts/Sheikh_Said_conflict/LuayAEA8">Sheikh Said conflict</a> to the 1938 <a href="/facts/Dersim_massacre/I0QKLFSz">Dersim massacre</a>"; the <a href="/facts/1934_Thrace_pogroms/qvkykAvX">1934 Thrace pogroms</a>, through the 1955 <a href="/facts/Istanbul_pogrom/gvCHCbPE">Istanbul pogrom</a> against Greek and Armenian Christians.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>Other scholars sometimes also include the earlier <a href="/facts/Hamidian_massacres/RLycyqe6">Hamidian massacres</a> of Christian Armenians in the 1890s or the <a href="/facts/Deportations_of_Kurds_(1916%E2%80%931934)/vvzTjdv8">deportations of Kurds between 1916 and 1934</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>According to the journalist <a href="/facts/Thomas_de_Waal/stCKoXzI">Thomas de Waal</a>, there is a lack of a work similar to historian <a href="/facts/Timothy_Snyder/GSMtDL3A">Timothy Snyder</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Bloodlands/Q4AnKY3q">Bloodlands</a></i> (2010) that attempts to cover all of the mass violence in <a href="/facts/Anatolia/vMkrLrPr">Anatolia</a> and the <a href="/facts/Caucasus/sE8P8Ejg">Caucasus</a> between 1914 and 1921.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> De Waal suggests that while "the [Armenian] genocide of 1915–1916 would stand out as the biggest atrocity of this period... [such a work] would also establish a context that would allow others to come to terms with what happened and why, and also pay homage to the many Muslims who died tragically in this era".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/1915_genocide_in_Diyarbekir/emqLJxGH">1915 genocide in Diyarbekir</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon/4l7zsewI">Great Famine of Mount Lebanon</a></li></ul> <h2 id="citations">Citations</h2> <h2 id="general-and-cited-references">General and cited references</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Aviel_Roshwald/LyN556FK">Roshwald, Aviel</a> (2013). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IlNoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220">"Part II. The Emergence of Nationalism: Politics and Power – Nationalism in the Middle East, 1876–1945"</a>. In Breuilly, John (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism</i>. <a href="/facts/Oxford/kHvWDTXW">Oxford</a> and <a href="/facts/New_York_City/YlyvFmVC">New York</a>: <a href="/facts/Oxford_University_Press/CYyTzzWG">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 220–241. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199209194.013.0011">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199209194.013.0011</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780191750304.</li> <li>Smith, Roger W. (Spring 2015). "Introduction: The Ottoman Genocides of Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks". <i>Genocide Studies International</i>. 9 (1). <a href="/facts/Toronto/cnXH7881">Toronto</a>: <a href="/facts/University_of_Toronto_Press/fSM2fkTh">University of Toronto Press</a>: 1–9. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2FGSI.9.1.01">10.3138/GSI.9.1.01</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2291-1855">2291-1855</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26986011">26986011</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154145301">154145301</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/U%C4%9Fur_%C3%9Cmit_%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r/qyIHBBRV">Üngör, Uğur Ümit</a> (2012). "Disastrous Decade: Armenians and Kurds in the Young Turk Era, 1915–25". In Jongerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle (eds.). <i>Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870–1915</i>. Islamic History and Civilization. Vol. 51. <a href="/facts/Leiden/rs70mHlG">Leiden</a> and <a href="/facts/Boston/exjfn6xf">Boston</a>: <a href="/facts/Brill_Publishers/UwYwgUu0">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 267–295. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004232273_010">10.1163/9789004232273_010</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-90-04-23227-3. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1380-6076">1380-6076</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130614294">130614294</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Smith 2015, pp. 1–9. - Smith, Roger W. (Spring 2015). "Introduction: The Ottoman Genocides of Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks". Genocide Studies International. 9 (1). Toronto: University of Toronto Press: 1–9. doi:10.3138/GSI.9.1.01. ISSN 2291-1855. JSTOR 26986011. S2CID 154145301. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2FGSI.9.1.01" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3138%2FGSI.9.1.01</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Roshwald 2013, pp. 220–241. - Roshwald, Aviel (2013). "Part II. The Emergence of Nationalism: Politics and Power – Nationalism in the Middle East, 1876–1945". In Breuilly, John (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 220–241. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199209194.013.0011. ISBN 9780191750304. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IlNoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=IlNoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Morris, Benny; Ze'evi, Dror (4 November 2021). "Then Came the Chance the Turks Have Been Waiting For: To Get Rid of Christians Once and for All". Haaretz. Tel Aviv. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021. <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" target="_blank">/wiki/Benny_Morris</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Roshwald 2013, pp. 220–241. - Roshwald, Aviel (2013). "Part II. The Emergence of Nationalism: Politics and Power – Nationalism in the Middle East, 1876–1945". In Breuilly, John (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 220–241. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199209194.013.0011. ISBN 9780191750304. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IlNoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=IlNoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Shirinian, George N. (2017). Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913–1923. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-78533-433-7. <a href="978-1-78533-433-7" target="_blank">978-1-78533-433-7</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Morris, Benny; Ze'evi, Dror (4 November 2021). "Then Came the Chance the Turks Have Been Waiting For: To Get Rid of Christians Once and for All". Haaretz. Tel Aviv. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021. <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" target="_blank">/wiki/Benny_Morris</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Morris, Benny; Ze'evi, Dror (2019). The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 3–5. ISBN 978-0-674-24008-7. <a href="978-0-674-24008-7" target="_blank">978-0-674-24008-7</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Gutman, David (2019). "The thirty year genocide: Turkey's destruction of its Christian minorities, 1894–1924". Turkish Studies. 21. Routledge: 1–3. doi:10.1080/14683849.2019.1644170. S2CID 201424062. <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Studies" target="_blank">/wiki/Turkish_Studies</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Schaller, Dominik J.; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies—introduction". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820. S2CID 71515470. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Schaller, Dominik J.; Zimmerer, Jürgen, eds. (2013). Late Ottoman Genocides: The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-99045-1. <a href="978-1-317-99045-1" target="_blank">978-1-317-99045-1</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Akçam, Taner (2011). The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/The_Young_Turks%27_Crime_Against_Humanity" target="_blank">/wiki/The_Young_Turks%27_Crime_Against_Humanity</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Üngör, Uğur Ümit (June 2008). "Seeing like a nation-state: Young Turk social engineering in Eastern Turkey, 1913–50". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1). London and New York: Routledge: 15–39. doi:10.1080/14623520701850278. ISSN 1469-9494. OCLC 260038904. S2CID 71551858. <a href="/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C3%9Cmit_%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r" target="_blank">/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C3%9Cmit_%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Deringil, Selim; Adjemian, Boris; Nichanian, Mikaël (2018). "Mass Violence in the Late Ottoman Empire: A Discussion". Études Arméniennes Contemporaines (11). OpenEdition Journals: 95–104. doi:10.4000/eac.1803. ISSN 2425-1682. S2CID 165468004. <a href="https://journals.openedition.org/eac/1803" target="_blank">https://journals.openedition.org/eac/1803</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>de Waal, Thomas (2015). Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-19-935069-8. <a href="978-0-19-935069-8" target="_blank">978-0-19-935069-8</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>de Waal, Thomas (2015). Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-19-935069-8. <a href="978-0-19-935069-8" target="_blank">978-0-19-935069-8</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>