Operation Starvation

<h2 id="operation">Operation</h2>
<p>The mission was initiated at the insistence of Admiral <a href="/facts/Chester_Nimitz/4PyLJYME">Chester Nimitz</a> who wanted his naval operations augmented by an extensive mining of Japan conducted by the USAAF. While General <a href="/facts/Henry_H._Arnold/eIUWbVg7">Henry H. Arnold</a> felt this was strictly a naval priority, he assigned General <a href="/facts/Curtis_LeMay/CB3oYE9P">Curtis LeMay</a> to carry it out.
</p><p>LeMay assigned one group of about 160 aircraft of the <a href="/facts/313th_Bombardment_Wing/vUQv5dC9">313th Bombardment Wing</a> to the task, with orders to plant 2,000 mines in April 1945. The mining runs were made by individual <a href="/facts/B-29_Superfortress/79pXKprr">B-29 Superfortresses</a> at night at moderately low altitudes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> Radar provided mine release information.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> The 313th Bombardment Wing received preliminary training in aerial mining theory while their B-29 aircraft received bomb-bay modification to carry mines.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Individual aircrew were then given four to eight training flights involving five radar approaches on each flight and dummy mine drops on the last flight.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a>
</p><p>Beginning on 27 March 1,000 parachute-retarded <a href="/facts/Influence_mine/jo9uVY9U">influence mines</a> with magnetic and acoustic detonators were initially dropped, followed by many more, including models with water pressure displacement detonators. This mining proved the most efficient means of destroying Japanese shipping during World War II.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> In terms of damage per unit of cost, it surpassed strategic bombing and the United States <a href="/facts/Allied_submarines_in_the_Pacific_War/TmtHFaVP">submarine campaign</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a>
</p><p>Eventually most of the major ports and straits of Japan were repeatedly mined, severely disrupting Japanese logistics and troop movements for the remainder of the war with 35 of 47 essential convoy routes having to be abandoned. For instance, shipping through <a href="/facts/Kobe/BRn7TPho">Kobe</a> declined by 85%, from 320,000 tons in March to only 44,000 tons in July.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Operation Starvation sank more ship tonnage in the last six months of the war than the efforts of all other sources combined. The <a href="/facts/Twentieth_Air_Force/uFv0vD4I">Twentieth Air Force</a> flew 1,529 <a href="/facts/Sortie/9SLn0Ksw">sorties</a> and laid 12,135 mines in 26 fields on 46 separate missions.  Mining demanded only 5.7% of the <a href="/facts/XXI_Bomber_Command/EfP0aTao">XXI Bomber Command's</a> total sorties, and only 15 B-29s were lost in the effort. In return, mines sank or damaged 670 ships totaling more than 1,250,000 tons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a>
</p>
<h2 id="aftermath">Aftermath</h2>

<p>After the war, the commander of Japan's <a href="/facts/Minesweeping/dbmsqbME">mine sweeping</a> operations noted that he thought this mining campaign could have directly led to the defeat of Japan on its own had it begun earlier. Similar conclusions were reached by American analysts who reported in July 1946 in the <a href="/facts/United_States_Strategic_Bombing_Survey/sVroBhNx">Strategic Bombing Survey</a> that it would have been more efficient to combine the United States' effective anti-shipping submarine effort with land- and carrier-based air power to strike harder against merchant shipping and begin a more extensive aerial mining campaign earlier in the war. This would have starved Japan, forcing an earlier end to the war.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a>
</p>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Air_raids_on_Japan/986l9aub">Air raids on Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Blockade_of_Germany_(1939%E2%80%931945)/o4LGEq8r">Blockade of Germany (World War II)</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA425762.pdf"><i>Mines Away!</i></a>, by Major John S. Chilstrom, USAF, 1992 (<a href="/facts/Portable_Document_Format/C9Mn1vYL">PDF</a>) (via archive.org)</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>Caldwell, Hamlin A., Jr., "Air Force Maritime Missions", United States Naval Institute Proceedings, October 1978, p. 33. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" target="_blank">/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>Caldwell, Hamlin A., Jr., "Air Force Maritime Missions", United States Naval Institute Proceedings, October 1978, p. 33. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" target="_blank">/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>Caldwell, Hamlin A., Jr., "Air Force Maritime Missions", United States Naval Institute Proceedings, October 1978, p. 33. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" target="_blank">/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:4"><p>Caldwell, Hamlin A., Jr., "Air Force Maritime Missions", United States Naval Institute Proceedings, October 1978, p. 33. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" target="_blank">/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:5"><p>Caldwell, Hamlin A., Jr., "Air Force Maritime Missions", United States Naval Institute Proceedings, October 1978, p. 34. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:6"><p>Caldwell, Hamlin A., Jr., "Air Force Maritime Missions", United States Naval Institute Proceedings, October 1978, p. 34. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:7"><p>Spector, Ronald H. (1985), Eagle Against the Sun: The American War with Japan, Free Press, pp. 505, ISBN 0-02-930360-5, citing
Craven, Wesley F.; Cate, James L. (eds.), The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki, June 1944 to August 1945, Vol. V of The Army Air Forces in World War II, University of Chicago Press, pp. 662–73. <a href="0-02-930360-5" target="_blank">0-02-930360-5</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:8"><p>Caldwell, Hamlin A., Jr., "Air Force Maritime Missions", United States Naval Institute Proceedings, October 1978, p. 33. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" target="_blank">/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:9"><p>United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Summary Report (Pacific War). July 1, 1946 <a href="http://www.anesi.com/ussbs01.htm" target="_blank">http://www.anesi.com/ussbs01.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
</ol>

Operation Starvation open-in-new

Operation Starvation