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<h2 id="within-domain-versus-across-domain">Within-domain versus across-domain</h2> <p>Geisler (2008)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> distinguishes between four kinds of domains: (1) Physical environments, (2) Images/Scenes, (3) Neural responses, and (4) Behavior. </p><p>Within the domain of images/scenes, one can study the characteristics of information related to redundancy and efficient coding. </p><p>Across-domain statistics determine how an autonomous system should make inferences about its environment, process information, and control its behavior. To study these statistics, it is necessary to sample or register information in multiple domains simultaneously. </p> <h2 id="applications">Applications</h2> <h3>Prediction of picture and video quality</h3> <p>One of the most successful applications of Natural Scenes Statistics Models has been perceptual picture and video quality prediction. For example, the <a href="/facts/Visual_Information_Fidelity/cY40AEpY">Visual Information Fidelity</a> (VIF) algorithm, which is used to measure the degree of distortion of pictures and videos, is used extensively by the image and video processing communities to assess perceptual quality, often after processing, such as compression, which can degrade the appearance of a visual signal. The premise is that the scene statistics are changed by distortion, and that the visual system is sensitive to the changes in the scene statistics. VIF is heavily used in the streaming television industry. Other popular picture quality models that use natural scene statistics include BRISQUE,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> and NIQE<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> both of which are no-reference, since they do not require any reference picture to measure quality against. </p> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <ul><li>Field, D. J. 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Woergoetter, F. & Krueger, N., Statistical Analysis of Local 3D Structure in 2D Images, IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) 2006.</li> <li>Kalkan, S. Woergoetter, F. & Krueger, N., First-order and Second-order Statistical Analysis of 3D and 2D Structure, Network: Computation in Neural Systems, 18(2), pp. 129–160, 2007.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Geisler, W. S., & Diehl, R. L. (2003). A Bayesian approach to the evolution of perceptual and cognitive systems. Cognitive Science, 27, 379-402. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1207/s15516709cog2703_3" target="_blank">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1207/s15516709cog2703_3</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Simoncelli, E. P. and B. A. Olshausen (2001). Natural image statistics and neural representation. Annual Review of Neuroscience 24: 1193-1216. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Geisler, W.S. (2008) Visual perception and the statistical properties of natural scenes. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 167–192. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>A Mittal, AK Moorthy, and AC Bovik, “No-reference image quality assessment in the spatial domain,” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 21 (12), 4695-4708, 2012 <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>A Mittal, R Soundararajan, and AC Bovik, “A ‘completely blind’ image quality analyzer,” IEEE Signal Processing Letters 20 (3), 209-212, 2013. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>