Poison Book Project

<h2 id="origins">Origins</h2>
The project was started by Melissa Tedone, head of library materials conservation at the <a href="/facts/Winterthur_Museum%2c_Garden_and_Library/ge08Fjev">Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library</a> in Delaware, United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a> In 2019, whilst conserving one of the library's books, the 1857 Rustic Adornments for Homes and Taste, she noticed through a microscope that fragments of the green pigment-dyed starch used to strengthen the bookcloth were flaking away.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> Tedone gave samples to the museum's laboratory head Rosie Grayburn.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> Grayburn used an <a href="/facts/X-ray_fluorescence/eIUz3wwS">x-ray fluorescence</a> spectrometer on the substance which showed it contained <a href="/facts/Copper/I8PEE8oX">copper</a> and arsenic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a>
The use of bookcloths as a cheaper replacement for leather bindings became popular in the 1840s. They were colored with pigments from a number of substances. One of these, Paris green, also known as emerald green, was an arsenic-based <a href="/facts/Pigment/I3clCYkF">pigment</a> that produced a vivid green color.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> It is estimated that tens of thousands of books were printed by the 1860s, when Paris green went out of fashion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>
Paris green bookcloths are unlikely to be a risk to the general public, but they might cause <a href="/facts/Arsenic_poisoning/JCLk4S68">arsenic poisoning</a> in those who handle the books frequently, such as librarians and researchers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> Paris green readily flakes into a dust, invisible to the naked eye, that coats nearby surfaces. Exposure to the dust can irritate the eyes, nose, and throat and might cause dizziness and nausea. The project has also identified other hazardous substances used in pigments, including <a href="/facts/Lead/EYljasJN">lead</a>, <a href="/facts/Chromium/6sVk6Uu7">chromium</a>, and <a href="/facts/Mercury_(element)/WlxfoHva">mercury</a>. These are less toxic than Paris green and less likely to flake when handled.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> These pigments include <a href="/facts/Chrome_yellow/n6Pb51jW">chrome yellow</a>, which contains lead, and <a href="/facts/Vermillion/pYbDVDxf">vermillion</a>, which contains <a href="/facts/Mercury_sulfide/25P3yENk">mercury sulfide</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>
Shortly after starting the project Tedone and Grayburn identified nine further books from the Winterthur collection that contained arsenic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> These were removed from general circulation and sealed in plastic bags.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> An early project at the <a href="/facts/Library_Company_of_Philadelphia/BBvQjX3F">Library Company of Philadelphia</a> found 28 books.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>

<h2 id="work">Work</h2>
The project attempts to identify individual editions of historic books that contain hazardous materials such as arsenic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> The editions are added to a database that is shared so that institutions can check it against their collections.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> The project wants to make sure librarians are aware of potentially hazardous books and take measures to store the books safely.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>
The initial stage of checking new books begins with a visual assessment followed by x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. Positive XRF results are confirmed by <a href="/facts/Raman_spectroscopy/XY063k29">Raman spectroscopy</a> by the Winterthur/University of Delaware Program in Art Conservation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> Rarely, in complex cases, a sample of material is sent for destructive testing at the University of Delaware's College of Agriculture and Natural Resources Soil Testing Program.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>
By April 2022 the project had identified 88 books containing Paris green, of which more than 70 contained the pigment in their bookcloths (the remainder in illustrations or labels).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> By September 2022 more than 101 books had been identified.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> The project does not seek to have the books destroyed but rather kept in controlled conditions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> The project advertises itself with bookmarks showing examples of books containing Paris green; these have been sent to libraries in 49 US states and 19 countries abroad.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Shadows_from_the_Walls_of_Death/894kBIce">Shadows from the Walls of Death</a>, a book compiled by Dr. Robert C. Kedzie from samples of arsenic-laced wallpapers</li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://sites.udel.edu/poisonbookproject/">Poison Book Project at Winterthur Museum, Garden & Library</a></li>
<li>Stimpson, Ashley (July 24, 2024). <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/home/2024/07/24/toxic-victorian-bookbinding-arsenic/">"Old books can be loaded with poison. Some collectors love the thrill"</a>. <a href="/facts/Washington_Post/dRvzvqJc">Washington Post</a>. Retrieved July 24, 2024.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Brower, Justin (April 28, 2022). "These green books are poisonous—and one may be on a shelf near you". National Geographic. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325041255/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/these-green-books-are-literally-poisonous" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230325041255/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/these-green-books-are-literally-poisonous</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Brower, Justin (April 28, 2022). "These green books are poisonous—and one may be on a shelf near you". National Geographic. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325041255/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/these-green-books-are-literally-poisonous" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230325041255/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/these-green-books-are-literally-poisonous</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Brower, Justin (April 28, 2022). "These green books are poisonous—and one may be on a shelf near you". National Geographic. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325041255/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/these-green-books-are-literally-poisonous" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230325041255/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/these-green-books-are-literally-poisonous</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Brower, Justin (April 28, 2022). "These green books are poisonous—and one may be on a shelf near you". National Geographic. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325041255/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/these-green-books-are-literally-poisonous" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230325041255/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/these-green-books-are-literally-poisonous</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Brower, Justin (April 28, 2022). "These green books are poisonous—and one may be on a shelf near you". National Geographic. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325041255/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/these-green-books-are-literally-poisonous" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230325041255/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/these-green-books-are-literally-poisonous</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"Rare book laced with deadly arsenic found in Leeds library". ITV News. October 28, 2022. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. <a href="https://www.itv.com/news/calendar/2022-10-28/rare-book-laced-with-deadly-poison-found-in-library" target="_blank">https://www.itv.com/news/calendar/2022-10-28/rare-book-laced-with-deadly-poison-found-in-library</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Sloan, Marisa (September 19, 2022). "Victorian-era Books Bound in Emerald Green Are Laced With Arsenic". Discover Magazine. Archived from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. <a href="https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/victorian-era-books-bound-in-emerald-green-are-laced-with-arsenic" target="_blank">https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/victorian-era-books-bound-in-emerald-green-are-laced-with-arsenic</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Brower, Justin (April 28, 2022). "These green books are poisonous—and one may be on a shelf near you". National Geographic. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325041255/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/these-green-books-are-literally-poisonous" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230325041255/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/these-green-books-are-literally-poisonous</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Sloan, Marisa (September 19, 2022). "Victorian-era Books Bound in Emerald Green Are Laced With Arsenic". Discover Magazine. Archived from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. <a href="https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/victorian-era-books-bound-in-emerald-green-are-laced-with-arsenic" target="_blank">https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/victorian-era-books-bound-in-emerald-green-are-laced-with-arsenic</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Everhart, Megan M. F. (June 22, 2022). "Arsenic and old books". University of Delaware. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326055016/https://www.udel.edu/udaily/2022/june/poison-books-arsenic-bindings-covers-pigments-dyes/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230326055016/https://www.udel.edu/udaily/2022/june/poison-books-arsenic-bindings-covers-pigments-dyes/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Brower, Justin (April 28, 2022). "These green books are poisonous—and one may be on a shelf near you". National Geographic. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325041255/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/these-green-books-are-literally-poisonous" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230325041255/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/these-green-books-are-literally-poisonous</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Brower, Justin (April 28, 2022). "These green books are poisonous—and one may be on a shelf near you". National Geographic. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325041255/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/these-green-books-are-literally-poisonous" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230325041255/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/these-green-books-are-literally-poisonous</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Brower, Justin (April 28, 2022). "These green books are poisonous—and one may be on a shelf near you". National Geographic. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325041255/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/these-green-books-are-literally-poisonous" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230325041255/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/these-green-books-are-literally-poisonous</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"International poison project uncovers library's toxic tome". Leeds City Council News. October 22, 2022. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326054025/https://news.leeds.gov.uk/news/international-poison-project-uncovers-librarys-toxic-tome" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230326054025/https://news.leeds.gov.uk/news/international-poison-project-uncovers-librarys-toxic-tome</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Everhart, Megan M. F. (June 22, 2022). "Arsenic and old books". University of Delaware. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326055016/https://www.udel.edu/udaily/2022/june/poison-books-arsenic-bindings-covers-pigments-dyes/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230326055016/https://www.udel.edu/udaily/2022/june/poison-books-arsenic-bindings-covers-pigments-dyes/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"Leeds: Rare book laced with arsenic found in library". BBC News. October 28, 2022. Archived from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2023. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leeds-63412913" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leeds-63412913</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Tedone, Melissa; Grayburn, Rosie (January 2, 2023). "Arsenic and Old Bookcloth: Identification and Safer Use of Emerald Green Victorian-Era Cloth Case Bindings". Journal of the American Institute for Conservation. doi:10.1080/01971360.2022.2031457. ISSN 0197-1360. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/NUBFEHBNHSMFDD8TGPAK/full?target=10.1080/01971360.2022.2031457" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/NUBFEHBNHSMFDD8TGPAK/full?target=10.1080/01971360.2022.2031457</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Everhart, Megan M. F. (June 22, 2022). "Arsenic and old books". University of Delaware. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326055016/https://www.udel.edu/udaily/2022/june/poison-books-arsenic-bindings-covers-pigments-dyes/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230326055016/https://www.udel.edu/udaily/2022/june/poison-books-arsenic-bindings-covers-pigments-dyes/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Brower, Justin (April 28, 2022). "These green books are poisonous—and one may be on a shelf near you". National Geographic. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325041255/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/these-green-books-are-literally-poisonous" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230325041255/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/these-green-books-are-literally-poisonous</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Sloan, Marisa (September 19, 2022). "Victorian-era Books Bound in Emerald Green Are Laced With Arsenic". Discover Magazine. Archived from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. <a href="https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/victorian-era-books-bound-in-emerald-green-are-laced-with-arsenic" target="_blank">https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/victorian-era-books-bound-in-emerald-green-are-laced-with-arsenic</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Brower, Justin (April 28, 2022). "These green books are poisonous—and one may be on a shelf near you". National Geographic. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325041255/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/these-green-books-are-literally-poisonous" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230325041255/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/these-green-books-are-literally-poisonous</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Brower, Justin (April 28, 2022). "These green books are poisonous—and one may be on a shelf near you". National Geographic. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325041255/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/these-green-books-are-literally-poisonous" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230325041255/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/these-green-books-are-literally-poisonous</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Sloan, Marisa (September 19, 2022). "Victorian-era Books Bound in Emerald Green Are Laced With Arsenic". Discover Magazine. Archived from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. <a href="https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/victorian-era-books-bound-in-emerald-green-are-laced-with-arsenic" target="_blank">https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/victorian-era-books-bound-in-emerald-green-are-laced-with-arsenic</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Poison Book Project open-in-new

Poison Book Project