Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Refuse Act
open-in-new
<h2 id="implementation-history">Implementation history</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers/m92nc6gR">Army Corps of Engineers</a> administered the Act and initially focused on controlling debris that obstructed navigation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a>: 3 </p> <h3>Pollution control litigation in the 1960s</h3> <p>In the 1960s, due to increasing public and governmental concern about <a href="/facts/Water_pollution/SCUhUYqB">water pollution</a>, the <a href="/facts/Federal_government_of_the_United_States/VJCxUaf7">federal government</a> began to use the Act to control pollution.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> The government pursued court cases to prosecute dischargers of <a href="/facts/Industrial_waste/3Q8pUT8Q">industrial waste</a> to waterways. Notable cases include <i>United States v. Republic Steel Corp.</i> (1960) <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> and <i>U.S. v. Standard Oil Co.</i> (1966).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h3>1970 Discharge permit program</h3> <p><a href="/facts/United_States_Congress/mJlU46K7">Congress</a> had enacted the <a href="/facts/Federal_Water_Pollution_Control_Act/n2lhf5Jv">Federal Water Pollution Control Act</a> (FWPCA) in 1948 to address water pollution problems, but this law gave the government limited enforcement authority. The <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Interior/uWllgxWx">Department of Interior</a>, which administered the FWPCA (prior to 1972), developed a policy with the <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Justice/2SuTuevo">Department of Justice</a> and the Army Corps of Engineers to use the Refuse Act as an enforcement tool, to complement the FWPCA. In 1970 President <a href="/facts/Richard_Nixon/HS8uXAoC">Richard Nixon</a> issued an <a href="/facts/Executive_order_(United_States)/JwJJXBar">Executive Order</a> creating a new permit program under the Refuse Act. The focus of the new permit program was on industrial pollution.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a>: 3–6 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>The Corps of Engineers began to issue the new discharge permits, but in 1971 a legal challenge halted the program.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="1972-fwpca-amendments">1972 FWPCA Amendments</h2> <p>Congress enacted major amendments to the FWPCA in 1972. (<i>See</i> <a href="/facts/Clean_Water_Act/n2lhf5Jv">Clean Water Act</a>.) Included in the legislation was a new discharge permit program, called the <i>National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System</i> (<a href="/facts/NPDES/n2lhf5Jv">NPDES</a>), which replaced the Refuse Act permit program.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> The amendments assigned lead responsibility for implementation of NPDES to the newly formed <a href="/facts/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency/ghI985SI">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA). </p><p>Congress did not repeal the Refuse Act. The law is still used by the Corps of Engineers to prevent obstructions to navigation. In some pollution enforcement cases, the federal government has used it as a supplemental authority along with the FWPCA. </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>33 U.S.C. § 407. <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" target="_blank">/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, DC. (1973). "Explanatory Statement: Implementation of the 'National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System' Pursuant to Section 402, Federal Water Pollution Amendments of 1972." 1973-02-07. <a href="http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=2000V0FW.txt" target="_blank">http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=2000V0FW.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>EPA (1971). "Toward a New Environmental Ethic." Pamphlet, September 1971. pp. 14-15. <a href="http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=2000FIKR.txt" target="_blank">http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=2000FIKR.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>U.S. v. Republic Steel Corp., 362 U.S. 482 (1960). <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_362" target="_blank">/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_362</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>U.S. v. Standard Oil Co., 384 U.S. 224 (1966). <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_384" target="_blank">/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_384</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, DC. (1973). "Explanatory Statement: Implementation of the 'National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System' Pursuant to Section 402, Federal Water Pollution Amendments of 1972." 1973-02-07. <a href="http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=2000V0FW.txt" target="_blank">http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=2000V0FW.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Executive Order 11574, 1970-12-23. <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" target="_blank">/wiki/Executive_order</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Kalur v. Resor, 335 F. Supp. 1, D.D.C. 1971. <a href="/wiki/F._Supp." target="_blank">/wiki/F._Supp.</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>33 U.S.C. § 1342. <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" target="_blank">/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>