Inverted pyramid (architecture)

<h2 id="examples">Examples</h2>
<h3>Boston City Hall</h3>

<p>In terms of the time it was built and opened, the earliest inverted pyramid building dates back to <a href="/facts/Boston_City_Hall/pUbLf1vD">Boston City Hall</a> in 1968. It was designed by the <a href="/facts/Architecture/FccThs8G">architecture</a> firms <a href="/facts/Campbell,_Aldrich_%26_Nulty/Hs2jJj06">Campbell, Aldrich & Nulty</a> and <a href="/facts/Kallmann_McKinnell_%26_Knowles/Dn5WQzPQ">Kallmann McKinnell & Knowles</a>. Architects draws on examples of medieval Italian town halls and the Boston's 19th-century granite structures.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> It replaced the old town hall and is still in use today.
</p>
<h3>222 Jarvis Street</h3>

<p>The <a href="/facts/222_Jarvis_Street/UQMV8f84">222 Jarvis Street</a>, as an office building in <a href="/facts/Toronto/cnXH7881">Toronto</a>, was completed in 1971. It was designed by architect Maxwell Miller. The <a href="/facts/Brutalist_architecture/uHvb5Ujd">brutalist-style</a> building is currently being used as the headquarters of Sears Canada, which is a department store chain.
</p>
<h3>Rainier Tower</h3>

<p>The <a href="/facts/Rainier_Tower/37MgqBzI">Rainier Tower</a>, which is a 156.56-meter (513.6 ft) <a href="/facts/Skyscraper/5nM0naVB">skyscraper</a>, was built in 1977 and was designed by <a href="/facts/Minoru_Yamasaki/fnztjAMt">Minoru Yamasaki</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> This skyscraper is the tallest building to date to contain an inverted pyramid structure, which is a 37-meter (121 ft) concrete pedestal base. The designer Yamasaki mentioned that this structure provides a larger space for the ground shopping plaza while preserving the green plants.
</p>
<h3>Pyramid on Central</h3>

<p>The Pyramid on Central was built in 1979 and designed by architect Thomas Hite. It has five floors and totals 36,070 sq ft (3,351 m2). From now on, it still been using as an official building in Phoenix, AZ.
</p>
<h3>Hong Kong Coliseum</h3>

<p>The <a href="/facts/Hong_Kong_Coliseum/tWoAfkbv">Hong Kong Coliseum</a> was completed in August 1981 and opened in  27th April 1983. It was designed by Chinese architect Shaoxiong Bao. It shaped like a diamond or an upside-down pyramid, and has 12,500 seats without any pillars. Since the opening period, hundreds of celebrities have come to the coliseum to hold concerts.
</p>
<h3>Slovak Radio Building</h3>

<p>The Slovak Radio Building, located in <a href="/facts/Bratislava/mr28JyEg">Bratislava</a>, was completed in 1983 and the architects were Barnabáš Kissling, Štefan Svetko and Štefan Ďurkovič. The height of the building reach 80 meters (260 ft). As a concert hall, it has 522 seats with concert organ and has had regular broadcasting since 1985.
</p>
<h3>Egyptian Embassy</h3>

<p>The <a href="/facts/Egyptian_Embassy/cPUEwwF5">Egyptian Embassy</a>, located in <a href="/facts/Abu_Dhabi/0fXh0jQ2">Abu Dhabi</a>, was built in 1986 and designed by Egyptian architect Abdul Rahman Makhlouf. It has 77,500 sq ft (7,200 m2) built up area. The Architecture was expressed by granite stepped upside-down pyramid, reflecting a traditional Egyptian style design.
</p>
<h3>Louvre Inverted Pyramid</h3>

<p>The Louvre Inverted Pyramid (<a href="/facts/Pyramide_Invers%C3%A9e/Nk0rUC9g">Pyramide Inversée</a>) is a skylight constructed in the underground shopping mall. The glass pyramid designed and built by <a href="/facts/I.M._Pei/IFhNJsSA">I.M. Pei</a> is 21 meters (69 ft) high and 30 meters (98 ft) wide at the bottom, standing in the center of the courtyard.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Its four sides are made up of six hundred and seventy-three pieces of diamond-shaped glass. The total floor area is about 2,000 square meters (22,000 sq ft). The total weight of the tower is 200 tons, of which the net weight of glass is 105 tons, and the metal support is only 95 tons. In other words, the load on the stand exceeds its own weight. It was advanced to the final of Benedictus Awards in 1995.
</p>
<h3>Tokyo Big Sight</h3>

<p>The Tokyo International Exhibition Center, also known as Tokyo Big Sight, is an exhibition centre in Tokyo, designed by AXS Satow Architectural group. It is located in Koto District, Tokyo, Japan, with a total exhibition area of more than 80,000 square meters (860,000 sq ft).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a>  It is the largest exhibition venue in Japan and one of the most famous tourist attractions in Japan. Tokyo Big Sight was built in 1995 and mainly consists of conference building, east exhibition building, west exhibition building and other related facilities.
</p>
<h3>Hanoi Museum</h3>

<p>The Hanoi Museum, located in Vietnam, was designed by GMP Architekten and built in 2010. As a museum, it represents the artifact of Hanoi over 1000 years, and it also displays the culture and heritage of Vietnam. The total area of the building is nearly 1772 ft.
</p>
<h2 id="limitations">Limitations</h2>
<p>The limitations of the inverted pyramid building are mainly reflected in the conflict between engineering structure and safety. First, the inverted pyramid structure is very different from the traditional building structure. The inverted pyramid structure lacks stability, the exact opposite of the stable ancient pyramid structure. 
Therefore, engineering is very challenging in terms of structure and material. At the modern engineering level, in order to achieve such a feat of unique architectural structure, there are higher requirements for the high-precision manufacturing of materials. 
<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a>
At the same time, in order to ensure the safety of the building in the face of earthquakes and high wind seasons, designers need to consider the global equilibrium equation defined by architecture. In this way, the hybrid structural concept was specified, including the lightweight structural wall elements anchored to the relatively heavyweight structural core of the architecture.
</p>
<h2 id="criticism-of-outward-appearance">Criticism of outward appearance</h2>
<p>The controversy over the inverted pyramid structure is mainly reflected in two aspects. The first is the appearance. This relatively rare style is not only innovative but also a challenge to the public's aesthetics. 
<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a>
Second, at the political level, architects may overlook architectural acceptance in order to create new and internationally influential landmarks. 
Boston City Hall can be said to be a typical building with mixed reputations, and most architects have expressed approval for its unique inverted pyramid structure and asymmetrical design. However, the building is controversial in the eyes of the public, because in addition to the appearance, the interior design of Boston City Hall lacks humanization.
</p>
<h2 id="tourism">Tourism</h2>
<p>Iconic buildings have an enduring presence character, promoting the development of the tourism industry. At the same time, the tourism economy of regions with unique buildings will also be improved accordingly.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a>
</p><p>Although most architects do not prioritize the tourism effect of a building when designing, it is undeniable that the unique appearance of a building can bring additional tourism value. As a unique architectural style, the inverted pyramid building can also produce certain benefits for the tourism industry.
<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a>
</p><p>The <a href="/facts/Hong_Kong_Coliseum/tWoAfkbv">Hong Kong Coliseum</a>, as a building opened for use in 1984, has held many large-scale projects such as concerts, music festivals, and university gatherings without interruption.
<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a>
The financial returns of the Hong Kong Coliseum have been at a high level, attracting tourists from all over the world. Among them, between 1992 and 1993, the utilization rate was as high as 91%, and there were more than 2 million paying customers.
<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a>
</p><p>Tokyo Big Sight hosts about 300 events every year and is visited by about 14 million tourists from all over the world. It hosts about 300 events every year and is visited by about 14 million tourists from all over the world. In order to cope with such a huge passenger flow, Tokyo Big Sight is about 30 minutes away from <a href="/facts/Tokyo_Station/Kna2oVet">Tokyo Station</a>, and about 15 minutes away from <a href="/facts/Haneda_Airport/Yq2dK9GQ">Haneda Airport</a>. At the same time, about 4,700 accommodations have been opened around Tokyo Big Sight.
<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a>
</p>
<h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li> Media related to Inverted pyramids (architecture) at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>Yaneva, Albena (2009). The Making of a Building: A Pragmatist Approach to Architecture. Oxford: Peter Lang. p. 78. ISBN 978-3-03911-952-3. <a href="978-3-03911-952-3" target="_blank">978-3-03911-952-3</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>Toscas, Mariana (January 1, 2012). "Arizona's Avant-Garde Architecture". Journal of Property Management: 34–35. Retrieved July 14, 2014. <a href="http://www.jpm-digital.org/jpm/20120102?pg=36#pg36" target="_blank">http://www.jpm-digital.org/jpm/20120102?pg=36#pg36</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>Ching, Francis D. K. (2012). A Visual Dictionary of Architecture. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-470-64885-8. <a href="978-0-470-64885-8" target="_blank">978-0-470-64885-8</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:4"><p>Charles W, Millard (1970-04-01). "The New Boston: City Hall". The Hudson Review. 23 (1): 110–150. doi:10.2307/3849613. JSTOR 3849613. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3849613" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/3849613</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:5"><p>Mark L, Peckham (1981-12-01). "Review: A Guide to Architecture in Washington State by Sally Woodbridge, Roger Montgomery". 40 (4): 342–343. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) <a href="https://online.ucpress.edu/jsah/article-abstract/40/4/342/56381/Review-A-Guide-to-Architecture-in-Washington-State?redirectedFrom=fulltext" target="_blank">https://online.ucpress.edu/jsah/article-abstract/40/4/342/56381/Review-A-Guide-to-Architecture-in-Washington-State?redirectedFrom=fulltext</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:6"><p>"The inverted pyramid", p. 177, in The Grand Louvre: History of a Project, under the direction of Dominique Bezombes. Paris: Moniteur, 1994. ISBN 9782281190793. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:7"><p>展示会産業概論 [Overview of exhibition industry] (PDF) (in Japanese). Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. March 2014. p. 98. <a href="http://www.meti.go.jp/policy/mono_info_service/mono/creative/5.3syo.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.meti.go.jp/policy/mono_info_service/mono/creative/5.3syo.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:8"><p>Sarmento Esteves Luís Pedro, Fr (2021-05-28). "INVERTED PYRAMID AZORES - AN ETERNAL HYBRID STRUCTURE". CyberLeninka. 17 (3): 261–269. <a href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/inverted-pyramid-azores-an-eternal-hybrid-structure" target="_blank">https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/inverted-pyramid-azores-an-eternal-hybrid-structure</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:9"><p>Wood, Chris (2018-04-26). "Why the Hong Kong Coliseum was built – to avoid embarrassment". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2019-10-15. <a href="https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/short-reads/article/2143303/why-hong-kong-coliseum-was-built-meet-demand-and" target="_blank">https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/short-reads/article/2143303/why-hong-kong-coliseum-was-built-meet-demand-and</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:10"><p>"Slovak Radio Building Classed Among Ugliest in World". The Daily Slovak News. 3 April 2012. <a href="http://www.thedaily.sk/slovak-radio-building-classed-among-ugliest-in-world/" target="_blank">http://www.thedaily.sk/slovak-radio-building-classed-among-ugliest-in-world/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:11"><p>Specht, Jan. Building for Urban Travel Destinations. p. 17. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:12"><p>Moira, Scerri; Deborah, Edwards; Carmel, Foley (2019-08-31). "Design, architecture and the value to tourism". Tourism Economics. 25 (5): 695–710. doi:10.1177/1354816618802107. hdl:10453/127445. S2CID 158344135. <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1354816618802107" target="_blank">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1354816618802107</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:13"><p>"Hong Kong Coliseum". <a href="https://www.hongkong.net/attractions/hong-kong-coliseum.html" target="_blank">https://www.hongkong.net/attractions/hong-kong-coliseum.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:14"><p>Palmer, Rhonda (1993-08-02). "IN FOCUS: HONG KONG COLISEUM: Weathering the storm" (PDF). IN FOCUS: HONG KONG COLISEUM: Weathering the Storm. 351 (12): 37. <a href="https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/publica/gen_pub/files/WeatheringTheStorm-1.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/publica/gen_pub/files/WeatheringTheStorm-1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:15"><p>"Tourism Value of Tokyo Big Sight". <a href="https://www.bigsight.jp/english/organizer/value/" target="_blank">https://www.bigsight.jp/english/organizer/value/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
</ol>

Inverted pyramid (architecture) open-in-new

Inverted pyramid (architecture)