In Unix, an environment variable that is changed in a script or compiled program will only affect that process and possibly child processes. The parent process and any unrelated processes will not be affected. Similarly, changing or removing a variable's value inside a DOS or Windows batch file will change the variable for the duration of COMMAND.COMor CMD.EXE's existence, respectively.
In Unix, the environment variables are normally initialized during system startup by the system init startup scripts, and hence inherited by all other processes in the system. Users can, and often do, augment them in the profile script for the command shell they are using. In Microsoft Windows, each environment variable's default value is stored in the Windows Registry or set in the AUTOEXEC.BAT file.
By convention, names of environment variables are normally expressed in all capital letters. This helps keep environment variables distinctly different from other variables and identifiers used in programming codes. Nevertheless, note that case sensitivity in environment variable names differs between operating systems. That is, Unix-like operating systems are case-sensitive with respect to environment variable names, while DOS, OS/2, and Windows are not case-sensitive.
In Unix and Unix-like systems, the names of environment variables are case-sensitive.
In DOS, OS/2 and Windows command-line interpreters such as COMMAND.COM and CMD.EXE, an environment variable is retrieved by placing a % sign before and after it.
The environment variable named HOMEDRIVE contains the drive letter (plus its trailing : colon) of the user's home directory, whilst HOMEPATH contains the full path of the user's home directory within that drive.
The command SET (with no arguments) displays all environment variables and their values. In Windows NT and later set can also be used to print all variables whose name begins with a given prefix by giving the prefix as the sole argument to the command.
In PowerShell, upper or lower case is not distinguished for environment variable names.
The commands env and set can be used to set environment variables and are often incorporated directly into the shell.
The following commands can also be used, but are often dependent on a certain shell.
A few simple principles govern how environment variables achieve their effect.
Environment variables are local to the process in which they were set. If two shell processes are spawned and the value of an environment variable is changed in one, that change will not be seen by the other.
When a child process is created, it inherits all the environment variables and their values from the parent process. Usually, when a program calls another program, it first creates a child process by forking, then the child adjusts the environment as needed and lastly the child replaces itself with the program to be called. This procedure gives the calling program control over the environment of the called program.
In Unix shells, variables may be assigned without the export keyword. Variables defined in this way are displayed by the set command, but are not true environment variables, as they are stored only by the shell and are unknown to all other processes. The printenv command will not display them, and child processes do not inherit them.
The prefix syntax exports a "true" environment variable to a child process without affecting the current process:
The persistence of an environment variable can be session-wide or system-wide.
In DOS, OS/2 and Windows command-line interpreters such as COMMAND.COM and CMD.EXE, the SET command is used to assign environment variables and values using the following arguments:
SET VARIABLE=value
The SET command without any arguments displays all environment variables along with their values; SET " ", zero or more spaces, will include internal variables too. In CMD.EXE, it is possible to assign local variables that will not be global using the SETLOCAL command and ENDLOCAL to restore the environment.
In batch mode, non-existent environment variables are replaced by a zero-length string.
%TZ%, %COMM%, %SOCKETS%, %HTTP_DIR%, %HOSTNAME% and %FTPDIR% are also used by ROM-DOS.
These environment variables refer to locations of critical operating system resources, and as such generally are not user-dependent.
%APPDATA%
Contains the full path to the The following tables shows typical default values of certain environment variables under English versions of Windows as they can be retrieved under CMD.
(Some of these variables are also defined when running COMMAND.COM under Windows, but differ in certain important details: Under COMMAND.COM, the names of environment variable are always uppercased. Some, but not all variables contain short 8.3 rather than long file names. While some variables present in the CMD environment are missing, there are also some variables specific to the COMMAND environment.)
In this list, there is no environment variable that refers to the location of the user's My Documents directory, so there is no standard method for setting a program's home directory to be the My Documents directory.
The command processors in DOS and Windows also support pseudo-environment variables. These are values that are fetched like environment variables, but are not truly stored in the environment but computed when requested.
Besides true environment variables, which are statically stored in the environment until changed or deleted, a number of pseudo-environment variables exist for batch processing.
Indirectly, they are also supported under Windows' COMMAND.COM, which has been modified to internally call CMD.EXE to execute the commands.
%CD%
This pseudo-variable expands to the current directory equivalent to the output of the command Unix-like shells have similar dynamically generated variables, bash's $RANDOM being a well-known example. However, since these shells have a concept of local variables, they are described as special local variables instead.
Robbins, Arnold; Beebe, Nelson H. F. (May 2005). Apandi, Tatiana; Randal, Allison; Witwer, Adam (eds.). Classic Shell Scripting (1 ed.). O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0-596-00595-5. 978-0-596-00595-5
"unset - unset values and attributes of variables and functions – ". Commands & Utilities Reference, The Single UNIX Specification - The Open Group Base Specifications, IEEE Std 1003.1-2008 (Issue 7 ed.). The IEEE and The Open Group. 2016 [2001]. Archived from the original on 2017-12-18. Retrieved 2017-12-18. http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/V3_chap02.html#unset
fgrose (2015-07-31) [2011]. "The unset builtin command". Bash Hackers Wiki. Archived from the original on 2017-12-18. Retrieved 2017-12-18. http://wiki.bash-hackers.org/commands/builtin/unset
Jacobs, Mike; Koren, Alexander; Satran, Michael (2017-11-14). "Store and retrieve settings and other app data". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2017-12-18. Retrieved 2017-12-18. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/uwp/app-settings/store-and-retrieve-app-data
Raymond, Eric (2002-08-02) [Originally published 2001]. "The BROWSER project". Archived from the original on 2019-09-21. Retrieved 2020-10-21. /wiki/Eric_S._Raymond
"LWN - Development". LWN.net. 2001-02-01. Archived from the original on 2019-02-08. Retrieved 2020-10-21. Standardizing a BROWSER environment variable. Eric Raymond is promoting the use of a new environment variable, BROWSER, to complement the existing PAGER, MAILER, and EDITOR variables. This effort is being tested as an experiment in hacking social systems. https://lwn.net/2001/0201/devel.php3
Špaček, Michal (2020-01-19) [First version published 2013]. "Env::Browser-0.06". metacpan.org. Archived from the original on 2020-10-21. Retrieved 2020-10-21. Env::Browser - Process environment variable $BROWSER and run web browser https://metacpan.org/pod/Env::Browser
"webbrowser — Convenient Web-browser controller". docs.python.org. Archived from the original on 2020-10-13. Retrieved 2020-10-21. https://docs.python.org/3/library/webbrowser.html
"DefaultWebBrowser - Debian Wiki". wiki.debian.org. 2020-06-10. Archived from the original on 2020-10-21. Retrieved 2020-10-21. The environment variable BROWSER can be set to[…] always choose your desired browser. https://wiki.debian.org/DefaultWebBrowser
Brothers, Hardin; Rawson, Tom; Conn, Rex C.; Paul, Matthias R.; Dye, Charles E.; Georgiev, Luchezar I. (2002-02-27). 4DOS 8.00 online help. /wiki/Tom_Rawson
Brothers, Hardin; Rawson, Tom; Conn, Rex C.; Paul, Matthias R.; Dye, Charles E.; Georgiev, Luchezar I. (2002-02-27). 4DOS 8.00 online help. /wiki/Tom_Rawson
Brothers, Hardin; Rawson, Tom; Conn, Rex C.; Paul, Matthias R.; Dye, Charles E.; Georgiev, Luchezar I. (2002-02-27). 4DOS 8.00 online help. /wiki/Tom_Rawson
Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30) [1994-05-01]. NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. The provided link points to a HTML-converted version of the file, which is part of the MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection.) [1] http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm
Paul, Matthias R. (1997-05-01) [1995-03-01]. "Hinweise zu JPSofts 4DOS 5.5b/c, 5.51, 5.52a und NDOS". MPDOSTIP (in German). Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2015-05-08. (NB. The provided link points to a HTML-converted version of the 4DOS5TIP.TXT file, which is part of the MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection.) [2] http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/4dostip.htm
Brothers, Hardin; Rawson, Tom; Conn, Rex C.; Paul, Matthias R.; Dye, Charles E.; Georgiev, Luchezar I. (2002-02-27). 4DOS 8.00 online help. /wiki/Tom_Rawson
Paul, Matthias R. (1997-10-02). "Caldera OpenDOS 7.01/7.02 Update Alpha 3 IBMBIO.COM README.TXT". Archived from the original on 2003-10-04. Retrieved 2009-03-29. [3] https://web.archive.org/web/20031004074600/http://www-student.informatik.uni-bonn.de/~frinke/ibmbioa3.zip
Brothers, Hardin; Rawson, Tom; Conn, Rex C.; Paul, Matthias R.; Dye, Charles E.; Georgiev, Luchezar I. (2002-02-27). 4DOS 8.00 online help. /wiki/Tom_Rawson
Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30) [1994-05-01]. NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. The provided link points to a HTML-converted version of the file, which is part of the MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection.) [1] http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm
Paul, Matthias R. (1997-05-01) [1995-03-01]. "Hinweise zu JPSofts 4DOS 5.5b/c, 5.51, 5.52a und NDOS". MPDOSTIP (in German). Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2015-05-08. (NB. The provided link points to a HTML-converted version of the 4DOS5TIP.TXT file, which is part of the MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection.) [2] http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/4dostip.htm
Brothers, Hardin; Rawson, Tom; Conn, Rex C.; Paul, Matthias R.; Dye, Charles E.; Georgiev, Luchezar I. (2002-02-27). 4DOS 8.00 online help. /wiki/Tom_Rawson
Brothers, Hardin; Rawson, Tom; Conn, Rex C.; Paul, Matthias R.; Dye, Charles E.; Georgiev, Luchezar I. (2002-02-27). 4DOS 8.00 online help. /wiki/Tom_Rawson
Applications not coping properly with environment variables longer than 128 characters include CadStar PCB, Checkit, Computer Select CD-ROM, RenderMan, VINES Network, Windows 3.0, and Word for Windows 6.0. /wiki/CadStar_PCB
Brothers, Hardin; Rawson, Tom; Conn, Rex C.; Paul, Matthias R.; Dye, Charles E.; Georgiev, Luchezar I. (2002-02-27). 4DOS 8.00 online help. /wiki/Tom_Rawson
Paul, Matthias R. (1997-05-27) [1996]. "SETENV v1.11". Archived from the original on 2009-02-15. Retrieved 2019-08-09. […] SETENV […] to hide and later restore the […] pre-environment […] By using SETENV.COM you can save some KiloBytes of rare DOS memory […] depending on the number of drivers loaded by INSTALL=/INSTALLHIGH=/HIINSTALL= and the current size of the pre-environment. […] this original […] feature cannot be found in any known memory manager/optimizer. […] https://web.archive.org/web/20090215001349/http://www.uni-bonn.de/~uzs180/mpdokeng.html#M.SETENV
Paul, Matthias R. (1997-10-02). "Caldera OpenDOS 7.01/7.02 Update Alpha 3 IBMBIO.COM README.TXT". Archived from the original on 2003-10-04. Retrieved 2009-03-29. [3] https://web.archive.org/web/20031004074600/http://www-student.informatik.uni-bonn.de/~frinke/ibmbioa3.zip
Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30) [1994-05-01]. NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. The provided link points to a HTML-converted version of the file, which is part of the MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection.) [1] http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm
Paul, Matthias R. (2002-04-06). "Re: [fd-dev] ANNOUNCE: CuteMouse 2.0 alpha 1". freedos-dev. Archived from the original on 2020-02-07. Retrieved 2020-02-07. […] In CTMOUSE.ASM prepareTSR routine I found a comment in regard to the zero-environment. […] DESQview or DRDOS zero-env? […] release environment block […] skip if any problem […] zero-pad for MEM style utilities […] https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101807226917577
"PTS-DOS 2000 Pro User Manual" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-05-12. Retrieved 2018-05-12. http://download.paragon-software.com/doc/manual_dos_eng.pdf
Paul, Matthias R. (2002-10-07). "Re: Run a COM file". Newsgroup: alt.msdos.programmer. Archived from the original on 2017-09-03. Retrieved 2017-09-03. [4] https://groups.google.com/d/msg/alt.msdos.programmer/d7blJjY0H5M/Qu3VeTOIGVcJ
Brothers, Hardin; Rawson, Tom; Conn, Rex C.; Paul, Matthias R.; Dye, Charles E.; Georgiev, Luchezar I. (2002-02-27). 4DOS 8.00 online help. /wiki/Tom_Rawson
Datalight, Inc.; GPvNO (April 2005) [1999]. "Datalight ROM-DOS User's Guide" (PDF). Datalight, Inc. 3010-0200-0716. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-03-20. Retrieved 2018-09-16. /wiki/Datalight,_Inc.
Paul, Matthias R. (1997-05-01) [1995-03-01]. "Hinweise zu JPSofts 4DOS 5.5b/c, 5.51, 5.52a und NDOS". MPDOSTIP (in German). Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2015-05-08. (NB. The provided link points to a HTML-converted version of the 4DOS5TIP.TXT file, which is part of the MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection.) [2] http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/4dostip.htm
Paul, Matthias R. (1997-05-01) [1995-03-01]. "Hinweise zu JPSofts 4DOS 5.5b/c, 5.51, 5.52a und NDOS". MPDOSTIP (in German). Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2015-05-08. (NB. The provided link points to a HTML-converted version of the 4DOS5TIP.TXT file, which is part of the MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection.) [2] http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/4dostip.htm
4DOS and MS-DOS 7.0 set the length to 127 and insert ASCII-13 at this position, but Borland libraries set the length to the invalid value of 128 and do not insert an ASCII-13. For shorter command lines, 4DOS/NDOS and DR-DOS also insert an ASCII-0 after the ASCII-13, but not when invoked via INSTALL directive; MS-DOS does not. /wiki/4DOS
Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30) [1994-05-01]. NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. The provided link points to a HTML-converted version of the file, which is part of the MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection.) [1] http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm
Paul, Matthias R. (1997-05-01) [1995-03-01]. "Hinweise zu JPSofts 4DOS 5.5b/c, 5.51, 5.52a und NDOS". MPDOSTIP (in German). Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2015-05-08. (NB. The provided link points to a HTML-converted version of the 4DOS5TIP.TXT file, which is part of the MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection.) [2] http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/4dostip.htm
Datalight, Inc.; GPvNO (April 2005) [1999]. "Datalight ROM-DOS User's Guide" (PDF). Datalight, Inc. 3010-0200-0716. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-03-20. Retrieved 2018-09-16. /wiki/Datalight,_Inc.
Datalight, Inc.; GPvNO (April 2005) [1999]. "Datalight ROM-DOS User's Guide" (PDF). Datalight, Inc. 3010-0200-0716. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-03-20. Retrieved 2018-09-16. /wiki/Datalight,_Inc.
Kotulla, Martin (November 1987). "Von CP/M zu MS-DOS, Teil 11" (PDF). Professional Computing (PC) - Schneider International (in German). 3 (11): 100–103. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-04-24. Retrieved 2018-05-20. /wiki/Martin_Kotulla
Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30) [1994-05-01]. NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. The provided link points to a HTML-converted version of the file, which is part of the MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection.) [1] http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm
Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30) [1994-05-01]. NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. The provided link points to a HTML-converted version of the file, which is part of the MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection.) [1] http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm
Brothers, Hardin; Rawson, Tom; Conn, Rex C.; Paul, Matthias R.; Dye, Charles E.; Georgiev, Luchezar I. (2002-02-27). 4DOS 8.00 online help. /wiki/Tom_Rawson
Brothers, Hardin; Rawson, Tom; Conn, Rex C.; Paul, Matthias R.; Dye, Charles E.; Georgiev, Luchezar I. (2002-02-27). 4DOS 8.00 online help. /wiki/Tom_Rawson
Applications not coping properly with environment variables longer than 128 characters include CadStar PCB, Checkit, Computer Select CD-ROM, RenderMan, VINES Network, Windows 3.0, and Word for Windows 6.0. /wiki/CadStar_PCB
Brothers, Hardin; Rawson, Tom; Conn, Rex C.; Paul, Matthias R.; Dye, Charles E.; Georgiev, Luchezar I. (2002-02-27). 4DOS 8.00 online help. /wiki/Tom_Rawson
Brothers, Hardin; Rawson, Tom; Conn, Rex C.; Paul, Matthias R.; Dye, Charles E.; Georgiev, Luchezar I. (2002-02-27). 4DOS 8.00 online help. /wiki/Tom_Rawson
Paul, Matthias R. (2002-03-26). "Updated CLS posted". freedos-dev mailing list. Archived from the original on 2018-10-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101717593306186&w=2
Caldera DR-DOS 7.02 User Guide. Caldera, Inc. 1998 [1993, 1997]. Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2013-08-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20161104235434/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/usergeng/uglontoc.htm
Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30) [1994-05-01]. NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. The provided link points to a HTML-converted version of the file, which is part of the MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection.) [1] http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm
Paul, Matthias R. (2017-08-14) [2017-08-07]. "The continuing saga of Windows 3.1 in enhanced mode on OmniBook 300". MoHPC - the Museum of HP Calculators. Archived from the original on 2018-05-01. Retrieved 2018-05-01. […] set DRSYS=ON (optional to tell SYS you are aware of the fact that you're running it in a foreign environment and want to proceed anyway without having to individually ACK some warnings and extra info screens displayed in this scenario otherwise) […] http://hpmuseum.org/forum/thread-8774-post-77196.html#pid77196
Paul, Matthias R. (2017-08-14) [2017-08-07]. "The continuing saga of Windows 3.1 in enhanced mode on OmniBook 300". MoHPC - the Museum of HP Calculators. Archived from the original on 2018-05-01. Retrieved 2018-05-01. […] set DRSYS=ON (optional to tell SYS you are aware of the fact that you're running it in a foreign environment and want to proceed anyway without having to individually ACK some warnings and extra info screens displayed in this scenario otherwise) […] http://hpmuseum.org/forum/thread-8774-post-77196.html#pid77196
Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30) [1994-05-01]. NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. The provided link points to a HTML-converted version of the file, which is part of the MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection.) [1] http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm
Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30) [1994-05-01]. NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. The provided link points to a HTML-converted version of the file, which is part of the MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection.) [1] http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm
Paul, Matthias R. (2002-03-26). "Updated CLS posted". freedos-dev mailing list. Archived from the original on 2018-10-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101717593306186&w=2
Paul, Matthias R. (2002-03-26). "Updated CLS posted". freedos-dev mailing list. Archived from the original on 2018-10-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101717593306186&w=2
Brothers, Hardin; Rawson, Tom; Conn, Rex C.; Paul, Matthias R.; Dye, Charles E.; Georgiev, Luchezar I. (2002-02-27). 4DOS 8.00 online help. /wiki/Tom_Rawson
Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30) [1994-05-01]. NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. The provided link points to a HTML-converted version of the file, which is part of the MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection.) [1] http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm
Paul, Matthias R. (2002-03-26). "Updated CLS posted". freedos-dev mailing list. Archived from the original on 2018-10-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101717593306186&w=2
CCI Multiuser DOS 7.22 GOLD Online Documentation. Concurrent Controls, Inc. (CCI). 1997-02-10. HELP.HLP. /wiki/Concurrent_Controls,_Inc.
CCI Multiuser DOS 7.22 GOLD Installation Guide. Concurrent Controls, Inc. (CCI). 1997-02-10. PRINTDOC.HLP. /wiki/Concurrent_Controls,_Inc.
Paul, Matthias R. (2017-08-14) [2017-08-07]. "The continuing saga of Windows 3.1 in enhanced mode on OmniBook 300". MoHPC - the Museum of HP Calculators. Archived from the original on 2018-05-01. Retrieved 2018-05-01. […] set DRSYS=ON (optional to tell SYS you are aware of the fact that you're running it in a foreign environment and want to proceed anyway without having to individually ACK some warnings and extra info screens displayed in this scenario otherwise) […] http://hpmuseum.org/forum/thread-8774-post-77196.html#pid77196
Caldera DR-DOS 7.02 User Guide. Caldera, Inc. 1998 [1993, 1997]. Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2013-08-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20161104235434/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/usergeng/uglontoc.htm
Caldera DR-DOS 7.02 User Guide. Caldera, Inc. 1998 [1993, 1997]. Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2013-08-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20161104235434/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/usergeng/uglontoc.htm
CCI Multiuser DOS 7.22 GOLD Online Documentation. Concurrent Controls, Inc. (CCI). 1997-02-10. HELP.HLP. /wiki/Concurrent_Controls,_Inc.
Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30) [1994-05-01]. NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. The provided link points to a HTML-converted version of the file, which is part of the MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection.) [1] http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm
Paul, Matthias R. (2002-02-20). "How to detect FreeCOM/FreeDOS in-batch?". freedos-dev mailing list. Archived from the original on 2018-11-06. Retrieved 2014-08-06. https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101423986407077&w=2
Paul, Matthias R. (2002-02-20). "How to detect FreeCOM/FreeDOS in-batch?". freedos-dev mailing list. Archived from the original on 2018-11-06. Retrieved 2014-08-06. https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101423986407077&w=2
Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30) [1994-05-01]. NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. The provided link points to a HTML-converted version of the file, which is part of the MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection.) [1] http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm
Caldera DR-DOS 7.02 User Guide. Caldera, Inc. 1998 [1993, 1997]. Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2013-08-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20161104235434/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/usergeng/uglontoc.htm
Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30) [1994-05-01]. NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. The provided link points to a HTML-converted version of the file, which is part of the MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection.) [1] http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm
Caldera DR-DOS 7.02 User Guide. Caldera, Inc. 1998 [1993, 1997]. Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2013-08-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20161104235434/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/usergeng/uglontoc.htm
CCI Multiuser DOS 7.22 GOLD Online Documentation. Concurrent Controls, Inc. (CCI). 1997-02-10. HELP.HLP. /wiki/Concurrent_Controls,_Inc.
Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30) [1994-05-01]. NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. The provided link points to a HTML-converted version of the file, which is part of the MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection.) [1] http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm
Paul, Matthias R. (2002-02-20). "How to detect FreeCOM/FreeDOS in-batch?". freedos-dev mailing list. Archived from the original on 2018-11-06. Retrieved 2014-08-06. https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101423986407077&w=2
CCI Multiuser DOS 7.22 GOLD Online Documentation. Concurrent Controls, Inc. (CCI). 1997-02-10. HELP.HLP. /wiki/Concurrent_Controls,_Inc.
Paul, Matthias R. (2017-08-14) [2017-08-07]. "The continuing saga of Windows 3.1 in enhanced mode on OmniBook 300". MoHPC - the Museum of HP Calculators. Archived from the original on 2018-05-01. Retrieved 2018-05-01. […] set DRSYS=ON (optional to tell SYS you are aware of the fact that you're running it in a foreign environment and want to proceed anyway without having to individually ACK some warnings and extra info screens displayed in this scenario otherwise) […] http://hpmuseum.org/forum/thread-8774-post-77196.html#pid77196
Kotulla, Martin (November 1987). "Von CP/M zu MS-DOS, Teil 11" (PDF). Professional Computing (PC) - Schneider International (in German). 3 (11): 100–103. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-04-24. Retrieved 2018-05-20. /wiki/Martin_Kotulla
CCI Multiuser DOS 7.22 GOLD Online Documentation. Concurrent Controls, Inc. (CCI). 1997-02-10. HELP.HLP. /wiki/Concurrent_Controls,_Inc.
Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30) [1994-05-01]. NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. The provided link points to a HTML-converted version of the file, which is part of the MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection.) [1] http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm
Paul, Matthias R. (2002-03-26). "Updated CLS posted". freedos-dev mailing list. Archived from the original on 2018-10-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101717593306186&w=2
CCI Multiuser DOS 7.22 GOLD Online Documentation. Concurrent Controls, Inc. (CCI). 1997-02-10. HELP.HLP. /wiki/Concurrent_Controls,_Inc.
Paul, Matthias R. (2002-03-26). "Updated CLS posted". freedos-dev mailing list. Archived from the original on 2018-10-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101717593306186&w=2
Kotulla, Martin (November 1987). "Von CP/M zu MS-DOS, Teil 11" (PDF). Professional Computing (PC) - Schneider International (in German). 3 (11): 100–103. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-04-24. Retrieved 2018-05-20. /wiki/Martin_Kotulla
Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30) [1994-05-01]. NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. The provided link points to a HTML-converted version of the file, which is part of the MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection.) [1] http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm
Paul, Matthias R. (2002-03-26). "Updated CLS posted". freedos-dev mailing list. Archived from the original on 2018-10-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101717593306186&w=2
Kotulla, Martin (November 1987). "Von CP/M zu MS-DOS, Teil 11" (PDF). Professional Computing (PC) - Schneider International (in German). 3 (11): 100–103. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-04-24. Retrieved 2018-05-20. /wiki/Martin_Kotulla
Paul, Matthias R. (2002-03-26). "Updated CLS posted". freedos-dev mailing list. Archived from the original on 2018-10-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101717593306186&w=2
Kotulla, Martin (November 1987). "Von CP/M zu MS-DOS, Teil 11" (PDF). Professional Computing (PC) - Schneider International (in German). 3 (11): 100–103. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-04-24. Retrieved 2018-05-20. /wiki/Martin_Kotulla
Paul, Matthias R. (2002-03-26). "Updated CLS posted". freedos-dev mailing list. Archived from the original on 2018-10-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101717593306186&w=2
Kotulla, Martin (November 1987). "Von CP/M zu MS-DOS, Teil 11" (PDF). Professional Computing (PC) - Schneider International (in German). 3 (11): 100–103. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-04-24. Retrieved 2018-05-20. /wiki/Martin_Kotulla
Paul, Matthias R. (2002-03-26). "Updated CLS posted". freedos-dev mailing list. Archived from the original on 2018-10-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101717593306186&w=2
Kotulla, Martin (November 1987). "Von CP/M zu MS-DOS, Teil 11" (PDF). Professional Computing (PC) - Schneider International (in German). 3 (11): 100–103. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-04-24. Retrieved 2018-05-20. /wiki/Martin_Kotulla
Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30) [1994-05-01]. NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. The provided link points to a HTML-converted version of the file, which is part of the MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection.) [1] http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm
Kotulla, Martin (November 1987). "Von CP/M zu MS-DOS, Teil 11" (PDF). Professional Computing (PC) - Schneider International (in German). 3 (11): 100–103. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-04-24. Retrieved 2018-05-20. /wiki/Martin_Kotulla
Paul, Matthias R. (2002-03-26). "Updated CLS posted". freedos-dev mailing list. Archived from the original on 2018-10-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101717593306186&w=2
CCI Multiuser DOS 7.22 GOLD Online Documentation. Concurrent Controls, Inc. (CCI). 1997-02-10. HELP.HLP. /wiki/Concurrent_Controls,_Inc.
Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30) [1994-05-01]. NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. The provided link points to a HTML-converted version of the file, which is part of the MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection.) [1] http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm
Kotulla, Martin (November 1987). "Von CP/M zu MS-DOS, Teil 11" (PDF). Professional Computing (PC) - Schneider International (in German). 3 (11): 100–103. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-04-24. Retrieved 2018-05-20. /wiki/Martin_Kotulla
Paul, Matthias R. (2002-03-26). "Updated CLS posted". freedos-dev mailing list. Archived from the original on 2018-10-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101717593306186&w=2
CCI Multiuser DOS 7.22 GOLD Online Documentation. Concurrent Controls, Inc. (CCI). 1997-02-10. HELP.HLP. /wiki/Concurrent_Controls,_Inc.
Paul, Matthias R. (2002-03-26). "Updated CLS posted". freedos-dev mailing list. Archived from the original on 2018-10-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101717593306186&w=2
Paul, Matthias R. (2002-03-26). "Updated CLS posted". freedos-dev mailing list. Archived from the original on 2018-10-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101717593306186&w=2
Datalight, Inc.; GPvNO (April 2005) [1999]. "Datalight ROM-DOS User's Guide" (PDF). Datalight, Inc. 3010-0200-0716. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-03-20. Retrieved 2018-09-16. /wiki/Datalight,_Inc.
Datalight, Inc.; GPvNO (April 2005) [1999]. "Datalight ROM-DOS User's Guide" (PDF). Datalight, Inc. 3010-0200-0716. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-03-20. Retrieved 2018-09-16. /wiki/Datalight,_Inc.
Datalight, Inc.; GPvNO (April 2005) [1999]. "Datalight ROM-DOS User's Guide" (PDF). Datalight, Inc. 3010-0200-0716. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-03-20. Retrieved 2018-09-16. /wiki/Datalight,_Inc.
"Recognized environment variables - Windows Deployment". 2024-01-09. https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/deployment/usmt/usmt-recognized-environment-variables
Brink, Shawn (2018-11-17). "Environment Variables in Windows 10 - Complete List of Environment Variables in Windows 10". Windows Ten Forums. Archived from the original on 2019-03-27. Retrieved 2019-04-24. https://www.tenforums.com/tutorials/3234-environment-variables-windows-10-a.html
"WOW64 Implementation Details". https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa384274.aspx#environment-variables
Schulz, Hajo (2014-10-02). "Ordner für spezielle Fälle — Die "benannten Ordner" in Windows aus User- und Entwicklersicht" [Special purpose folders — Windows' "named folders" from a user's and developer's perspective]. c't - magazin für computertechnik (in German). 2014 (22). Heise Verlag: 180–184. Archived from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2019-04-08. https://www.heise.de/ct/ausgabe/2014-22-Die-benannten-Ordner-in-Windows-aus-User-und-Entwicklersicht-2406251.html
Schulz, Hajo (2014-10-02). "Ordner für spezielle Fälle — Die "benannten Ordner" in Windows aus User- und Entwicklersicht" [Special purpose folders — Windows' "named folders" from a user's and developer's perspective]. c't - magazin für computertechnik (in German). 2014 (22). Heise Verlag: 180–184. Archived from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2019-04-08. https://www.heise.de/ct/ausgabe/2014-22-Die-benannten-Ordner-in-Windows-aus-User-und-Entwicklersicht-2406251.html
Schulz, Hajo (2014-10-02). "Ordner für spezielle Fälle — Die "benannten Ordner" in Windows aus User- und Entwicklersicht" [Special purpose folders — Windows' "named folders" from a user's and developer's perspective]. c't - magazin für computertechnik (in German). 2014 (22). Heise Verlag: 180–184. Archived from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2019-04-08. https://www.heise.de/ct/ausgabe/2014-22-Die-benannten-Ordner-in-Windows-aus-User-und-Entwicklersicht-2406251.html
Schulz, Hajo (2014-10-02). "Ordner für spezielle Fälle — Die "benannten Ordner" in Windows aus User- und Entwicklersicht" [Special purpose folders — Windows' "named folders" from a user's and developer's perspective]. c't - magazin für computertechnik (in German). 2014 (22). Heise Verlag: 180–184. Archived from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2019-04-08. https://www.heise.de/ct/ausgabe/2014-22-Die-benannten-Ordner-in-Windows-aus-User-und-Entwicklersicht-2406251.html
Schulz, Hajo (2014-10-02). "Ordner für spezielle Fälle — Die "benannten Ordner" in Windows aus User- und Entwicklersicht" [Special purpose folders — Windows' "named folders" from a user's and developer's perspective]. c't - magazin für computertechnik (in German). 2014 (22). Heise Verlag: 180–184. Archived from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2019-04-08. https://www.heise.de/ct/ausgabe/2014-22-Die-benannten-Ordner-in-Windows-aus-User-und-Entwicklersicht-2406251.html
Schulz, Hajo (2014-10-02). "Ordner für spezielle Fälle — Die "benannten Ordner" in Windows aus User- und Entwicklersicht" [Special purpose folders — Windows' "named folders" from a user's and developer's perspective]. c't - magazin für computertechnik (in German). 2014 (22). Heise Verlag: 180–184. Archived from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2019-04-08. https://www.heise.de/ct/ausgabe/2014-22-Die-benannten-Ordner-in-Windows-aus-User-und-Entwicklersicht-2406251.html
Schulz, Hajo (2014-10-02). "Ordner für spezielle Fälle — Die "benannten Ordner" in Windows aus User- und Entwicklersicht" [Special purpose folders — Windows' "named folders" from a user's and developer's perspective]. c't - magazin für computertechnik (in German). 2014 (22). Heise Verlag: 180–184. Archived from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2019-04-08. https://www.heise.de/ct/ausgabe/2014-22-Die-benannten-Ordner-in-Windows-aus-User-und-Entwicklersicht-2406251.html
Schulz, Hajo (2014-10-02). "Ordner für spezielle Fälle — Die "benannten Ordner" in Windows aus User- und Entwicklersicht" [Special purpose folders — Windows' "named folders" from a user's and developer's perspective]. c't - magazin für computertechnik (in German). 2014 (22). Heise Verlag: 180–184. Archived from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2019-04-08. https://www.heise.de/ct/ausgabe/2014-22-Die-benannten-Ordner-in-Windows-aus-User-und-Entwicklersicht-2406251.html
Schulz, Hajo (2014-10-02). "Ordner für spezielle Fälle — Die "benannten Ordner" in Windows aus User- und Entwicklersicht" [Special purpose folders — Windows' "named folders" from a user's and developer's perspective]. c't - magazin für computertechnik (in German). 2014 (22). Heise Verlag: 180–184. Archived from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2019-04-08. https://www.heise.de/ct/ausgabe/2014-22-Die-benannten-Ordner-in-Windows-aus-User-und-Entwicklersicht-2406251.html
Schulz, Hajo (2014-10-02). "Ordner für spezielle Fälle — Die "benannten Ordner" in Windows aus User- und Entwicklersicht" [Special purpose folders — Windows' "named folders" from a user's and developer's perspective]. c't - magazin für computertechnik (in German). 2014 (22). Heise Verlag: 180–184. Archived from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2019-04-08. https://www.heise.de/ct/ausgabe/2014-22-Die-benannten-Ordner-in-Windows-aus-User-und-Entwicklersicht-2406251.html
Schulz, Hajo (2014-10-02). "Ordner für spezielle Fälle — Die "benannten Ordner" in Windows aus User- und Entwicklersicht" [Special purpose folders — Windows' "named folders" from a user's and developer's perspective]. c't - magazin für computertechnik (in German). 2014 (22). Heise Verlag: 180–184. Archived from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2019-04-08. https://www.heise.de/ct/ausgabe/2014-22-Die-benannten-Ordner-in-Windows-aus-User-und-Entwicklersicht-2406251.html
Schulz, Hajo (2014-10-02). "Ordner für spezielle Fälle — Die "benannten Ordner" in Windows aus User- und Entwicklersicht" [Special purpose folders — Windows' "named folders" from a user's and developer's perspective]. c't - magazin für computertechnik (in German). 2014 (22). Heise Verlag: 180–184. Archived from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2019-04-08. https://www.heise.de/ct/ausgabe/2014-22-Die-benannten-Ordner-in-Windows-aus-User-und-Entwicklersicht-2406251.html
Schulz, Hajo (2014-10-02). "Ordner für spezielle Fälle — Die "benannten Ordner" in Windows aus User- und Entwicklersicht" [Special purpose folders — Windows' "named folders" from a user's and developer's perspective]. c't - magazin für computertechnik (in German). 2014 (22). Heise Verlag: 180–184. Archived from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2019-04-08. https://www.heise.de/ct/ausgabe/2014-22-Die-benannten-Ordner-in-Windows-aus-User-und-Entwicklersicht-2406251.html
Schulz, Hajo (2014-10-02). "Ordner für spezielle Fälle — Die "benannten Ordner" in Windows aus User- und Entwicklersicht" [Special purpose folders — Windows' "named folders" from a user's and developer's perspective]. c't - magazin für computertechnik (in German). 2014 (22). Heise Verlag: 180–184. Archived from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2019-04-08. https://www.heise.de/ct/ausgabe/2014-22-Die-benannten-Ordner-in-Windows-aus-User-und-Entwicklersicht-2406251.html
Schulz, Hajo (2014-10-02). "Ordner für spezielle Fälle — Die "benannten Ordner" in Windows aus User- und Entwicklersicht" [Special purpose folders — Windows' "named folders" from a user's and developer's perspective]. c't - magazin für computertechnik (in German). 2014 (22). Heise Verlag: 180–184. Archived from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2019-04-08. https://www.heise.de/ct/ausgabe/2014-22-Die-benannten-Ordner-in-Windows-aus-User-und-Entwicklersicht-2406251.html
Schulz, Hajo (2014-10-02). "Ordner für spezielle Fälle — Die "benannten Ordner" in Windows aus User- und Entwicklersicht" [Special purpose folders — Windows' "named folders" from a user's and developer's perspective]. c't - magazin für computertechnik (in German). 2014 (22). Heise Verlag: 180–184. Archived from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2019-04-08. https://www.heise.de/ct/ausgabe/2014-22-Die-benannten-Ordner-in-Windows-aus-User-und-Entwicklersicht-2406251.html
Schulz, Hajo (2014-10-02). "Ordner für spezielle Fälle — Die "benannten Ordner" in Windows aus User- und Entwicklersicht" [Special purpose folders — Windows' "named folders" from a user's and developer's perspective]. c't - magazin für computertechnik (in German). 2014 (22). Heise Verlag: 180–184. Archived from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2019-04-08. https://www.heise.de/ct/ausgabe/2014-22-Die-benannten-Ordner-in-Windows-aus-User-und-Entwicklersicht-2406251.html
Schulz, Hajo (2014-10-02). "Ordner für spezielle Fälle — Die "benannten Ordner" in Windows aus User- und Entwicklersicht" [Special purpose folders — Windows' "named folders" from a user's and developer's perspective]. c't - magazin für computertechnik (in German). 2014 (22). Heise Verlag: 180–184. Archived from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2019-04-08. https://www.heise.de/ct/ausgabe/2014-22-Die-benannten-Ordner-in-Windows-aus-User-und-Entwicklersicht-2406251.html
Schulz, Hajo (2014-10-02). "Ordner für spezielle Fälle — Die "benannten Ordner" in Windows aus User- und Entwicklersicht" [Special purpose folders — Windows' "named folders" from a user's and developer's perspective]. c't - magazin für computertechnik (in German). 2014 (22). Heise Verlag: 180–184. Archived from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2019-04-08. https://www.heise.de/ct/ausgabe/2014-22-Die-benannten-Ordner-in-Windows-aus-User-und-Entwicklersicht-2406251.html
Schulz, Hajo (2014-10-02). "Ordner für spezielle Fälle — Die "benannten Ordner" in Windows aus User- und Entwicklersicht" [Special purpose folders — Windows' "named folders" from a user's and developer's perspective]. c't - magazin für computertechnik (in German). 2014 (22). Heise Verlag: 180–184. Archived from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2019-04-08. https://www.heise.de/ct/ausgabe/2014-22-Die-benannten-Ordner-in-Windows-aus-User-und-Entwicklersicht-2406251.html
Schulz, Hajo (2014-10-02). "Ordner für spezielle Fälle — Die "benannten Ordner" in Windows aus User- und Entwicklersicht" [Special purpose folders — Windows' "named folders" from a user's and developer's perspective]. c't - magazin für computertechnik (in German). 2014 (22). Heise Verlag: 180–184. Archived from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2019-04-08. https://www.heise.de/ct/ausgabe/2014-22-Die-benannten-Ordner-in-Windows-aus-User-und-Entwicklersicht-2406251.html
Schulz, Hajo (2014-10-02). "Ordner für spezielle Fälle — Die "benannten Ordner" in Windows aus User- und Entwicklersicht" [Special purpose folders — Windows' "named folders" from a user's and developer's perspective]. c't - magazin für computertechnik (in German). 2014 (22). Heise Verlag: 180–184. Archived from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2019-04-08. https://www.heise.de/ct/ausgabe/2014-22-Die-benannten-Ordner-in-Windows-aus-User-und-Entwicklersicht-2406251.html
Schulz, Hajo (2014-10-02). "Ordner für spezielle Fälle — Die "benannten Ordner" in Windows aus User- und Entwicklersicht" [Special purpose folders — Windows' "named folders" from a user's and developer's perspective]. c't - magazin für computertechnik (in German). 2014 (22). Heise Verlag: 180–184. Archived from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2019-04-08. https://www.heise.de/ct/ausgabe/2014-22-Die-benannten-Ordner-in-Windows-aus-User-und-Entwicklersicht-2406251.html
Schulz, Hajo (2014-10-02). "Ordner für spezielle Fälle — Die "benannten Ordner" in Windows aus User- und Entwicklersicht" [Special purpose folders — Windows' "named folders" from a user's and developer's perspective]. c't - magazin für computertechnik (in German). 2014 (22). Heise Verlag: 180–184. Archived from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2019-04-08. https://www.heise.de/ct/ausgabe/2014-22-Die-benannten-Ordner-in-Windows-aus-User-und-Entwicklersicht-2406251.html
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