Abraham Gottlob Werner

<h2 id="life">Life</h2>
Werner was born in Wehrau (now <a href="/facts/Osiecznica%2c_Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship/YQEs3TT4">Osiecznica, Lower Silesian Voivodeship</a>), a village in <a href="/facts/Prussia/fs1wEGrk">Prussian</a> <a href="/facts/Silesia/SHDHG2MD">Silesia</a>. His family had been involved in the mining industry for many years. His father, Abraham David Werner, was a foreman at a foundry in Wehrau.
Werner was educated at <a href="/facts/Freiberg%2c_Saxony/6SKkRSrN">Freiberg</a> and <a href="/facts/Leipzig/KIqgMgLN">Leipzig</a>, where he studied law and mining, and was then appointed as Inspector and Teacher of Mining and <a href="/facts/Mineralogy/MeIK9lx9">Mineralogy</a> at the small, but influential, <a href="/facts/Freiberg_University_of_Mining_and_Technology/Mjskj6vb">Freiberg Mining Academy</a> in 1775.
While in Leipzig, Werner became interested in the systematic identification and classification of minerals. Within a year he published the first modern textbook on descriptive mineralogy, Von den äusserlichen Kennzeichen der Fossilien (On the External Characters of Fossils [or of Minerals]; 1774).
During his career, Werner published very little, but his fame as a teacher spread throughout Europe, attracting students, who became virtual disciples, and spread his interpretations throughout their homelands, e.g. <a href="/facts/Robert_Jameson/HWb0nhVF">Robert Jameson</a> who became professor at Edinburgh and <a href="/facts/Andr%25C3%25A9s_Manuel_del_R%25C3%25ADo/JtjulKWC">Andrés Manuel del Río</a> who discovered <a href="/facts/Vanadium/UvKkKTSm">vanadium</a>. Socratic in his lecturing style, Werner developed an appreciation for the broader implications and interrelations of <a href="/facts/Geology/WGvVRIYF">geology</a> within his students, who provided an enthusiastic and attentive audience. Werner's students <a href="/facts/Friedrich_Mohs/k48Ip479">Friedrich Mohs</a> (who was in 1818 also successor to Werner's chair at the Freiberg Mining Academy), Robert Jameson and G. Mitchell even had plans to establish an institute analogous to Freiberg Mining Academy in Dublin, which were due to the death of some people involved never carried out.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a>
Werner was plagued by frail health his entire life, and passed a quiet existence in the immediate environs of Freiberg. An avid <a href="/facts/Mineral_collector/gT78hyxq">mineral collector</a> in his youth, he abandoned field work altogether in his later life. There is no evidence that he had ever traveled beyond Saxony in his entire adult life. He died at <a href="/facts/Dresden/nKVXxIgq">Dresden</a> from internal complications said to have been caused by his consternation over the misfortunes that had befallen <a href="/facts/Saxony/PrKscwCP">Saxony</a> during the Napoleonic Wars. He is buried in the Neuen Annenfriedhof in south-west Dresden. The grave is marked by a simple boulder inscribed with his name.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a>
He was elected a foreign member of the <a href="/facts/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences/QazgtP1n">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a> in 1810.

<h2 id="werners-theory">Werner's theory</h2>
Starting from the pre-existing traditions of stratigraphy and <a href="/facts/Cosmogony/8UrHjGyg">cosmogony</a> in Europe,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> Werner applied superposition in a classification similar to that of <a href="/facts/Johann_Gottlob_Lehmann_(scientist)/V9NIQIJy">Johann Gottlob Lehmann</a>. He believed that the Earth could be divided into five formations:

<ol><li>Primitive (Urgebirge) Series: intrusive <a href="/facts/Igneous_rock/xeMJhUah">igneous rocks</a> and high rank metasediments considered to be the first precipitates from the ocean before the emergence of land.</li>
<li>Transition (Übergangsgebirge) Series: more indurated <a href="/facts/Limestone/8ntvtFnR">limestones</a>, <a href="/facts/Dike_(geology)/jf8vsEHx">dikes</a>, <a href="/facts/Sill_(geology)/Jcnr64rj">sills</a>, and thick sequences of <a href="/facts/Greywacke/Fx5p7h5a">greywackes</a> that were the first orderly deposits from the ocean. These were "universal" formations extending without interruption around the world.</li>
<li>Secondary or Stratified (Flötz) Series: the remaining, stratified fossiliferous rocks and certain associated "trap" rocks. These were thought to represent the emergence of mountains from beneath the ocean and were formed from the resulting products of <a href="/facts/Erosion/gaGJXy0W">erosion</a> deposited on their flanks.</li>
<li>Alluvial or Tertiary (Aufgeschwemmte) Series: poorly consolidated <a href="/facts/Sand/MdTIt0M8">sands</a>, <a href="/facts/Gravel/IwHG9JfI">gravels</a>, and <a href="/facts/Clay/xnwouEkB">clays</a> formed by the withdrawal of the oceans from the continents.</li>
<li>Volcanic Series : younger <a href="/facts/Lava/q2an5SVN">lava</a> flows demonstrably associated with <a href="/facts/Volcano/c2M5upml">volcanic vents</a>. Werner believed that these rocks reflected the local effects of burning <a href="/facts/Coal/83kV3qxg">coal</a> beds.</li></ol>
The basic concept of Wernerian geology was the belief in an all encompassing ocean that gradually receded to its present location while precipitating or depositing almost all the rocks and minerals in the Earth's crust. The emphasis on this initially universal ocean spawned the term "Neptunism" that became applied to the concept and it became virtually synonymous with Wernerian teaching, although <a href="/facts/Jean-%25C3%2589tienne_Guettard/eHMKnlul">Jean-Étienne Guettard</a> in France actually originated the view. A universal ocean led directly to the idea of universal formations, which Werner believed could be recognized on the basis of <a href="/facts/Petrology/RXq9gCdo">lithology</a> and <a href="/facts/Law_of_superposition/PTd1xHg9">superposition</a>. He coined the term "geognosy" (meaning "knowledge of the Earth") to define a science based on the recognition of the order, position, and relation of the layers forming the Earth. Werner believed that geognosy represented fact and not theory. His followers resisted speculation, and as a result Wernerian geognosy and Neptunism became dogma and ceased to contribute to further understanding of the history of the Earth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>
His former student <a href="/facts/Robert_Jameson/HWb0nhVF">Robert Jameson</a>, who later became <a href="/facts/Regius_Professor/kJYIE7fk">Regius Professor</a> at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Edinburgh/L69HscH9">University of Edinburgh</a>, founded the <a href="/facts/Wernerian_Natural_History_Society/VlHQB15L">Wernerian Natural History Society</a> in 1808 in honour of Werner, which, while debating many aspects of <a href="/facts/Natural_history/pSlAvbTX">natural history</a>, was a bastion of the Wernerian view of the Earth.

<h2 id="criticism">Criticism</h2>
A principal focus of Neptunism that provoked almost immediate controversy involved the origin of <a href="/facts/Basalt/uhbwGPTb">basalt</a>. Basalts, particularly formed as sills, were differentiated from surface lava flows, and the two were not recognized as the same rock type by Werner and his students during this period. Lavas and volcanoes of igneous origin were treated as very recent phenomena unrelated to the universal ocean that formed the layers of the Earth. Werner believed that volcanoes only occurred in proximity to coal beds. Burning melted overlying basalts and wackes, producing basalts and lavas typically at low elevations. Basalt at higher elevations proved to Werner that they were chemical precipitates of the ocean.
A second controversy surrounding Neptunism involved the volumetric problems associated with the universal ocean. How could he account for the covering of the entire Earth and then the shrinking of the ocean volume as the primitive and transitional mountains emerged and the secondary and tertiary deposits were formed? The movement of a significant volume of water into the Earth's interior had been proposed by the classical Greek geographer <a href="/facts/Strabo/dzQ59zwn">Strabo</a>, but it was not embraced by Werner because it was associated with conjecture. Nevertheless, with his views on basalt, he did not believe that the interior of the Earth was molten. Werner appears to have dodged the question for the most part. He thought that some of the water could have been lost to space with the passing of some celestial body. That interpretation, however, raised the related question of explaining the return of the waters reflected in the secondary rocks.

<h2 id="legacy">Legacy</h2>
Werner's ability as a lecturer attracted students from all over Europe. Applications of his ideas fomented debate, particularly over the origin of <a href="/facts/Basalt/uhbwGPTb">basalt</a>, in the so-called <a href="/facts/Neptunist-Plutonist_controversy/3VvAaDpA">Neptunist-Plutonist controversy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> Among his most famous students was <a href="/facts/Alexander_von_Humboldt/5AuxyDbh">Alexander von Humboldt</a>, who stayed in Freiberg in 1791-92, and initially subscribed to Werner's Neptunist ideas before departing from them in his later years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a>
The variety of <a href="/facts/Scapolite/qCVnqwcA">scapolite</a> known as wernerite is named in his honour. Werner is credited with coining the term geognosy, for the geological study of the Earth's structure, specifically its exterior and interior construction.
In 1805, he described the mineral <a href="/facts/Zoisite/RCKPcnkD">zoisite</a> and named it after <a href="/facts/Sigmund_Zois/I3osV5Ck">Sigmund Zois</a>, who sent him its specimens from Saualpe in <a href="/facts/Duchy_of_Carinthia/DAWeLaGR">Carinthia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>
Werner’s major work, Von den äußerlichen Kennzeichen der Foßilien (1774), contained a comprehensive colour scheme he had devised for the description and classification of minerals. The work, incorporating this colour nomenclature with some modifications, was translated into French by <a href="/facts/Claudine_Guyton_de_Morveau/vSKa4kEA">Claudine Guyton de Morveau</a> (née Picardet) in 1790 and into English by <a href="/facts/Thomas_Weaver/bBzLLcqP">Thomas Weaver</a> in 1805. <a href="/facts/Patrick_Syme/A5mYasWm">Patrick Syme</a> (1774–1845), painter to the Wernerian and Horticultural Societies of Edinburgh, published in 1814 a revised version, entitled <a href="/facts/Werner%2527s_Nomenclature_of_Colours%2c_with_Additions%2c_arranged_so_as_to_render_it_useful_to_the_Arts_and_Sciences/lmFjfKNf">Werner's Nomenclature of Colours, with Additions, arranged so as to render it useful to the Arts and Sciences</a>. In Germany, the scheme was favoured, for example, by the young polymath <a href="/facts/Novalis/A8bRLBXJ">Novalis</a> (Friedrich von Hardenberg) (1772–1801), who was impressed by its analytical character.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>
The <a href="/facts/Werner_Mountains/oQbSbH98">Werner Mountains</a> in Antarctica and the Werner Range in Greenland were named after him.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>

<h2 id="works">Works</h2>
<ul><li><a href="http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/werner1774">Von den äusserlichen Kennzeichen der Fossilien</a> (Leipzig, 1774; French translation by Mme. Guyton de Morveau, Paris, 1790; English translation, <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LGZYAAAAcAAJ%7CA">Treatise on the External Characters of Fossils</a>, by Weaver, Dublin, 1805; later reprinted with notes by the Wernerian Society, Edinburgh, 1849–50).</li>
<li><a href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DdhAAAAAcAAJ">Kurze Klassifikation und Beschreibung der verschiedenen Gebirgsarten</a> (Dresden, 1787).</li>
<li>Neue Theorie über Entstehung der Gänge (Freiberg, 1791; French translation by Daubuisson, Paris, 1803; English translation by Charles Anderson as "New Theory of the Formation of Veins, with its Application to the Art of Working Mines", Edinburgh, 1809).</li></ul>

<h3>Citations</h3>

<h3>Bibliography</h3>
<ul><li>Authier, André (2013). Early Days of X-ray Crystallography. Oxford University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-965984-5.</li></ul>
<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li>"Abraham Gottlob Werner." Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed. 17 Vols. Gale Research, 1998.</li>
<li>"Abraham Gottlob Werner." Science and Its Times, Vol. 4: 1700–1799. Gale Group, 2001.</li>
<li>Abraham Gottlob Werner. Gedenkschrift aus Anlaß der Wiederkehr seines Todestages nach 150 Jahren am 30. Juni 1967. Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig 1967, (Freiberger Forschungshefte C 223).</li>
<li>Bergakademie Freiberg (ed.): Internationales Symposium Abraham Gottlob Werner und seine Zeit: 19. bis 24. September 1999 in Freiberg (Sachsen). Tagungsband. Verlag der TU Bergakademie, Freiberg 1999.</li>
<li>Samuel Gottlob Frisch: Lebensbeschreibung A. G. Werners – nebst zwei Abhandlungen über Werners Verdienste um Oryktognosie und Geognosie. Brockhaus Verlag, Leipzig 1825, (<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tb6_AAAAIAAJ&dq=Abraham+Gottlob+Werner&pg=PR3">Digitalisat, pdf 6.5 MB</a>)</li>
<li>Martin Guntau: Abraham Gottlob Werner. Teubner-Verlag, Leipzig 1984, (Biographien hervorragender Naturwissenschaftler, Techniker und Mediziner 75, <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0232-3516">0232-3516</a>).</li>
<li>Dieter Slaby, Roland Ladwig: Abraham Gottlob Werner – seine Zeit und seine Bezüge zur Bergwirtschaft. Verlag der TU Bergakademie, Freiberg 1999, (Freiberger Arbeitspapiere 1999, 26, <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0949-9970">0949-9970</a>).</li>
<li><a href="http://www.retrobibliothek.de/retrobib/schlagwort.html?werk=Meyers&bandnr=16&seitenr=0538&wort=Werner">Werner.</a> In: <a href="/facts/Meyers_Konversations-Lexikon/uYPjKBbJ">Meyers Konversations-Lexikon</a>. 4th edition. Volume 16, Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts, Leipzig/Vienna 1885–1892, p. 538.</li>
<li>Johannes Uray, "Chemische Theorie und mineralogische Klassifikationssysteme von der chemischen Revolution bis zur Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts". In: Berhard Hubmann, Elmar Schübl, Johannes Seidl (eds.), Die Anfänge geologischer Forschung in Österreich. Beiträge zur Tagung „10 Jahre Arbeitsgruppe Geschichte der Erdwissenschaften Österreichs" von 24. bis 26. April 2009 in Graz. Graz 2010, S 107-125.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Werner,_Abraham_Gottlob">"Werner, Abraham Gottlob" </a>. <a href="/facts/The_American_Cyclop%25C3%25A6dia/szBM6Gxy">The American Cyclopædia</a>. 1879.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li>Books by Abraham Gottlob Werner, in digital facsimile, from <a href="/facts/Linda_Hall_Library/tu6UDWST">Linda Hall Library</a>:
<ul><li>(1791) <a href="http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/earththeory/id/22942">Neue Theorie von der Entstehung der gänge</a></li>
<li>(1814) <a href="http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/11939">Werner's nomenclature of colours</a></li>
<li>(1821) <a href="http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/12024">Werner's nomenclature of colours</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"Werner, Abraham Gottlob" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 523. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Werner,_Abraham_Gottlob" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Werner,_Abraham_Gottlob</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Authier 2013, p. 350. - Authier, André (2013). Early Days of X-ray Crystallography. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-965984-5. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"Friedrich Mohs in Oesterreichisches Biographisches Lexikon". Oesterreichisches Biographisches Lexikon, Austrian Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 12 February 2019. <a href="https://www.biographien.ac.at/oebl/oebl_M/Mohs_Friedrich_1773_1839.xml" target="_blank">https://www.biographien.ac.at/oebl/oebl_M/Mohs_Friedrich_1773_1839.xml</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"Abraham Gottlob Werner - Stadtwiki Dresden". www.stadtwikidd.de. <a href="https://www.stadtwikidd.de/wiki/Abraham_Gottlob_Werner" target="_blank">https://www.stadtwikidd.de/wiki/Abraham_Gottlob_Werner</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Laudan, Rachel, 1987. From Mineralogy to Geology: The Foundations of a Science 1650-1830. University of Chicago Press. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Oreskes, Naomi (2020). The rejection of continental drift: theory and method in American earth science. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 63. ISBN 9780197561188. <a href="9780197561188" target="_blank">9780197561188</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Bressan, David. "The Granite Controversy: Neptunism VS Plutonism". Retrieved 14 August 2019. <a href="http://historyofgeology.fieldofscience.com/2010/10/granite-controversy-neptunism-vs.html" target="_blank">http://historyofgeology.fieldofscience.com/2010/10/granite-controversy-neptunism-vs.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Daum, Andreas W. (2024). Alexander von Humboldt: A Concise Biography. Trans. Robert Savage. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-691-24736-6. <a href="978-0-691-24736-6" target="_blank">978-0-691-24736-6</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Flint-Rogers, Austin (1937). Introduction to the Study of Minerals. McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 478. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J8wJAQAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=J8wJAQAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">William Jervis Jones (2013). German Colour Terms: A study in their historical evolution from earliest times to the present. John Benjamins, Amsterdam & Philadelphia, ISBN 978-90-272-4610-3, pp. 63–64, 234–241 and 639–641. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"Catalogue of place names in northern East Greenland" (PDF). Geological Survey of Denmark. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230231212/http://www.geus.dk/DK/publications/geol-survey-dk-gl-bull/21/Documents/nr21_p001-016.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20161230231212/http://www.geus.dk/DK/publications/geol-survey-dk-gl-bull/21/Documents/nr21_p001-016.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Abraham Gottlob Werner open-in-new

Abraham Gottlob Werner