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Stenosis
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<h2 id="examples">Examples</h2> <p> Examples of vascular stenotic lesions include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Intermittent_claudication/WJkG14tJ">Intermittent claudication</a> (peripheral artery stenosis)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Angina_pectoris/rT1brdwS">Angina</a> (<a href="/facts/Coronary_artery_disease/szCt0nVx">coronary artery stenosis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Carotid_artery_stenosis/M7WzyGCp">Carotid artery stenosis</a> which predispose to (<a href="/facts/Stroke/DwpjdzY0">strokes</a> and <a href="/facts/Transient_ischaemic_episode/7eM1EYCg">transient ischaemic episodes</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Renal_artery_stenosis/RQstA5JP">Renal artery stenosis</a></li></ul> <h2 id="types">Types</h2> <h3>In heart valves</h3> <p> The types of stenoses in <a href="/facts/Heart_valve/9pEYudb4">heart valves</a> are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Pulmonary_valve_stenosis/elR520Q0">Pulmonary valve stenosis</a>, which is the thickening of the <a href="/facts/Pulmonary_valve/VAjoPnHP">pulmonary valve</a>, therefore causing narrowing</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mitral_valve_stenosis/ctQo7BGm">Mitral valve stenosis</a>, which is the thickening of the <a href="/facts/Mitral_valve/GzQsvXLL">mitral valve</a> (of the <a href="/facts/Left_heart/fF4KSGdk">left heart</a>), therefore causing narrowing</li> <li><a href="/facts/Tricuspid_valve_stenosis/ENI7FUNH">Tricuspid valve stenosis</a>, which is the thickening of the <a href="/facts/Tricuspid_valve/nv7lbMnD">tricuspid valve</a> (of the <a href="/facts/Right_heart/fF4KSGdk">right heart</a>), therefore causing narrowing</li> <li><a href="/facts/Aortic_valve_stenosis/JGeoGPw2">Aortic valve stenosis</a>, which is the thickening of the <a href="/facts/Aortic_valve/hEE1h2Ej">aortic valve</a>, therefore causing narrowing</li></ul> <h3>Elsewhere</h3> <p>Stenoses/strictures of other bodily structures/organs include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Pyloric_stenosis/E6j9gkKI">Pyloric stenosis</a> (<a href="/facts/Gastric/Q4PPDGT6">gastric</a> outflow obstruction)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Lumbar_spinal_stenosis/KsAqT4Tv">Lumbar</a>, <a href="/facts/Cervical_spinal_stenosis/US9XaEoa">cervical</a> or thoracic <a href="/facts/Spinal_stenosis/VejAI6nL">spinal stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Subglottic_stenosis/LHvTdzhE">Subglottic stenosis</a> (SGS)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Tracheal_stenosis/6dewaezo">Tracheal stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Obstructive_jaundice/TCyoLMJU">Obstructive jaundice</a> (<a href="/facts/Biliary_tract/NJPQ5oy4">biliary tract</a> stenosis)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Bowel_obstruction/RG1bIVss">Bowel obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Phimosis/9w24WHUS">Phimosis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Non-communicating_hydrocephalus/HF9jQqTq">Non-communicating hydrocephalus</a> due to <a href="/facts/Aqueductal_stenosis/6voxBvr7">aqueductal stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Stenosing_tenosynovitis/F0NHBTXD">Stenosing tenosynovitis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Atherosclerosis/WIS8QQ6v">Atherosclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Esophageal_stricture/701TH68x">Esophageal stricture</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Achalasia/YIaBkw44">Achalasia</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Prinzmetal_angina/3WE5R2hE">Prinzmetal angina</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Vaginal_stenosis/EDCHWdWk">Vaginal stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Meatal_stenosis/zpQyL8Kd">Meatal stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Anal_stricture/TVMaRGXC">Anal stricture</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rectal_stricture/ELNAbwB8">Rectal stricture</a></li></ul> <h2 id="causes">Causes</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Alcohol_(drug)/IeK2fVd5">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Atherosclerosis/WIS8QQ6v">Atherosclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Birth_defect/ESfzQhTx">Birth defects</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Calcification/NRSv3tMS">Calcification</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Diabetes/2xeHXbsI">Diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Headbanging/hkYPhefy">Headbanging</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Iatrogenic/GfgeWAXs">Iatrogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Infection/182XrncP">Infection</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Inflammation/Ura86MIy">Inflammation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ischemia/ySL9xbCl">Ischemia</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Neoplasm/K0ytzmPz">Neoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Smoking/byhnmD0X">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ureter/VIfEGI2c">Ureteral</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Urethra/THkvxu0d">Urethral</a></li></ul> <h2 id="diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2> <p>Stenoses of the <a href="/facts/Blood_vessel/FG3GjPNW">vascular</a> type are often associated with <a href="/facts/Bruit/8C7QMCW4">unusual blood sounds</a> resulting from turbulent flow over the narrowed blood vessel. This sound can be made audible by a <a href="/facts/Stethoscope/DrKjH4x1">stethoscope</a>, but diagnosis is generally made or confirmed with some form of <a href="/facts/Medical_imaging/pL6JyJEp">medical imaging</a> (such as <a href="/facts/Ultrasound/31Pa5IH9">ultrasound</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Atresia/a9Hlocxr">Atresia</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Spinal_stenosis/VejAI6nL">Spinal stenosis</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070112051244/http://homepage.mac.com/changcy/voicebreathing.htm">"Tracheal Stenosis Audio and Video"</a>. Archived from <a href="http://homepage.mac.com/changcy/voicebreathing.htm">the original</a> on 2007-01-12.</li> <li><a href="http://www.uretra.it/sintomi-generici-pazienti/?lang=en">"Symptoms of Urethral Stricture"</a>. 20 May 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160717174226/http://www.uretra.it/sintomi-generici-pazienti/?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2016.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Dorlands Medical Dictionary:stenosis". www.mercksource.com. Retrieved 2010-05-05. <a href="http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/seven/000100588.htm#000100588" target="_blank">http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/seven/000100588.htm#000100588</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Atherosclerosis - What Is Atherosclerosis?". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 24 March 2022. <a href="https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis" target="_blank">https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"coarctation" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090628224336/http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/two/000022218.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090628224336/http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/two/000022218.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA)". American Heart Association. <a href="https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/coarctation-of-the-aorta-coa" target="_blank">https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/coarctation-of-the-aorta-coa</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Groenemeijer, B. E.; Bakker, A.; Slis, H. W.; Waalewijn, R. A.; Heijmen, R. H. (July 2008). "An unexpected finding late after repair of coarctation of the aorta". Netherlands Heart Journal. 16 (7): 260–263. doi:10.1007/bf03086158. PMC 2516290. PMID 18711614. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2516290" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2516290</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Forgos, Richard N. (August 2004). "Restenosis After Angioplasty and Stenting". <a href="http://heartdisease.about.com/cs/angioplastystents/a/restenosis.htm" target="_blank">http://heartdisease.about.com/cs/angioplastystents/a/restenosis.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Carotid Artery Stenosis". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. 15 March 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021. <a href="https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/carotid-artery-stenosis/" target="_blank">https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/carotid-artery-stenosis/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Takekawa, Hidehiro; Tsukui, Daisuke; Kobayasi, Saro; Suzuki, Keisuke; Hamaguchi, Hirotoshi (October 2022). "Ultrasound diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis and occlusion". Journal of Medical Ultrasonics. 49 (4): 675–687. doi:10.1007/s10396-022-01259-7. PMID 36175716. S2CID 252622616. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>