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Pizotifen
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<h2 id="medical-uses">Medical uses</h2> <h3>Migraine headaches</h3> <p>The main medical use for pizotifen is for the prevention of <a href="/facts/Migraine/5XaE1W25">migraine</a> and <a href="/facts/Cluster_headache/tVLfnLSl">cluster headache</a>. Pizotifen is one of a range of medications used for this purpose, other options include <a href="/facts/Propranolol/QvH2XYt1">propranolol</a>, <a href="/facts/Topiramate/Bv5gScRt">topiramate</a>, <a href="/facts/Valproic_acid/q31XYzd9">valproic acid</a>, <a href="/facts/Cyproheptadine/qsprhcYl">cyproheptadine</a> and <a href="/facts/Amitriptyline/7YGkJGfr">amitriptyline</a>. While pizotifen is effective in adults,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> evidence of efficacy in children is limited,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> and its use is limited by side effects, principally drowsiness and weight gain, and it is usually not the first choice medicine for preventing migraines, instead being used as an alternative when other drugs have failed to be effective.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> It is not effective in relieving migraine attacks once in progress. </p> <h3>Other uses</h3> <p>Pizotifen has also been reported as highly effective in a severe case of <a href="/facts/Erythromelalgia/uRE3U1et">erythromelalgia</a>, a rare neurovascular disease that is sometimes refractory to the other drugs named above.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>Other applications for which pizotifen may be used include as an <a href="/facts/Antidepressant/N62ND3Fa">antidepressant</a>, or for the treatment of <a href="/facts/Anxiety/Geekl883">anxiety</a> or <a href="/facts/Social_anxiety_disorder/25XIzJ0o">social phobia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Animal studies also suggest that pizotyline could be used in the treatment of <a href="/facts/Serotonin_syndrome/PqLvx901">serotonin syndrome</a> or <a href="/facts/MDMA/WYDACxGN">MDMA</a> <a href="/facts/Overdose/Jlo2AX3Y">overdose</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> in a similar manner to the closely related antihistamine/antiserotonin medication <a href="/facts/Cyproheptadine/qsprhcYl">cyproheptadine</a>. </p><p>Pizotifen might be useful as a <a href="/facts/Trip_killer/XcoBCslc">hallucinogen antidote or "trip killer"</a> in blocking the effects of <a href="/facts/Serotonergic_psychedelic/oyp10dgE">serotonergic psychedelics</a> like <a href="/facts/Psilocybin/0jGynLUX">psilocybin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> It might also be useful in the treatment of <a href="/facts/MDMA/WYDACxGN">MDMA</a> <a href="/facts/Overdose/Jlo2AX3Y">overdose</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="contraindications">Contraindications</h2> <p>Caution is required in patients having closed angle <a href="/facts/Glaucoma/MWqWVNz3">glaucoma</a> and in patients with a predisposition to <a href="/facts/Urinary_retention/YvTCprKk">urinary retention</a> as the medication exhibits a relatively small anticholinergic effect. Dose adjustment is required in people who have <a href="/facts/Chronic_kidney_disease/4YKH9wpo">chronic kidney disease</a>. Liver injury has also been reported. Pizotifen treatment should be discontinued if there is any clinical evidence of liver dysfunction during treatment. Caution is advised in patients having a history of <a href="/facts/Epilepsy/wawyp56a">epilepsy</a>. Withdrawal symptoms like depression, tremor, nausea, anxiety, malaise, dizziness, sleep disorder and weight decrease have been reported following abrupt cessation of pizotifen.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>Pizotifen is contraindicated in patients who suffer from hypersensitivity to any of its components, also Pizotifen is contraindicated in <a href="/facts/Gastric_outlet_obstruction/47eaSbPt">gastric outlet obstruction</a>, <a href="/facts/Pregnancy/vEKYGpep">pregnancy</a>, angle-closure glaucoma and difficulty urinating.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="adverse-effects">Adverse effects</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Adverse_drug_reaction/Ea0ktF6J">Side effects</a> include <a href="/facts/Sedation/wFWEChs8">sedation</a>, <a href="/facts/Dry_mouth/aKMwe59z">dry mouth</a>, drowsiness, increased appetite and weight gain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Occasionally it may cause nausea, headaches, or dizziness. In rare cases, anxiety, aggression and depression may also occur. </p> <h2 id="pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2> <h3>Pharmacodynamics</h3> Pizotifen activities<table><tbody><tr><th><a href="/facts/Biological_target/7bakbMFR">Target</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Affinity_(pharmacology)/44QLL4eU">Affinity</a> (Ki, nM)</th><th>Species</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/5-HT1A_receptor/aMCB3tvc">5-HT1A</a></td><td>200–270</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/5-HT1B_receptor/zM2xads8">5-HT1B</a></td><td>1415</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/5-HT1D_receptor/zzGzggdV">5-HT1D</a></td><td>770</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/5-HT1E_receptor/rBSqpDuD">5-HT1E</a></td><td>820</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/5-HT2A_receptor/YfTglQKQ">5-HT2A</a></td><td>2.0</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/5-HT2B_receptor/Sy104fUR">5-HT2B</a></td><td>2.0–2.3</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/5-HT2C_receptor/RuyLstWf">5-HT2C</a></td><td>8.4</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/5-HT3_receptor/7Qa2T8v3">5-HT3</a></td><td>95</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/5-HT4_receptor/aFSHbN6U">5-HT4</a></td><td>ND</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/5-HT5A_receptor/Iclxf8po">5-HT5A</a></td><td>110</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/5-HT6_receptor/2QQJ7upp">5-HT6</a></td><td>74</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/5-HT7_receptor/rcpLc6FL">5-HT7</a></td><td>17–25</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/D1_receptor/fkWRTblS">D1</a></td><td>3.5</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/D2_receptor/SmmP3QyU">D2</a></td><td>2.4–87</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/D3_receptor/e1L1KnJq">D3</a></td><td>ND</td><td>ND</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/D4_receptor/26otIqul">D4</a></td><td>64</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/D5_receptor/VAAvdkLS">D5</a></td><td>50</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Alpha-1A_adrenergic_receptor/R6Qr1DF5">α1A</a></td><td>65</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Alpha-1B_adrenergic_receptor/841rFlgm">α1B</a></td><td>>10000</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Alpha-2A_adrenergic_receptor/csNJEymK">α2A</a></td><td>660</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Alpha-2B_adrenergic_receptor/4NgonAtn">α2B</a></td><td>225</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Alpha-2C_adrenergic_receptor/z8rNNBGW">α2C</a></td><td>390</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Beta-1_adrenergic_receptor/mKQVE8tB">β1</a></td><td>>10000</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Beta-2_adrenergic_receptor/erywpzGl">β2</a></td><td>>10000</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/H1_receptor/L6DzvF7A">H1</a></td><td>1.9</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/H2_receptor/VshlTrU4">H2</a></td><td>1.4</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_M1_receptor/ne0YBBqI">M1</a></td><td>67</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_M2_receptor/x51lIpFu">M2</a></td><td>34</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_M3_receptor/LNq0EXqE">M3</a></td><td>29</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_M4_receptor/7nx6wC3s">M4</a></td><td>130</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_M5_receptor/8UR0qo0w">M5</a></td><td>6.8</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Imidazoline_I1_receptor/YfluMaRh">I1 receptor</a></td><td>121</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sigma-1_receptor/qje6l9GW">σ1 receptor</a></td><td>>10000</td><td>Guinea pig</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sigma-2_receptor/yISCj0hs">σ2 receptor</a></td><td>6450</td><td>Rat</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Serotonin_transporter/VPh5wtCy">SERT</a>Tooltip Serotonin transporter</td><td>>10000</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Norepinephrine_transporter/532N8LIg">NET</a>Tooltip Norepinephrine transporter</td><td>710</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Dopamine_transporter/V9I2Uy1p">DAT</a>Tooltip Dopamine transporter</td><td>>10000</td><td>Human</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Note: The smaller the value, the more avidly the compound binds to or activates the site. Refs: <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pizotifen is a <a href="/facts/Serotonin_antagonist/Fp9DX8oW">serotonin antagonist</a> acting mainly at the <a href="/facts/5-HT2A_receptor/YfTglQKQ">5-HT2A</a> and <a href="/facts/5-HT2C_receptor/RuyLstWf">5-HT2C receptors</a>. It also has some activity as an <a href="/facts/Antihistamine/HuMC25lt">antihistamine</a> as well as some <a href="/facts/Anticholinergic/9mDjo23r">anticholinergic</a> activity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> The drug binds <a href="/facts/Binding_selectivity/RryTsdGv">non-selectivey</a> to many <a href="/facts/Biological_target/7bakbMFR">targets</a>, including <a href="/facts/Serotonin_receptor/D6656QzQ">serotonin</a>, <a href="/facts/Dopamine_receptor/fgsjJwkL">dopamine</a>, <a href="/facts/Adrenergic_receptor/uoAeJbcN">adrenergic</a>, <a href="/facts/Histamine_receptor/9HNlqSI1">histamine</a>, and <a href="/facts/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor/caIdoqrW">muscarinic acetylcholine receptors</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>Pizotifen is able to <a href="/facts/Dose_dependence/DLcuLdHc">dose-dependently</a> and fully antagonize the <a href="/facts/Discriminative_stimulus/SrFGBFMw">discriminative stimulus</a> effects of the <a href="/facts/Serotonin%25E2%2580%2593norepinephrine%25E2%2580%2593dopamine_releasing_agent/F83X4jjy">serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent</a> and <a href="/facts/Serotonin/EzY58q4a">serotonin</a> <a href="/facts/5-HT2_receptor/83TWw6EC">5-HT2 receptor</a> <a href="/facts/Agonist/nz8U5NNp">agonist</a> <a href="/facts/MDMA/WYDACxGN">MDMA</a> in rodent <a href="/facts/Drug_discrimination/VGtKo2RY">drug discrimination</a> tests.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Conversely, the related drug <a href="/facts/Cyproheptadine/qsprhcYl">cyproheptadine</a> was only partially effective and <a href="/facts/Clozapine/N0Lqztg1">clozapine</a> was ineffective.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> All three of these agents, pizotifen, cyproheptadine, and clozapine act as non-selective <a href="/facts/Monoamine_receptor/7GKo3Fvn">monoamine receptor</a> antagonists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> Pizotifen also fully blocks the effects of <a href="/facts/Serotonergic_psychedelic/oyp10dgE">serotonergic psychedelics</a>, including <a href="/facts/LSD/o5qq0grH">LSD</a>, <a href="/facts/Mescaline/Y6gXHD9T">mescaline</a>, <a href="/facts/5-MeO-DMT/loYNtULA">5-MeO-DMT</a>, and <a href="/facts/DOM_(drug)/YfQep4m0">DOM</a>, in drug discrimination tests.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="chemistry">Chemistry</h2> <p>Pizotifen is a <a href="/facts/Tricyclic_compound/2Vch2ACQ">tricyclic compound</a> and is specifically a <a href="/facts/Benzocycloheptene/o3tKUwYM">benzocycloheptene</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p><p>Close <a href="/facts/Structural_analog/3aysWSVG">analogues</a> of pizotifen include <a href="/facts/Ketotifen/MrkANhwx">ketotifen</a> and <a href="/facts/Cyproheptadine/qsprhcYl">cyproheptadine</a>, among others. </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Pizotifen was first described in the literature by 1964.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="society-and-culture">Society and culture</h2> <h3>Names</h3> <p><i>Pizotifen</i> is the <a href="/facts/Generic_term/nENLNhIF">generic name</a> of the drug and its <a href="/facts/International_Nonproprietary_Name/wYL655x6">INN</a>Tooltip International Nonproprietary Name and <a href="/facts/British_Approved_Name/pm1t52SQ">BAN</a>Tooltip British Approved Name, while <i>pizotyline</i> is its <a href="/facts/United_States_Adopted_Name/5AFEKGfQ">USAN</a>Tooltip United States Adopted Name.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> Brand names of pizotifen include Sandomigran, Mosegor, and Litec, among others.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p> <h3>Availability</h3> <p>Pizotifen is available widely throughout the world, including in <a href="/facts/Europe/DTAtrKfh">Europe</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/datasheet/s/Sandomigrantab.pdf">Sandomigran drug data sheet</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Stark RJ, Valenti L, Miller GC (August 2007). "Management of migraine in Australian general practice". The Medical Journal of Australia. 187 (3): 142–146. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01170.x. PMID 17680738. S2CID 10357983. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Jackson JL, Cogbill E, Santana-Davila R, Eldredge C, Collier W, Gradall A, et al. (2015-07-14). "A Comparative Effectiveness Meta-Analysis of Drugs for the Prophylaxis of Migraine Headache". PLOS ONE. 10 (7): e0130733. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1030733J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130733. PMC 4501738. PMID 26172390. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4501738" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4501738</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Barnes N, Millman G (July 2004). "Do pizotifen or propranolol reduce the frequency of migraine headache?". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 89 (7): 684–685. doi:10.1136/adc.2004.054668. PMC 1719986. PMID 15210509. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1719986" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1719986</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Pierangeli G, Cevoli S, Sancisi E, Grimaldi D, Zanigni S, Montagna P, Cortelli P (May 2006). "Which therapy for which patient?". Neurological Sciences. 27 (Suppl 2): S153 – S158. doi:10.1007/s10072-006-0592-0. PMID 16688621. S2CID 24217802. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Cohen JS (November 2000). "Erythromelalgia: new theories and new therapies". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 43 (5 Pt 1): 841–847. doi:10.1067/mjd.2000.109301. PMID 11050591. S2CID 40807034. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Standal JE (October 1977). "Pizotifen as an antidepressant". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 56 (4): 276–279. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1977.tb00228.x. PMID 335788. S2CID 6445059. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Banki CM (March 1978). "Clinical observations with pizotifene (Sandomigran) in the treatment of nonmigrainous depressed women". Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten. 225 (1): 67–72. doi:10.1007/bf00367352. PMID 348154. S2CID 13510725. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Young R, Khorana N, Bondareva T, Glennon RA (October 2005). "Pizotyline effectively attenuates the stimulus effects of N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA)". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 82 (2): 404–410. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2005.09.010. PMID 16253319. S2CID 20885754. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Halman A, Kong G, Sarris J, Perkins D (January 2024). "Drug-drug interactions involving classic psychedelics: A systematic review". J Psychopharmacol. 38 (1): 3–18. doi:10.1177/02698811231211219. PMC 10851641. PMID 37982394. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10851641" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10851641</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Young R, Khorana N, Bondareva T, Glennon RA (October 2005). "Pizotyline effectively attenuates the stimulus effects of N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA)". Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 82 (2): 404–410. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2005.09.010. PMID 16253319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"SANDOMIGRAN® pizotifen 500 micrograms coated tablets" (PDF). AFT Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Medsafe: New Zealand Medicines and Medical Devices Safety. 21 June 2019. <a href="https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/datasheet/s/Sandomigrantab.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/datasheet/s/Sandomigrantab.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Pizotifen". Universal reference book of medicines – via Likarstwo.ru. <a href="http://lekarstwo.ru/en/preparati/pizotifen.html" target="_blank">http://lekarstwo.ru/en/preparati/pizotifen.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Crowder D, Maclay WP. Pizotifen once daily in the prophylaxis of migraine: results of a multi-centre general practice study. Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1984;9(4):280-5. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"PDSP Database". UNC (in Zulu). Retrieved 24 November 2024. <a href="https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=Pizotyline&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query" target="_blank">https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=Pizotyline&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"PDSP Database". UNC (in Zulu). Retrieved 24 November 2024. <a href="https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=Pizotifen&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query" target="_blank">https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=Pizotifen&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Liu T. "BindingDB BDBM82088 CAS_15574-96-6::NSC_27400::PIZOTIFEN". BindingDB. Retrieved 24 November 2024. <a href="https://www.bindingdb.org/rwd/bind/chemsearch/marvin/MolStructure.jsp?monomerid=82088" target="_blank">https://www.bindingdb.org/rwd/bind/chemsearch/marvin/MolStructure.jsp?monomerid=82088</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Young R, Khorana N, Bondareva T, Glennon RA (October 2005). "Pizotyline effectively attenuates the stimulus effects of N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA)". 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