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Pyrgi Tablets
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<h2 id="phoenician-text">Phoenician text</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions/9RNgQJpX">Phoenician inscriptions</a> are known as <a href="/facts/Kanaan%25C3%25A4ische_und_Aram%25C3%25A4ische_Inschriften/aDah1UWR">KAI</a> 277. Following is a transcription with English translations. </p> <p><i>lrbt lʻštrt</i>, </p><p>For the Lady, for <a href="/facts/Astarte/a0W6Y7CD">Astarte</a>, </p><p><i>ʼšr qdš ʼz, ʼš pʻl, wʼš ytn tbryʼ wlnš, mlk ʻl kyšryʼ</i> </p><p>this is the holy place, which was made, and which was placed (by) Tiberius Velianas, king over Kasriye (= <a href="/facts/Caere/kI5nwoeP">Caerites</a>?), </p><p><i>yrḥ zbḥ šmš, bmtnʼ bbt</i>. </p><p>during the month of the sacrifice to the Sun, as an offering in the temple.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p> <i>wbn tw, kʻštrt ʼrš bdy, lmlky šnt šlš ///, byrḥ krr, bym qbr ʼlm</i> </p><p>And he built a chamber (or <i>-bn TW</i> = "Tiberius Velianas built (it)"),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> because Astarte requested (this) from him, year three "3" of his reign, in the month of Krr, on the day of the burial of the divinity. </p><p><i>wšnt lmʼš ʼlm bbty šnt km h kkb m ʼl</i>. </p><p>And (may) the years of the statue of the deity in her temple (be) years like (or "as numerous as") the stars.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h3>Translation variants</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Phoenician_language/KFcxz467">Phoenician</a> text has long been known to be in a <a href="/facts/Semitic_languages/WCYrz4Qm">Semitic</a>, more specifically a <a href="/facts/Canaanite_languages/S0NzB50W">Canaanite language</a> (specifically North Canaanite; South Canaanite dialects include <a href="/facts/Hebrew_language/hqKCSy9d">Hebrew</a>, Moabite, and Edomite); hence there was no need for it to be "deciphered". And while most of the inscription can certainly reliably be read, certain passages are philologically uncertain on account of perceived complications of syntax and the vocabulary employed in the inscription, and as such they have become the source of debate among both Semiticists and classicists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>For example, other translations of the final line, besides that cited above, include: "And I made a duplicate of the statue of the goddess <Astarte> in her temple as do the Kakkabites [?Carthaginians]"; and "As for the red robe of the statues of the goddess <Astarte> in her temple, her/its red robe is like a those of the gods of the Kakkabites [Carthaginians]" (both of these from Krahmalkov's Phoenician-Punic Dictionary).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> Further, In Schmidtz's 2016 treatment of the text, he reinterprets the string <i>bmtnʼ bbt</i> (translated above and commonly as "as an offering in the temple") as <i>bmt n' bbt</i> to mean "at the death of (the) Handsome (one) [=Adonis]."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="phoenician-vocabulary">Phoenician vocabulary</h2> <p>Much of the well known vocabulary (from the glossary by A. Bloch, 1890, unless otherwise indicated) of the text is, of course, religious, including <i>rb-t</i> "Lady," <i>ʻštrt</i> the goddess "Astarte," <i>qdš</i> "holy," <i>ʼlm</i> "divinity," <i>bt</i> "temple, house," <i>zbḥ</i> "sacrifice," <i>qbr</i> "burial"; or they involve the calendar or elements of the natural world: <i>ym</i> "day," <i>yrḥ</i> "month," <i>šnt</i> "year(s)," <i>šmš</i> "sun" (in this context, also a deity), <i>kkb</i> "stars." Common verbs include <i>šmš</i> "made," <i>ytn</i> "placed," <i>bn</i> "built," <i>mlk</i> "rule, reign."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Most of the items below not covered in this list are grammatical elements, uncited claims, or reflect earlier scholarship that has now been superseded by newer studies. </p><p>Nouns in the text include: bt' , "house, temple" [Semitic *bayt- ], kkb , star [Semitic *kabkab- ] [hakkawkabīm/hakkawkabūm = the-stars], ʼlm , divinity [Semitic *ʼil- "god"], ʼšr , place, ʻštrt , Astarte [Semitic *ʻaṯtar- ], krr , Churvar [calendar month] [cf. Etruscan <i>Χurvar</i>], kyšryʼ , Caerites [a people], lmʼš , statue (But analyzed by some as the preposition <i>lm</i> "during" plus the relative pronoun <i>ʼš</i> "which"), <i>mtnʼ'</i>, gift [Semitic *ntn 'to give'], qbr, burial, rbt, lady [cf. Akkadian <i>rābu</i> "grand, large"] [rabbu, female: rabbatu ], šmš, sun [Semitic *šamš-<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a>], šnt, year [šanot "years" – from: šanāt] , tw, aedicula [taw], yd, hand ym, day [Semitic *yawm-], yrḥ, month [Semitic *warḥu-] [Canaanite: yarhu], zbḥ, sacrifice </p><p>Verbs: mlk, to rule, to reign [Semitic *mlk], ʼrš, to raise, bn, to build [ bny ] [wayyiben = [and] he built], bn, to build [ bny ] [wayyiben = [and] he built], mlk, to rule, to reign [Semitic *mlk], pʻl, to make, to do [Semitic *pʻl], ::ytn, to give [Semitic *[y]-ntn] [ya-ntin[u]] he-gives / Hebrew: yittēn </p><p>Other: ʼš, which, who, that [rel.pron], ʼz, this [ ha-dha? ], ʻl, over, above [Semitic *ʻal-], b-, in, at, with, on [Semitic *bi-], bn, to build [ bny ] [wayyiben = [and] he built], k-, for, since [Semitic *ki-], km, like, as [ka-ma], l-, to, for [Semitic *la-],<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Q-D-S/JkSA03qP">qdš</a>, holy, šlš, three [Semitic *ṯalāṯ-], w-, and [Semitic *wa-] </p> <h2 id="etruscan-text">Etruscan text</h2> <p>This partial English translation is generally speculative, following van der Meer, except where noted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Line breaks are indicated with / with line numbers in superscript immediately following. Note that Schmitz has pointed out that "Etruscologists...dispute nearly every word in the Etruscan texts."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Other proposed translations are presented in a 2022 article by M. Ivanković.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <h3>First plate</h3> <p><i>Ita tmia icac he/2ramašva vatieχe /3 unial astres θemia /4 sa meχ θuta</i> </p><p>This temple and sacred buildings (<i>herama-šva</i>) have been requested by Juno Astar(t)e...having been built at his own (<i>sa</i>) cost(?), </p><p><i>θefa/5riei velianas sal /6 cluvenias turu/7ce</i> </p><p>Tiberius Velianas ...has given (<i>tur-ce</i>) (it) as an offering(?), (or "according to her own (<i>sal</i>) wishes (<i>cluvenias</i>))<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p><i>munistas θuvas/8 tameresca</i> </p><p>(as) custodian(?) of the place(?) of the <i>cella</i> (or "the funeral chamber" <i>tameres-ca</i>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p><p><i>ilacve /9 tulerase</i> </p><p>during the feast (of the month) of Tuler </p><p><i>nac ci avi/10l χar var tesiamet /11 ale</i> </p><p>when three years (were) full (?) from the day of Tesiamet </p><p><i>ilacve alšase /12</i> </p><p>on the feast of (the month) Alsasa </p><p><i>nac atranes zila /13 cal sel eita la acnašv/14ers</i> </p><p>when the <i>atranes</i> of the magistrate (was??) (the) great <i>acnasvers</i>. </p><p><i>Itanim heram/15ve avil eniaca pul/16umχva</i> </p><p>Indeed, in this sanctuary, the years are (going to be) as many as the stars. </p> <h3>Second plate</h3> <p><i>nac θefarie vel/2iiunas θamuce /3 cleva etanal/4</i> </p><p>When Tiberius Velianas had built (<i>θamu-ce</i>) the <i>cleva</i> ("altar(s)"? or "desiderata"?) of <i>Etan</i> (epithet of <i>Uni</i>?)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p><p><i>masan tiur /5 unias šelace</i> </p><p>he dedicated (<i>šela-ce</i>) an offering during the month (<i>tiur</i>) of Juno. </p><p><i>v/6acal tmial a/7vilχval amuc/8e pulumχv/9a snuiaφ</i> </p><p>The yearly (<i>avil-χva-l</i> literally "of the years") offerings for the temple were (<i>amu-ce</i>) (to be like the) eternal (<i>snuiaφ</i>?) stars. </p> <h4>Translation variants</h4> <p>Wylin translates <i>šelace vacal tmial</i> (4–5) as "has ratified the offering of the temple."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> However, Steinbauer (agreeing with Rix) has challenged this assumption and, considering that it seems to be positioned at the beginning of a series of phrases within the contexts of a step-by-step instruction in the <a href="/facts/Liber_Linteus/AJVSFVh0">Liber Linteus</a>, proposed that <i>vacal</i> (with its variants <i>vacil</i> and <i>vacl</i>) simply means "then." The second to last word, <i>pulum-χva</i>, is clearly a plural, so would match the (putative) plural 'star-s' of the Phoenician text in this location. It also occurs in one of the supplementary texts below, as well as in the inscription in the <a href="/facts/Golini_Tomb/bjVXq49d">Golini Tomb</a>, but in the latter context, this meaning does not seem to fit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p><p>A minimalist 'translation' drawing only on well established meanings of Etruscan words, and not depending on the Phoenician text (which is often itself uncertain, see above, and is, in any case, not a word for word translation) has been presented by Adiego: </p> This <i>tmia-</i> and the <i>herama</i>, which were ...-ed from the part of <i>Uni, Thefarie Velianas</i>, ...ing the <i>meχ θuta</i>, gave to her, the <i>cluvenia-</i> (or: to his <i>cluvenia-</i>), to/of the <i>muni θuva</i>, that from the chamber (?) in the day- <i>ilacv tuleras-</i>, when three years <i>χurvar</i>. In the day-<i>ilacv</i> the <i>tešiam(a)- alsaš-</i>, when of the <i>zilaχ</i>-magistracy <i>atrane</i>, that <i>sele acnavers</i>, and this(?)/thus...-ed the year <i>eniaca</i> the <i>pulum</i>-s. When Thefarie Veliiunas <i>θamu-</i>...-ed a <i>cleva</i>-offering <i>etenal masan</i> the month <i>unias</i> <i>sela-</i> ...-ed <i>vacal</i> the <i>pulum</i>-s of the years of the <i>tmia-</i> were <i>sniuaφ</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> <h2 id="etruscan-vocabulary">Etruscan vocabulary</h2> <p>Much of the more certainly defined vocabulary (from the glossary in Pallottino, 1975, unless otherwise indicated) of the text is again, of course, religious, including references to the god <i>uni</i> "Juno,"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> nouns like <i>tmia</i> "temple," <i>vacal</i> "offering, libation (?)," and <i>ilucve</i> "festival"; or they involve the calendar or elements of the natural world: <i>tiur</i> "month, moon," <i>avil</i> "year(s)," <i>pulum-χva</i> "stars" (?). Other well attested words in the text include the number "three" <i>ci</i>, and some common verbs such as <i>turu-</i> "give" and <i>am-</i> "be," and the well known term for "magistrate" <i>zilac-</i>. Most of the rest of the words are contested or uncertain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p> <h3>Verbs</h3> acna(s), to bring forth am, to be tur, to give (⟨tur-uc-e⟩ 'has given') θem, to build, establish <h3>Nouns</h3> astre, Phoenician goddess of fertility, atran, reign, rulership? avil, year (⟨avilχva-l⟩ 'of the years, yearly') xurvar, month [Phoenician ⟨krr⟩ *kurar] meχ, people pulum, star tiur, month<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> tmia, temple (⟨tmia-l⟩ 'of the temple') θefariei, <a href="/facts/Tiberius_(praenomen)/7h6JpRVq">Tiberius</a> [Roman male name] uni, Etruscan mother goddess of fertility [cf. Latin <i><a href="/facts/Juno_(mythology)/6PvC2hmh">Iūno</a></i>] vacal, votive offering velianas, Velianas [family name]. zilac magistrate <h3>Other parts of speech</h3> ca, this; ica-c and this ci, three nac, when, during, while śnuiu-aφ, as many? (<a href="/facts/Liber_Linteus/AJVSFVh0">LLZ</a>, col 6, lines 1,2,4) <h2 id="supplementary-etruscan-texts">Supplementary Etruscan Texts</h2> <h3>Inscription on a bronze tablet at Pyrgi</h3> <p>These were much more damaged than the gold tablets above.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> Cr 4.3: </p> <i>[...]atalen[----]s tin[--</i> <i>[----]e[...] <i>spuria[z]es</i> . tera[s] <i>spu[r]iaze</i>[...]</i> <i><i>u]neial</i> var θvarie χia <i>uneial χias</i></i> <i><i>tin[...]talenas seas</i> <i>tinas θvariena</i>s [...]e[...]ur</i> <i>...]ar[...]ra[...]il[...]a[...]p[...</i> <p>Cr 4.2 </p> <i>eta : <i>θesan</i>:e:tras <i>u:ni</i>(χ?)iaθi ha[...]</i> <i>hutilatina e:tiasas: a:calia[...]</i> <i>θanaχ:vilus <i>caθa</i>r:naial[...]</i> <p>Deities mentioned here include <i><a href="/facts/Catha_(mythology)/KfAQnqwV">Catha</a>, <a href="/facts/Thesan/LEgts0Hm">Thesan</a>, Uni Chia, Tina Atalena Sea, Tina Thvariena</i>, and <i>Spuriaze</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p> <h3>Inscriptions on vessels found in the sanctuary at Pyrgi</h3> 1 ]<i>tmia[ 2 ]usa</i>[ n32, fragment of a vase, VI <i>unial</i> (div) patera, or plate V TLE 877 <i>unial</i> (div) patera, or plate V REE 40 n54 <ul><li>]<i>starte/s/ [?] cve[r ]starte</i>/ /</li></ul> (div?) fragment of a vase, or vessel IV REE 56 n31 <i>mi : s'uris : cavaθas</i> (div)patera, or plate V REE 64 n36 <i>]cavaθas 2]a emini[</i> (div)Greek kylix, V REE 56 n24<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> Lead tablet from the temple of Minerva at Castrum Novum (near Pyrgi) (CIE 631 <i>MMMCCC <i>lan[-]mite</i> . [</i> <i>...]inia . <i>tei</i> . <i>a emei ca . zu[-]una</i> . za[...</i> <i>a . <i>icecin</i> . ezi . <i>ip[...]unu</i> . rapa . [-]um[...</i> <i>...]ipas . [-]in[...]ver . <i>mulv</i>en[...</i> <i>...] . nuna ("offering")[...] <i>nun . ena</i> . t[...</i> <i>...]e . hu[...]al . <i>nun ena</i> .</i> <i>...]ur . t[...]na . vacil . c[...</i> <i>...]pulunza . <i>ipal</i> . sac ("holy")[...</i> <i>...]<i>talte</i> . <i>acni</i> <i>talte</i> . iu[...</i> <i>...]umnle[...]menatina . <i>te</i>[---]un[...</i> <i>...]us . -u--helucu . <i>acasa</i> . <i>tei</i> . luru[...</i> <i>...]t[...-]sice . <i>lanumite</i> . <i>icana</i>[...</i> <i>...]aei . tesa . nac[...]ce . <i>mulv</i>[...</i> <i>...]ur . t[...]na . vacil . c[</i> <i>...]pa . <i>mlaka</i> [....]<i>ama</i></i> . <p>Side 2: </p> ...]<i>ite . <i>icec</i>[......] civeis . m[...</i> ...] <i>. unue . ha[...]u . eizurva . t[...</i> ...]<i>n[-]va . <i>mlacia</i> . hecia ("to do, place") . <i>iperi</i> . apa ("father")[...</i> ...]<i>esunamul <i>ame</i></i> ...]<i>iama . im[...]nuta : h[...</i> ...] <i>. rin[...]v . <i>a emeican . s[-]uinia</i> . ip[...</i> ...]<i>t[-]as . [...]n[-]e . nac arsurve clesvare[...</i> <p>Notes: Words also occurring in the gold Pyrgi Tablets are in bold: <i>pulun/m</i> "star(s)?; <i>vaci/al</i> "sacrifice/libation", or "then"; <i>nac</i> "when." </p><p>Words and sequences recurring within the text include: <i>lan(u)mite</i> ?; <i>a emei ca . z/suu/ina</i> ? (<i>ca</i> "this"); <i>mul-v-</i> "to offer"; <i>nun ena</i> "offering" (<i>nun</i>?) "some" (<i>ena</i>?); <i>mlaka/cia</i> "beautiful"; <i>te-i</i> (demonstrative pronoun); <i>am-e/-a</i> "be"; <i>ac-ni/-asa</i> ("to do, offer"); <i>talte</i> (< <i>talitha</i> "girl"??); <i>icec-in, icana-</i> ? (< <i>ic</i> "as"??).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h3>First printed edition</h3> <p>Colonna, G. – Garbini, G. – Pallottino, M. – Vlad Borrelli, L., '"Scavi nel santuario etrusco di Pyrgi. Relazione preliminare della settima campagna, 1964, e scoperta di tre lamine d’oro inscritte in etrusco e punico”, <i>ArchCl</i> 16, 1964: 49–117. </p> Colonna, G., “I dati dello scavo”: 50–57. Pallotino, M., “Scoperta e prima valutazione delle lamine inscritte”: 58–63. Vlad Borrelli, L., “Nota tecnica sulle lamine”: 64–65. Garbini, G., “L’iscrizione punica”: 66–76. Pallotino, M., “Le iscrizioni etrusche”: 76–104. Pallotino, M., “Conclusioni storiche”: 104–117. <h3>Other references</h3> <ul><li>Adams, J. N. (2003) <i>Bilingualism and the Latin Language</i>, Cambridge: 202–206.</li> <li>Adiego, I.-X. (2015–2016) “The Etruscan Text of Pyrgi Golden Tablets: Certainties and Uncertainties”, in Bellelli, V. <i>Le lamine di Pyrgi</i>, Verona : 135–156.</li> <li>Agostiniani, L. (2007)<i>Scritti scelti di Luciano Agostiniani: omaggio per il suo 65mo compleanno, Tomo I, scritti etruschi, AIONLing</i> 25 [2003]), Napoli</li> <li>Amadsi Guzzo M. G. (1995) “Mondes étrusque et italique”, in V. Krings (éd.), <i>La civilisation phénicienne et punique. Manuel de recherche</i>, Leiden / New York / Köln: 663–673 (671–673)</li> <li>Amadsi Guzzo, M. G.(2014) “Punic Scripts”, in J. A. Hackett & W. E. Aufrecht (eds.), <i>An Eye for Form. Epigraphic Essays in Honor of G. F. M. Cross</i>, Winona Lake, Indiana, 314–333 (320–322).</li> <li>Amadsi Guzzo, M. G. (2015–2016) “Sull’ambientazione della lamina fenicia di Pyrgi”, in Bellelli <i>Le lamine di Pyrgi</i> Verona : 5–19.</li> <li>Baglione, M. P. – Colonna, G. (1997) “Appendice I”, in A. Maggiani, <i>Vasi attici figurati con dediche a divinità etrusche,</i> Roma: 85–98.</li> <li>Belfiore, V. (2011) <i>Il Liber Linteus di Zagabria. Testualità e contenuto</i>, Pisa / Roma</li> <li>Belfiore, V. (2012) “Studi sul lessico ‘sacro’. Laris Pulenas, le lamine di Pyrgi e la bilingue di Pesaro”, <i>Rasenna: Journal of the Center for Etruscan Studies</i> 3/1, art. 3: 1–20. UMass Amherst. <a href="http://scholarworks.umass.edu/rasenna/vol3/iss1/3">http://scholarworks.umass.edu/rasenna/vol3/iss1/3</a> <a href="http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=rasenna">http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=rasenna</a></li> <li>Belfiore, V. (2014) <i>La morfologia derivativa in etrusco. Formazioni di parole in -na e in -ra</i>, Pisa/Roma: 105–106.</li> <li>Belfiore, V. (2015–2016) “Nuovi spunti di riflessione sulle lamine di Pyrgi in etrusco”, Bellelli <i>Le lamine di Pyrgi</i> Verona: 103–134.</li> <li>Bellelli, V. and P. Xella (eds) (2015–2016) <i>Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscrizioni in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta</i>. <i>SEL</i> 32–33; Verona</li> <li>Benelli, E. (2007) <i>Le iscrizioni etrusche. Leggerle e capirle,</i> Ancona: 265–266.</li> <li>Benelli, E. (2015–2016) “Riforme della scrittura e cultura epigrafica al tempo delle lamine di Pyrgi”, in Bellelli <i>Le lamine di Pyrgi</i> Verona : 81–88.</li> <li>Bloch, R (1965) "Inscriptions punique et étrusques découvertes à Pyrgi" Paris: La Société. <i>Bulletin de la Société nationale des antiquaires de France</i>, 1965–01, p. 41</li> <li>Colonna, G. (2000) <i> Il santuario di Pyrgi dalle origini mitistoriche agli altorilievi dei Sette e di Leucoteia</i>. Roma; Università degli studi di Roma La Sapienza.</li> <li>Colonna, Giovanni (2009). "L'Apollo di Pyrgi, Śur/Śuri (il "Nero") e l'Apollo Sourios". <i>Studi Etruschi</i> (in Italian). LXXIII: 101–134. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0391-7762">0391-7762</a>.</li> <li>Cristofani, M. (1996) “Sulla dedica di Pyrgi”, in E. ACQUARO (ed.), <i>Alle soglie della classicità. Il Mediterraneo tra tradizione e innovazione. 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Ricerca morfosintattica delle forme usate in funzione verbale</i>, Roma</li> <li>Wylin, K. (2003) “Esiste una seconda lamina A di Pyrgi?” <i>PdP</i> 328, : 61–65.</li> <li>Wylin, K. (2004 [2005]) “Un terzo pronome/aggettivo dimostrativo etrusco sa”, <i>Studi Etrusci</i> 70, : 213–225.</li> <li>Wylin, K. (2006) “Pyrgi B et la rédaction de la tabula Cortonensis”, <i>Revue belge de Philologie et d’Histoire</i> 84,: 35–44.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Multiple languages <a href="/facts/Wikisource/TrMdylNf">Wikisource</a> has the original text with transliteration: Pyrgi Tablets Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pyrgi Tablets. <ul><li><a href="http://scholarworks.umass.edu/ces_texts/">The Etruscan Texts Project A searchable database of Etruscan texts</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081222203327/http://users.tpg.com.au/etr/etrusk/po/pyrgi.html">Photograph, transliteration, and partial translation</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716120536/http://mytuscany.splinder.com/archive/2007-09">Tavola di Cortona e Lamine di Pyrgi - traduzione</a> (Italian translation by <a href="/facts/Giovanni_Semerano/bhy1Q66l">Giovanni Semerano</a>)</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Doak, Brian R. (2019). The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 230. ISBN 978-0-19-049934-1. <a href="978-0-19-049934-1" target="_blank">978-0-19-049934-1</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>The specific dialect has been called "Mediterranean Phoenician" by Schmitz, Philip C. (1995). "The Phoenician Text from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Pyrgi". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 115 (4). JSTOR: 559–575. doi:10.2307/604727. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 604727. Full bibliography of Pyrgi and the tablets <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Smith, C. J., "Recent approaches to early writing" in The Archaeology of Death: Proceedings of the Seventh Conference of Italian Archaeology held at the National University of Ireland, Galway, April 16–18, 2016 edited by Edward Herring and Eóin O’Donoghue. Archaeopress, 2018, p. 31 https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/15876/Smith_2018_ArchofDeath_EarlyWriting_VoR.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y <a href="https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/15876/Smith_2018_ArchofDeath_EarlyWriting_VoR.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y" target="_blank">https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/15876/Smith_2018_ArchofDeath_EarlyWriting_VoR.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Pallottino, M. The Etruscans. Trans. J. Cremona. Indiana UP, Bloomington and London. 1975. p. 90 <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Smith, C. "The Pyrgi Tablets and the View From Rome" in Le Lamine di Pyrgi eds V. Bellelli and P. Xella, Verona, 2016. pp. 203–221 <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Smith, C. "The Pyrgi Tablets and the View from Rome" in Le Lamine di Pyrgi, eds. V. Bellelli and P. Xella, Verona, 2016. pp. 203–221 <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Schmidtz, Philip Ch. " Sempre Pyrgi: A retraction and a Reassessment of the Phoenician Text" in Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscizione in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta eds. Vincenzo Bellelli and Paolo Xella. Verona, 2016. pp. 33–43 <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Schmidtz, Philip Ch. " Sempre Pyrgi: A retraction and a Reassessment of the Phoenician Text" in Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscizione in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta eds. Vincenzo Bellelli and Paolo Xella. Verona, 2016. pp. 33–43 <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb: A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. By L.B. VAN DER MEER. (Monographs on Antiquity.) Louvain: Peeters, 2007 <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Zamora, José Á. "Pyrgi Revisited: An Analysis of the Structure and Formulae of the Phoenician Text of Pyrgi" in Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscrizioni in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta. Editors: Vincenzo Bellelli e Paolo Xella. 2015–2016. pp. 69–79 Sel Studi Epigrafici e Linguistici sul Vicino Oriente antico Nuova Serie: Ricerche storiche e filologiche sulle culture del Vicino Oriente e del Mediterraneo antico <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Zamora, José Á. "Pyrgi Revisited: An Analysis of the Structure and Formulae of the Phoenician Text of Pyrgi" in Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscrizioni in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta. Editors: Vincenzo Bellelli e Paolo Xella. 2015–2016. p. 77. Sel Studi Epigrafici e Linguistici sul Vicino Oriente antico Nuova Serie: Ricerche storiche e filologiche sulle culture del Vicino Oriente e del Mediterraneo antico <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Transcription from Hildegard Temporini, Joseph Vogt, Wolfgang Haase. 1972. Aufsteig und Niedergang der Römischen Welt, vol. 2, part 25. P.201. Also, along with the original Phoenician letters, in Haarmann, Harald. 1996. Early Civilization and Literacy in Europe: An Inquiry into Cultural Continuity in the Mediterranean World. P.355 <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Schmitz, P. 1995 "The Phoenician Text from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Pyrgi." Journal of the American Oriental Society 15:562. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"(PDF) Pyrgi Revisited. An Analysis into the Structure and Formulae of Pyrgi's Phoenician Text". ResearchGate. Archived from the original on 2023-09-05. Retrieved 2024-12-12. <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230905133302/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292989034_Pyrgi_Revisited_An_Analysis_into_the_Structure_and_Formulae_of_Pyrgi's_Phoenician_Text" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20230905133302/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292989034_Pyrgi_Revisited_An_Analysis_into_the_Structure_and_Formulae_of_Pyrgi's_Phoenician_Text</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>For a relatively recent analysis of the inscription and summary of the various scholarly interpretations, see Schmitz, P. 1995 "The Phoenician Text from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Pyrgi." Journal of the American Oriental Society 15:559–575. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/604727" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/604727</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Krahmalkov, C. R. Phoenician-Punic Dictionary Leuven, 2000. pp. 230, 475 <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Schmidtz, Philip Ch. " Sempre Pyrgi: A retraction and a Reassessment of the Phoenician Text" in Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscizione in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta eds. Vincenzo Bellelli and Paolo Xella. Verona, 2016. pp. 33–43 <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Bloch, Armand (1890). Phoenizisches Glossar. Robarts - University of Toronto. Berlin, Mayer. <a href="https://archive.org/details/phoenizischesglo00blocuoft/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/phoenizischesglo00blocuoft/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>The Patterning of Root Morphemes in Semitic. 1990. In: On language: selected writings of Joseph H. Greenberg. Ed. Keith M. Denning and Suzanne Kemmer. P.379 <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Schmitz, Philip C. (1995). "The Phoenician Text from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Pyrgi". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 115 (4): 559–575. doi:10.2307/604727. ISSN 0003-0279. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/604727" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/604727</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb: A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. By L.B. VAN DER MEER. (Monographs on Antiquity.) Louvain: Peeters, 2007. pp. 171–172 <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Schmitz, P. 1995 "The Phoenician Text from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Pyrgi." Journal of the American Oriental Society 15:559–60 <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Ivanković, M. "A New Decipherment of the Pyrgi Tablets with Reliance on Astronomy" Athens Journal of Mediterranean Studies 2022, 9: 1-10 https://doi.org/10.30958/ajms.X-Y-Z https://www.athensjournals.gr/mediterranean/2022-4983-AJMS-Ivankovic-05.pdf <a href="https://doi.org/10.30958/ajms.X-Y-Z" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.30958/ajms.X-Y-Z</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Koen Wylin "Pyrgi B et la rédaction de la Tabula Cortonensis" In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 84, fasc. 1, 2006. Antiquité - Oudheid. pp. 35–44; p. 41. doi : https://doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2006.5004. https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/3000456/file/8733510.pdf <a href="https://doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2006.5004" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2006.5004</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Agostiniani, L. "Sul valore semantico delle formule etrusche 'tamera zelarvenas' e 'tamera šarvenas'," in A. Catagnoti et alia (ed.s), Studi linguistici offerti a Gabriella Giacomelli dagli amici e dagli allievi. Padova, 1997. pp. 1–18 <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Koen Wylin "Pyrgi B et la rédaction de la Tabula Cortonensis" In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 84, fasc. 1, 2006. Antiquité - Oudheid. pp. 35–44; pp. 41–43. doi : https://doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2006.5004. https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/3000456/file/8733510.pdf <a href="https://doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2006.5004" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2006.5004</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Koen Wylin "Pyrgi B et la rédaction de la Tabula Cortonensis" In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 84, fasc. 1, 2006. Antiquité - Oudheid. pp. 35–44; p. 40. doi : https://doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2006.5004. https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/3000456/file/8733510.pdf <a href="https://doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2006.5004" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2006.5004</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Steinbauer, D. Neues Handbuch des Etruskischen, St. Katherine, 1999. pp. 86–87 <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Adiego, I-X. "The Etruscan Texts of the Pyrgi Golden Tablets: Certainties and Uncertainties." in Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscizione in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta eds. Vincenzo Bellelli and Paolo Xella. Verona, 2016. p. 155 <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Pallottino, Massimo. The Etruscans. 1975. Indiana UP. pp. 214 <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Pallottino, Massimo. The Etruscans. 1975. Indiana UP. pp. 225-234 <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb: A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. By L.B. VAN DER MEER. (Monographs on Antiquity.) Louvain: Peeters, 2007. pp. 171–172 <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Belfiore, V. "nuovi spunti di riflessione sulle lamine di Pyrgi in etrusco" in Le Lamine di Pyrgi eds V. Bellelli and P. Xella, Verona, 2016. p. 125 <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Smith, C. "The Pyrgi Tablets and the View From Rome" in Le Lamine di Pyrgi eds V. Bellelli and P. Xella, Verona, 2016. p. 206 <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Source for the Pyrgi inscriptions :"Iscrizioni Etrusche". Archived from the original on 2010-09-23. Retrieved 2012-02-26. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100923112355/http://www.etruscaphilologia.eu/pyrgi.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100923112355/http://www.etruscaphilologia.eu/pyrgi.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Schmitz, P. 1995 "The Phoenician Text from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Pyrgi." Journal of the American Oriental Society 15:559-60 <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>