IBM 473L Command and Control System

<h2 id="background">Background</h2>
In early 1952, the Pentagon's <a href="/facts/Joint_War_Room/WEY0JRPk">USAF Command Post</a> (AFCP) "arranged" to receive <a href="/facts/Air_Defense_Command/g0RHHtNf">Air Defense Command</a> (ADC) exercise data<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> such as for planned mock attacks into defense sectors by faker aircraft (e.g., in 1955 <a href="/facts/Fairchild_Trophy/wHIEvNLH">on Amarillo, Denver, Salt Lake City, Kansas City, San Antonio</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> and Phoenix.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>) An <a href="/facts/Experimental_SAGE_Subsector/eFxnxbtD">Experimental SAGE Subsector</a>"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> for testing a <a href="/facts/Semi_Automatic_Ground_Environment/qAPVULus">Semi Automatic Ground Environment</a> (SAGE) was created using a July 1955 <a href="/facts/IBM_AN/FSQ-7_Combat_Direction_Central/5kS3IRb0">prototype air defense computer</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> ADC's 1955 command post blockhouse was completed at Ent AFB, and "in September 1955, the Air Force…replace[d its] command post's outmoded telephone system with a modern switchboard with 100 long-distance lines and room for more, so that 20 people in various parts of the country could hold as many as four conferences at a time".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> The <a href="/facts/Alternate_Joint_Communication_Center/wct6vYum">Alternate Joint Communication Center</a> in <a href="/facts/Raven_Rock_Mountain_Complex/wct6vYum">the Raven Rock nuclear bunker</a> was equipped by the end of 1955,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> and ADC broke ground in 1957 for deploying the Burroughs 416L SAGE Air Defense System<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> (the <a href="/facts/BMEWS/cl1vhFX6">BMEWS</a> 474L General Operational Requirement was specified in 1958.) After President <a href="/facts/Dwight_D._Eisenhower/a21WXe8r">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> expressed concern about nuclear command and control, a "1958 reorganization in <a href="/facts/National_Command_Authority_(United_States)/WGCPNf4A">NCA</a> relations with the joint commands" was implemented,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> and the "<a href="/facts/General_Electric_AN/GPA-73_Air_Weapons_Control_System/Aw1kgAXN">AWCS 512L" system</a> was deployed by June 1958. The GOR for a computerized 465L <a href="/facts/SAC_Automated_Command_and_Control_System/bkXs8If1">SAC Automated Command and Control System</a> was issued in 1958 for <a href="/facts/Strategic_Air_Command/Qp0Y5xpB">Strategic Air Command</a>'s nuclear bunkers (1957 <a href="/facts/Offutt_AFB/gDJx1Mly">Offutt AFB</a> bunker & 1958 at <a href="/facts/Post-Attack_Command_and_Control_System_Facility,_Hadley/7Ye41jKz">The Notch</a>). A <a href="/facts/Joint_War_Room/WEY0JRPk">Joint War Room</a> was activated at the Pentagon in 1960 and in December 1960, the AFCP reverted to a USAF-only mission when its "joint and national responsibilities" ended.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> After a "Quick Fix" program completed in the fall of 1960<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> and <a href="/facts/NORAD/uQgYBjz4">NORAD</a>'s Alert Network Number 1 was providing data from the <a href="/facts/Ent_AFB/K3Pl4rjj">Ent AFB</a> command post in Colorado Springs, the AFCP had several rear projection screens, DEFCON status boards, and a display with colored regional blocks for the <a href="/facts/Bomb_Alarm_System/jH7lJgnB">Bomb Alarm System</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> (work had started in May 1959 for transmitting BAS data to "six[where?] command centers".)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> In January 1962, the <a href="/facts/Deep_Underground_Command_Center/8BcrulcE">Deep Underground Command Center</a> was planned as a nuclear bunker beneath the Pentagon (the Raven Rock bunker would be phased out.)
The Air Force Command Post Systems Division was activated in 1960 for handling AFCP equipment issues (cf. <a href="/facts/Air_Force_Systems_Command/rB5lRz0K">AFSC's</a> <a href="/facts/Electronic_Systems_Division/Ix0AUnGx">Electronic Systems Division</a> which had the SPO) and in October 1962, <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">DoD</a> Directive S-5100.30 "designated 473L as the “Air Force service headquarters subsystem” of the <a href="/facts/Worldwide_Military_Command_and_Control_System/MhluIebn">Worldwide Military Command and Control System</a> (WWMCCS) established the same month."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>

<h2 id="otc-phase">OTC phase</h2>
The "Operational and Training Capability" (OTC) phase by <a href="/facts/IBM_Federal_Systems/aDonJUFu">IBM Federal Systems</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> was the first stage of development for the 473 program.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> Each "Computer Communication Console" by <a href="/facts/TRW_Inc./PBxh9uWH">TRW</a> Space Technology Laboratories<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> for OTC was part of the "DC400B/DIB display and interrogation system" that had 2 "10-inch CRT displays together with a sophisticated keyboard"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> This "temporary 473L system"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> had an <a href="/facts/IBM_1401/SrdHgTWx">IBM 1401</a> computer and IBM 1405 Disk Storage Unit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> On January 1, 1963, <a href="/facts/Electronic_Systems_Center/Ix0AUnGx">ESD's</a> 473L System Program Office was expanded (473L/492L SPO) with the added 492L responsibility for developing the <a href="/facts/United_States_Strike_Command/yFR5p4I2">United States Strike Command</a>'s <a href="http://www.mocavo.com/Congressional-Record-Volume-113-2/610445/1155">	Joint Airborne Communications Center/Command Post</a> (SPOs were separated on June 15, 1965).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a>

<h2 id="our-phase">OUR phase</h2>
As an upgrade before the IOC phase, an <a href="/facts/IBM_1410/JnYxAHWE">IBM 1410</a> was leased in February 1964, and the IBM 1401 computer was phased out by April—revision of OTC software for the 1410 computer was by Project OUR (OTC Update and Revision).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a>

<h2 id="ioc-phase">IOC phase</h2>
The Librascope AN/FYQ-11 Data Processor Set<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> was "a configuration of the L-3055" computer that <a href="/facts/Librascope/v5Qrc265">Librascope</a> manufactured at <a href="/facts/Glendale,_California/N84urPeB">Glendale</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> procured for the Initial Operational Capability phase with limited FYQ-11 equipment (e.g., without OA-6041 Control-Indicator Console).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> and only "4 integrated consoles".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> FYQ-11 had been accepted by the USAF <a href="/facts/Electronic_Systems_Division/Ix0AUnGx">Electronic Systems Division</a> in late March 1965<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a>: 39  to replace the IBM 1410 (each FYQ-11 was "234 cu ft [and required] 500 sq ft" area).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> The FYQ-11 had been proposed on February 19, 1962, for the Complete Operational Capability<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> (dual AN/FYQ-11 sets with only a single OA-6041.)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> COC programs planned for the L-3055 included the "Deployment Monitor", "ACE-Tactical", and "ACE-Transport"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> (<a href="/facts/Computer_Based_Training/5lf2A2Vj">Computer Based Training</a> on the FYQ-11 was also planned.)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> After FYQ-11 problems, <a href="/facts/John_P._McConnell_(general)/s4IoWeQ8">the USAF Chief of Staff</a> in 1966 cancelled the AN/FYQ-11 and the <a href="/facts/Comptroller_General_of_the_United_States/zEuJ7SBY">Comptroller</a> was directed to dispose of "the L-3055 system's equipment"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> (1977 lawsuit claims by the 1968 Librascope parent--<a href="/facts/The_Singer_Company/lFrnG7qa">The Singer Company</a>—were denied.)

<h2 id="complete-operational-capability">Complete operational capability</h2>
A second IBM 1410 computer was installed by December 15, 1966,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a>: 47  and the entire 473L System included:

AN/FYA-2 Integrated Data Transfer Console
The AN/FYA-2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> ("473L Integrated Console"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> with Logic Keyboard Display (LKB) provided the fully equipped 473L operator environment—cf. AN/FYA-3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> didn't have a Hard Copy Device (HC) for the Multicolored Display (MC), nor a Console Printer (CP); while the AN/FYA-4 only had an Electronic Typewriter/Display (RT) and CP.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> The console was run by a Monitor Program in the DPSS,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> and "operational capabilities [were] exercised via operational capability overlays; that is, via plastic masks fitting over the logic keyboard portion of the operator console."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a> The original COC plan was for DPSS output for 11 MCs and 15 CPs (i.e., 4 of the simplest AN/FYA-4 consoles for printing reports).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a>
Query Language (473L Query)
<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> Query Language was "very similar to the COLINGO query language<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> and was "a constrained English language…for man-machine communication in System 473L. …to retrieve data from any file in the system or to perform certain other functions."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> For example, the code for airfields both within Brazil and within a 2000-mile <a href="/facts/Great-circle_distance/s6HNWn8e">great-circle distance</a> of <a href="/facts/Brazilia/Jxk9MCNu">Brazilia</a> is:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a>
Retrieve airfields with country > Brazil, GCD (Brazilia » 2000)
Large Panel Display Subsystem<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a>
IT&T was awarded the May 1965 contract for the large 473L display which was to present information in both <a href="/facts/Black_and_white/CXPjISFh">black and white</a> and in color.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> In 1971 an <a href="/facts/Iconorama/xhtYukYI">Iconorama</a> was still being used by "<a href="/facts/NORAD/uQgYBjz4">NORAD</a> at[where?] the Air Force System 473L".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"473L System's AN/FYQ-11" (article transcript at scienceservice.si.edu). Electronics. July 30, 1964. Retrieved 2014-04-02. Air Force Command Post Systems Division under the USAF Deputy Chief… Built around two large computers and 25 other electronic units, the data-processing equipment will become the nerve center of USAF's 473L command-and-control system already at work in the Air Force Command Post at the Pentagon. … The 473L complex <a href="http://scienceservice.si.edu/pages/052125.htm" target="_blank">http://scienceservice.si.edu/pages/052125.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Brown, C.B. (4 December 1962). 473L DPSS/ICSS Interface Description (Technical Memorandum) (Report). MITRE Corporation. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 24, 2014. Retrieved 2022-06-01. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0297312.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0297312.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Programmer's Reference Manual For An L-3055 Data Processing System Used As The AN/FYQ-11 Data Processor Set. 15 September 1963. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-08. Central Processor, Control Console, and Core Memory … Buffer Processors …Magnetic Tape Consoles, Card Reader/Punch, and Line Printer…Disc Memory() <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124456/http://www.marksmath.com/files/librascope/prm-01.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124456/http://www.marksmath.com/files/librascope/prm-01.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">SINGER CO., LIBRASCOPE DIVISION v. UNITED STATES, 568 F.2d 695 (December 14, 1977) ("On October 16, 1962, the System Program Director forwarded to Librascope a draft of the interface specification that had been generated by the SIDG meetings. The accompanying transmittal document requested the 473-L [DPSS] contractor and subcontractors to review the draft specification … L-119 buffer processor"). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YLGRAAAAIAAJ&dq=IT%26T+473L&pg=PA699" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=YLGRAAAAIAAJ&dq=IT%26T+473L&pg=PA699</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"Figure 1-2. AN/FYQ-11 Data Flow and Switching Control Diagram", Programmer's Reference Manual For An L-3055 Data Processing System Used As The AN/FYQ-11 Data Processor Set, pp. 1–3, 1–4, archived from the original on 2016-03-03, retrieved 2014-04-06{{citation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221125/http://www.marksmath.com/files/librascope/prm-fig-01-2.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221125/http://www.marksmath.com/files/librascope/prm-fig-01-2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Appendix A of TR-66-261 <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Full text of "mitre :: ESD Technical Reports :: ESD-TR-65-171 Advanced Programming Developments A Survey Feb65". February 1965. Retrieved 2015-03-08. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/bitsavers_mitreESDTe65171AdvancedProgrammingDevelopmentsASur_5291796/ESD-TR-65-171_Advanced_Programming_Developments_A_Survey_Feb65_djvu.txt" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/bitsavers_mitreESDTe65171AdvancedProgrammingDevelopmentsASur_5291796/ESD-TR-65-171_Advanced_Programming_Developments_A_Survey_Feb65_djvu.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Wainstein, L. (Project Leader) (June 1975). The Evolution of U.S. Strategic Command and Control and Warning, 1945-1972 (Report). Institute for Defense Analyses. <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Defense_Analyses" target="_blank">/wiki/Institute_for_Defense_Analyses</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Sturm, Thomas A. (August 1967). The Air Force Command and Control System: 1950-1966 (PDF) (Report). USAF Historical Division Liaison Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-16. Retrieved 2014-04-02. the Army maintained that the Air Force command and control network was insufficiently reliable to permit proper control of Army weapons [e.g., Nike missiles] in a crisis, and as a result the two services were, from a practical standpoint, poles apart on the issue of single control of weapons. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130216195235/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-110429-030.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130216195235/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-110429-030.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">"7th WING OPERATIONS HISTORY, 1955-1958". 7th BOMB WING B-36 ASSOCIATION Inc. 1981 - 2010. Archived from the original on 2012-10-06. Retrieved 2013-09-18. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006083920/http://www.7bwb-36assn.org/b36genhistpg4.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121006083920/http://www.7bwb-36assn.org/b36genhistpg4.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"Fairchild Wing To Get Trophy In Bomb Tests". Spokane Daily Chronicle. May 2, 1955. Retrieved 2015-03-08. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1338&dat=19550502&id=XPpXAAAAIBAJ&pg=4206,164978" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1338&dat=19550502&id=XPpXAAAAIBAJ&pg=4206,164978</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Preble, H.L. (September 1963). Data Reliability of Three Bell A1 Magnetic Tape Recording Systems (PDF) (Report). Mitre Corporation. ESD-TDR-63-172. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 26, 2018. Retrieved 2022-06-01. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0419183.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0419183.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Biweekly Report for 29 July 1955 (minutes) (Report). Lincoln Laboratory Division 6. Retrieved 2014-04-06. All XD-1 frames have now been delivered. The LRI and output frames arrived 29 July. <a href="http://dome.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.3/45992/MC665_r14_6M-3797.pdf?sequence=1" target="_blank">http://dome.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.3/45992/MC665_r14_6M-3797.pdf?sequence=1</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Wainstein, L. (Project Leader) (June 1975). The Evolution of U.S. Strategic Command and Control and Warning, 1945-1972 (Report). Institute for Defense Analyses. <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Defense_Analyses" target="_blank">/wiki/Institute_for_Defense_Analyses</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Sturm, Thomas A. (August 1967). The Air Force Command and Control System: 1950-1966 (PDF) (Report). USAF Historical Division Liaison Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-16. Retrieved 2014-04-02. the Army maintained that the Air Force command and control network was insufficiently reliable to permit proper control of Army weapons [e.g., Nike missiles] in a crisis, and as a result the two services were, from a practical standpoint, poles apart on the issue of single control of weapons. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130216195235/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-110429-030.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130216195235/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-110429-030.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE)". Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2013-03-04. <a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/systems/sage.htm" target="_blank">http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/systems/sage.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Wainstein, L. (Project Leader) (June 1975). The Evolution of U.S. Strategic Command and Control and Warning, 1945-1972 (Report). Institute for Defense Analyses. <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Defense_Analyses" target="_blank">/wiki/Institute_for_Defense_Analyses</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Sturm, Thomas A. (Summer 1969). Emergence of the Air Force Command and Control System. Aerospace Commentary (Report). Vol. 1:3. p. 42. (cited by Wainstein Study S-467 p. 119) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerospace_Commentary&action=edit&redlink=1" target="_blank">/w/index.php?title=Aerospace_Commentary&action=edit&redlink=1</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Sturm, Thomas A. (August 1967). The Air Force Command and Control System: 1950-1966 (PDF) (Report). USAF Historical Division Liaison Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-16. Retrieved 2014-04-02. the Army maintained that the Air Force command and control network was insufficiently reliable to permit proper control of Army weapons [e.g., Nike missiles] in a crisis, and as a result the two services were, from a practical standpoint, poles apart on the issue of single control of weapons. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130216195235/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-110429-030.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130216195235/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-110429-030.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Antaccs Project (Midway Report) (Report). July 1964. Retrieved 2014-04-02. the first stage of the 473L program called the Operational and Training Capability (OTC) phase. This was implemented by IBM Federal Systems Division by the Introduction of the IBM 1401/1405 (disc) systems together with the DC400B/DIB display and interrogation system of Thompson Ramo Wooldridge. … System 473L uses configuration c) with two consoles and the IBM-140l computer. (text-only copy available at archive.org.) <a href="http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/informatics/antaccs/ANTACCS_Project_Midway_Report_Jul64.pdf" target="_blank">http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/informatics/antaccs/ANTACCS_Project_Midway_Report_Jul64.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">"Nuclear Attack to Trigger Automatic AF Alarm System". Bridgeport Post. March 7, 1960. Retrieved 2014-04-02. Brig.- Gen. J. B. Bestic, deputy for Air Force communications and electronics, disclosed details of the [AN/GSQ-44] "atomic strike recording system" in testimony to a House Military Appropriations subcommittee <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/60598553/" target="_blank">https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/60598553/</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Sturm, Thomas A. (August 1967). The Air Force Command and Control System: 1950-1966 (PDF) (Report). USAF Historical Division Liaison Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-16. Retrieved 2014-04-02. the Army maintained that the Air Force command and control network was insufficiently reliable to permit proper control of Army weapons [e.g., Nike missiles] in a crisis, and as a result the two services were, from a practical standpoint, poles apart on the issue of single control of weapons. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130216195235/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-110429-030.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130216195235/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-110429-030.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Antaccs Project (Midway Report) (Report). July 1964. Retrieved 2014-04-02. the first stage of the 473L program called the Operational and Training Capability (OTC) phase. This was implemented by IBM Federal Systems Division by the Introduction of the IBM 1401/1405 (disc) systems together with the DC400B/DIB display and interrogation system of Thompson Ramo Wooldridge. … System 473L uses configuration c) with two consoles and the IBM-140l computer. (text-only copy available at archive.org.) <a href="http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/informatics/antaccs/ANTACCS_Project_Midway_Report_Jul64.pdf" target="_blank">http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/informatics/antaccs/ANTACCS_Project_Midway_Report_Jul64.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Antaccs Project (Midway Report) (Report). July 1964. Retrieved 2014-04-02. the first stage of the 473L program called the Operational and Training Capability (OTC) phase. This was implemented by IBM Federal Systems Division by the Introduction of the IBM 1401/1405 (disc) systems together with the DC400B/DIB display and interrogation system of Thompson Ramo Wooldridge. … System 473L uses configuration c) with two consoles and the IBM-140l computer. (text-only copy available at archive.org.) <a href="http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/informatics/antaccs/ANTACCS_Project_Midway_Report_Jul64.pdf" target="_blank">http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/informatics/antaccs/ANTACCS_Project_Midway_Report_Jul64.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Full text of "mitre :: ESD Technical Reports :: ESD-TR-65-171 Advanced Programming Developments A Survey Feb65". February 1965. Retrieved 2015-03-08. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/bitsavers_mitreESDTe65171AdvancedProgrammingDevelopmentsASur_5291796/ESD-TR-65-171_Advanced_Programming_Developments_A_Survey_Feb65_djvu.txt" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/bitsavers_mitreESDTe65171AdvancedProgrammingDevelopmentsASur_5291796/ESD-TR-65-171_Advanced_Programming_Developments_A_Survey_Feb65_djvu.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Antaccs Project (Midway Report) (Report). July 1964. Retrieved 2014-04-02. the first stage of the 473L program called the Operational and Training Capability (OTC) phase. This was implemented by IBM Federal Systems Division by the Introduction of the IBM 1401/1405 (disc) systems together with the DC400B/DIB display and interrogation system of Thompson Ramo Wooldridge. … System 473L uses configuration c) with two consoles and the IBM-140l computer. (text-only copy available at archive.org.) <a href="http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/informatics/antaccs/ANTACCS_Project_Midway_Report_Jul64.pdf" target="_blank">http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/informatics/antaccs/ANTACCS_Project_Midway_Report_Jul64.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Sturm, Thomas A. (August 1967). The Air Force Command and Control System: 1950-1966 (PDF) (Report). USAF Historical Division Liaison Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-16. Retrieved 2014-04-02. the Army maintained that the Air Force command and control network was insufficiently reliable to permit proper control of Army weapons [e.g., Nike missiles] in a crisis, and as a result the two services were, from a practical standpoint, poles apart on the issue of single control of weapons. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130216195235/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-110429-030.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130216195235/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-110429-030.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Antaccs Project (Midway Report) (Report). July 1964. Retrieved 2014-04-02. the first stage of the 473L program called the Operational and Training Capability (OTC) phase. This was implemented by IBM Federal Systems Division by the Introduction of the IBM 1401/1405 (disc) systems together with the DC400B/DIB display and interrogation system of Thompson Ramo Wooldridge. … System 473L uses configuration c) with two consoles and the IBM-140l computer. (text-only copy available at archive.org.) <a href="http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/informatics/antaccs/ANTACCS_Project_Midway_Report_Jul64.pdf" target="_blank">http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/informatics/antaccs/ANTACCS_Project_Midway_Report_Jul64.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Del Papa, Dr. E. Michael; Warner, Mary P (October 1987). A Historical Chronology of the Electronic Systems Division 1947–1986 (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved 2022-06-01. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA201708.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA201708.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Sturm, Thomas A. (August 1967). The Air Force Command and Control System: 1950-1966 (PDF) (Report). USAF Historical Division Liaison Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-16. Retrieved 2014-04-02. the Army maintained that the Air Force command and control network was insufficiently reliable to permit proper control of Army weapons [e.g., Nike missiles] in a crisis, and as a result the two services were, from a practical standpoint, poles apart on the issue of single control of weapons. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130216195235/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-110429-030.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130216195235/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-110429-030.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">"Figure 1-2. AN/FYQ-11 Data Flow and Switching Control Diagram", Programmer's Reference Manual For An L-3055 Data Processing System Used As The AN/FYQ-11 Data Processor Set, pp. 1–3, 1–4, archived from the original on 2016-03-03, retrieved 2014-04-06{{citation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221125/http://www.marksmath.com/files/librascope/prm-fig-01-2.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221125/http://www.marksmath.com/files/librascope/prm-fig-01-2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">"Climate for Ingenuity" (PDF). Librascope Memories. August 1965. Retrieved 2015-03-08. <a href="http://www.librascopememories.com/Librascope_Memories/History_files/Climate%20for%20Ingenuity%20-%201965.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.librascopememories.com/Librascope_Memories/History_files/Climate%20for%20Ingenuity%20-%201965.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Programmer's Reference Manual For An L-3055 Data Processing System Used As The AN/FYQ-11 Data Processor Set. 15 September 1963. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-08. Central Processor, Control Console, and Core Memory … Buffer Processors …Magnetic Tape Consoles, Card Reader/Punch, and Line Printer…Disc Memory() <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124456/http://www.marksmath.com/files/librascope/prm-01.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124456/http://www.marksmath.com/files/librascope/prm-01.html</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Brown, C.B. (4 December 1962). 473L DPSS/ICSS Interface Description (Technical Memorandum) (Report). MITRE Corporation. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 24, 2014. Retrieved 2022-06-01. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0297312.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0297312.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Sturm, Thomas A. (August 1967). The Air Force Command and Control System: 1950-1966 (PDF) (Report). USAF Historical Division Liaison Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-16. Retrieved 2014-04-02. the Army maintained that the Air Force command and control network was insufficiently reliable to permit proper control of Army weapons [e.g., Nike missiles] in a crisis, and as a result the two services were, from a practical standpoint, poles apart on the issue of single control of weapons. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130216195235/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-110429-030.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130216195235/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-110429-030.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">"LIBRASCOPE L3055". A Fourth Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems. January 1964. BRL Report No. 1227. Archived from the original on 2015-09-16. Retrieved 2015-03-08. <a href="http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL64-l.html#LIBRASCOPE-L3055" target="_blank">http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL64-l.html#LIBRASCOPE-L3055</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">SINGER CO., LIBRASCOPE DIVISION v. UNITED STATES, 568 F.2d 695 (December 14, 1977) ("On October 16, 1962, the System Program Director forwarded to Librascope a draft of the interface specification that had been generated by the SIDG meetings. The accompanying transmittal document requested the 473-L [DPSS] contractor and subcontractors to review the draft specification … L-119 buffer processor"). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YLGRAAAAIAAJ&dq=IT%26T+473L&pg=PA699" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=YLGRAAAAIAAJ&dq=IT%26T+473L&pg=PA699</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Programmer's Reference Manual For An L-3055 Data Processing System Used As The AN/FYQ-11 Data Processor Set. 15 September 1963. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-08. Central Processor, Control Console, and Core Memory … Buffer Processors …Magnetic Tape Consoles, Card Reader/Punch, and Line Printer…Disc Memory() <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124456/http://www.marksmath.com/files/librascope/prm-01.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124456/http://www.marksmath.com/files/librascope/prm-01.html</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Schiff, J.D.; Chenevert, M.L.; Bennett, W.F. (April 1966). Computer Directed Training: System 473L Query Language (PDF) (Report). ESD Decision Science Laboratory. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved 2022-06-01. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0483236.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0483236.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">O'Brien, John T. (7 October 1968), "Review of Technical Document [ESD-TR-66-261]" (letter), Computer Directed Training: System 473L Query Language, letter is last page of PDF: ESD Public Information Division, ESD-TR-66-261, archived (PDF) from the original on April 13, 2014 <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0483236.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0483236.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Sturm, Thomas A. (August 1967). The Air Force Command and Control System: 1950-1966 (PDF) (Report). USAF Historical Division Liaison Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-16. Retrieved 2014-04-02. the Army maintained that the Air Force command and control network was insufficiently reliable to permit proper control of Army weapons [e.g., Nike missiles] in a crisis, and as a result the two services were, from a practical standpoint, poles apart on the issue of single control of weapons. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130216195235/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-110429-030.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130216195235/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-110429-030.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Sturm, Thomas A. (August 1967). The Air Force Command and Control System: 1950-1966 (PDF) (Report). USAF Historical Division Liaison Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-16. Retrieved 2014-04-02. the Army maintained that the Air Force command and control network was insufficiently reliable to permit proper control of Army weapons [e.g., Nike missiles] in a crisis, and as a result the two services were, from a practical standpoint, poles apart on the issue of single control of weapons. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130216195235/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-110429-030.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130216195235/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-110429-030.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">"Figure 1-2. AN/FYQ-11 Data Flow and Switching Control Diagram", Programmer's Reference Manual For An L-3055 Data Processing System Used As The AN/FYQ-11 Data Processor Set, pp. 1–3, 1–4, archived from the original on 2016-03-03, retrieved 2014-04-06{{citation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221125/http://www.marksmath.com/files/librascope/prm-fig-01-2.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221125/http://www.marksmath.com/files/librascope/prm-fig-01-2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Final Report of the First Phase of the Advanced Naval Tactical Command and Control Study (PDF). Vol. V–Technology. Informatics Inc. pp. V-3-9-V-3-10. Consoles tied to a core memory buffer which is connected to an IBM 1401 or 1410 at the Air Force Command Post (OTC of 473L). … Data Display Central 465L … LTV 7000 High Speed Display System <a href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/informatics/antaccs/ANTACCS_Final_Report_Phase_One_Volume_V_Technology_Part_1_Jan65.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/informatics/antaccs/ANTACCS_Final_Report_Phase_One_Volume_V_Technology_Part_1_Jan65.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">"Console, Data Transfer, Integrated an-FYA-2, an-FYA-3 and an-FYA-4". Document Center, Inc. MIL-C-27114. Retrieved 2015-03-08. <a href="http://www.document-center.com/standards/show/MIL-C-27114" target="_blank">http://www.document-center.com/standards/show/MIL-C-27114</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Brown, C.B. (4 December 1962). 473L DPSS/ICSS Interface Description (Technical Memorandum) (Report). MITRE Corporation. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 24, 2014. Retrieved 2022-06-01. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0297312.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0297312.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Schiff, J.D.; Chenevert, M.L.; Bennett, W.F. (April 1966). Computer Directed Training: System 473L Query Language (PDF) (Report). ESD Decision Science Laboratory. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved 2022-06-01. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0483236.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0483236.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Appendix A of TR-66-261 <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Programmer's Reference Manual For An L-3055 Data Processing System Used As The AN/FYQ-11 Data Processor Set. 15 September 1963. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-08. Central Processor, Control Console, and Core Memory … Buffer Processors …Magnetic Tape Consoles, Card Reader/Punch, and Line Printer…Disc Memory() <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124456/http://www.marksmath.com/files/librascope/prm-01.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124456/http://www.marksmath.com/files/librascope/prm-01.html</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Kinnersley, Bill. "The Language List Version 1.8 - Part 1 of 9". Newsgroup: comp.lang.misc. 473L Query - English-like query language for Air Force 473L system. Sammet 1969, p.665.) <a href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/ai-repository/ai/areas/doc/bib/langs.txt" target="_blank">https://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/ai-repository/ai/areas/doc/bib/langs.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Full text of "mitre :: ESD Technical Reports :: ESD-TR-65-171 Advanced Programming Developments A Survey Feb65". February 1965. Retrieved 2015-03-08. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/bitsavers_mitreESDTe65171AdvancedProgrammingDevelopmentsASur_5291796/ESD-TR-65-171_Advanced_Programming_Developments_A_Survey_Feb65_djvu.txt" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/bitsavers_mitreESDTe65171AdvancedProgrammingDevelopmentsASur_5291796/ESD-TR-65-171_Advanced_Programming_Developments_A_Survey_Feb65_djvu.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Schiff, J.D.; Chenevert, M.L.; Bennett, W.F. (April 1966). Computer Directed Training: System 473L Query Language (PDF) (Report). ESD Decision Science Laboratory. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved 2022-06-01. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0483236.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0483236.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Full text of "mitre :: ESD Technical Reports :: ESD-TR-65-171 Advanced Programming Developments A Survey Feb65". February 1965. Retrieved 2015-03-08. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/bitsavers_mitreESDTe65171AdvancedProgrammingDevelopmentsASur_5291796/ESD-TR-65-171_Advanced_Programming_Developments_A_Survey_Feb65_djvu.txt" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/bitsavers_mitreESDTe65171AdvancedProgrammingDevelopmentsASur_5291796/ESD-TR-65-171_Advanced_Programming_Developments_A_Survey_Feb65_djvu.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Programmer's Reference Manual For An L-3055 Data Processing System Used As The AN/FYQ-11 Data Processor Set. 15 September 1963. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-08. Central Processor, Control Console, and Core Memory … Buffer Processors …Magnetic Tape Consoles, Card Reader/Punch, and Line Printer…Disc Memory() <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124456/http://www.marksmath.com/files/librascope/prm-01.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124456/http://www.marksmath.com/files/librascope/prm-01.html</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Sturm, Thomas A. (August 1967). The Air Force Command and Control System: 1950-1966 (PDF) (Report). USAF Historical Division Liaison Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-16. Retrieved 2014-04-02. the Army maintained that the Air Force command and control network was insufficiently reliable to permit proper control of Army weapons [e.g., Nike missiles] in a crisis, and as a result the two services were, from a practical standpoint, poles apart on the issue of single control of weapons. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130216195235/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-110429-030.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130216195235/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-110429-030.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Kent, A.; Lancour, H. (1971). Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science: Volume 5 - Circulation to Coordinate Indexing. Taylor & Francis. p. 398. ISBN 9780824720056. Retrieved 2015-03-08. <a href="9780824720056" target="_blank">9780824720056</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

IBM 473L Command and Control System open-in-new

IBM 473L Command and Control System