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Castilleja
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<h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <p><i>Castilleja</i> was scientifically described by <a href="/facts/Carl_Linnaeus_the_Younger/rMnoWyuh">Carl Linnaeus the Younger</a> using a partial description by <a href="/facts/Jos%25C3%25A9_Celestino_Bruno_Mutis/lrbVcbBM">José Celestino Bruno Mutis</a> in 1782.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> The type species was <i>Castilleja fissifolia</i> from Columbia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> The genus as a whole has never been renamed, however five others were described and named that are considered to be <a href="/facts/Synonym_(botany)/BHLdox7E">synonyms</a> of <i>Castilleja</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> For example, in 1818 <a href="/facts/Thomas_Nuttall/fcofFUfs">Thomas Nuttall</a> described a genus that he named <i>Euchroma</i> meaning finely colored, moving the species now known as <i><a href="/facts/Castilleja_coccinea/c1AmIYy9">Castilleja coccinea</a></i> out of <i><a href="/facts/Bartsia/LKsWGqzK">Bartsia</a></i> where it had been placed by <a href="/facts/Carl_Linnaeus/gy5HWkHS">Carl Linnaeus</a> and also named another species as <i>Euchroma grandiflora</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> However, Nutttall's <i>Euchroma grandiflora</i> had already been named and correctly placed as <i><a href="/facts/Castilleja_sessiliflora/8l3EMW6e">Castilleja sessiliflora</a></i> by <a href="/facts/Frederick_Traugott_Pursh/3AvIrlnB">Frederick Traugott Pursh</a> in 1813.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h3>Species</h3> <p>There are 216 species that are considered valid by <a href="/facts/Plants_of_the_World_Online/2m4CsqY0">Plants of the World Online</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> More than half, 119 species, are native to North America north of Mexico.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h3>Names</h3> <p>The name <i>Castilleja</i> was chosen by Mutis as an honor for the Spanish naturalist <a href="/facts/Domingo_Castillejo/xgqbHuXK">Domingo Castillejo</a>. Castillejo was a professor of medical materials and botany at the <a href="/facts/University_of_C%25C3%25A1diz/jQUbCuEp">Cadiz Royal College of Surgery</a> between 1770 and 1786. Mutis wrote in Latin, "Ab Stemodia quantum ex characteríbus video, valde diversa haec singularissimeplanta, proculdubio numeranda ínter Didynamas. Castillejam dixi in merítissimum honorem D. Castillejo Botanici Gadensis."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>The species in <i>Castilleja</i> are quite varied in form and lifecycle. The genus includes many species that are completely herbaceous, lacking woody material in their above-ground parts. Though it also includes some slightly woody <a href="/facts/Subshrub/NRV9LAHv">subshrubs</a> and even a few woody <a href="/facts/Shrub/X1gKVxL5">shrubs</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> They may grow as annual plants, but most of the species are perennial.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Their roots are equally diverse in structure ranging from <a href="/facts/Taproot/b2Us8xW8">taproots</a> to <a href="/facts/Fibrous_root_system/zgVuzIpG">fibrous root systems</a>. Some species also have modified underground stems called <a href="/facts/Rhizome/wWDKJrSf">rhizomes</a> to spread short distances.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>Stem lengths range from a minute 1 centimeter to as much as 2 meters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> In almost all species the leaves are attached to the stems and alternating. The <a href="/facts/Inflorescence/CvpNd4vS">inflorescences</a> are always at the ends of the stems, which may or may not branch.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> The inflorescence usually have bracts that are brightly colored for the whole length or towards their ends.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="ecology">Ecology</h2> <p><i>Castilleja</i> species are eaten by the <a href="/facts/Caterpillar/PMgzj7F7">larvae</a> of some <a href="/facts/Lepidoptera/yPFPsQmL">lepidopteran</a> <a href="/facts/Species/oDg6b96r">species</a>, including <i><a href="/facts/Schinia_cupes/Lk2lwDy7">Schinia cupes</a></i> (which has been recorded on <i>C. exserta</i>) and <i><a href="/facts/Schinia_pulchripennis/fTVbuvud">Schinia pulchripennis</a></i> (which feeds exclusively on <i>C. exserta</i>), and checkerspot butterflies, such as <i><a href="/facts/Euphydryas/p2eNrbDU">Euphydryas</a></i> species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Pollinators aid these plants in reproduction, with insects visiting the flowers, as well as hummingbirds for some species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p><i>Castilleja</i> species can play an important role in plant community dynamics and <a href="/facts/Multitrophic_interaction/YaakLo08">multitrophic interactions</a>. For example, <i>Castilleja</i> hemiparasitic reliance on other plant species may affect competition and dominance among other plant species in its community.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> Additionally, the foliage of some <i>Castilleja species</i> naturally contains defensive compounds that are sequestered in the tissues of <a href="/facts/Larva/GKo2FIew">larvae</a> of <a href="/facts/Generalist_and_specialist_species/HBajVhNJ">specialist</a> insect species that have developed a tolerance for these compounds and are able to consume the foliage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> These sequestered compounds then confer chemical protection against predators to larvae.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="hybridization">Hybridization</h2> <p>Some species in the <i>Castilleja</i> genus are able to hybridize, especially when <a href="/facts/Ploidy/U8zl4AQe">ploidy</a> levels match, and hybrids may produce viable seed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> This hybridization potential has been identified as a threat to the genetic integrity of certain endangered <i>Castilleja</i> species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="uses">Uses</h2> <p>The author Gregory L. Tilford claims that the flowers of Indian paintbrush are edible. However, these plants have a tendency to absorb and concentrate <a href="/facts/Selenium/k975NApC">selenium</a> in their tissues from the soils in which they grow, and can be potentially very toxic if the roots or green parts of the plant are consumed. Highly alkaline soils increase the selenium levels in the plants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> In addition <i>Castilleja</i> species will take up alkaloids from other plants when parasitizing them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="symbolism">Symbolism</h2> <p><i><a href="/facts/Castilleja_linariifolia/IKlUMsab">Castilleja linariifolia</a></i> is the <a href="/facts/State_flower/tUMHGGw9">state flower</a> of <a href="/facts/Wyoming/kuKmWryL">Wyoming</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Tomie_dePaola/9YJm7ESf">Tomie dePaola</a> (1988). <a href="https://archive.org/details/legendofindian00depa"><i>The Legend of the Indian Paintbrush</i></a>. <a href="/facts/Scholastic_Books/1NXaDwcz">Scholastic Books</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-590-44706-8.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Castilleja. <a href="/facts/Wikispecies/b2GhA7Le">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i>Castilleja</i>. <ul><li><a href="http://wildflower.utexas.edu/plants/search.php?search_field=Castilleja&newsearch=true">Native Plant Information Network</a>[<i>permanent dead link</i>]: Listing of species in the Castilleja genus.</li> <li><a href="http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?7177,7206">Jepson Manual</a> - taxonomic description of the genus.</li> <li><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/mark_egger_castilleja/collections/72157617709816218/">Extensive <i>Castilleja</i> species gallery by Mark Egger</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Castilleja Mutis ex L.f." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 29 June 2024. <a href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/325881-2" target="_blank">https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/325881-2</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Pennell, Francis Whittier (1951). "Scrophulariaceae". In Abrams, LeRoy; Ferris, Roxana Stinchfield; Vincent, Sylvia; Law, Barbara (eds.). An Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States: Washington, Oregon, and California. Vol. III: Geraniaceae to Scrophulariaceae. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 819–820. Retrieved 28 June 2024. <a href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedflora03abra/page/750" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/illustratedflora03abra/page/750</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Castilleja Mutis ex L.f." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 29 June 2024. <a href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/325881-2" target="_blank">https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/325881-2</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Nuttall, Thomas (1818). The Genera of North American Plants, and a Catalogue of the Species, to the year 1817. Vol. II. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Printed for the author by D. Heartt. pp. 54–55. Retrieved 3 July 2024. <a href="https://archive.org/details/generaofnorthame12nutt/generaofnorthame12nutt/page/54" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/generaofnorthame12nutt/generaofnorthame12nutt/page/54</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Castilleja Mutis ex L.f." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 29 June 2024. <a href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/325881-2" target="_blank">https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/325881-2</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Castilleja sessiliflora Pursh". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 3 July 2024. <a href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/801155-1" target="_blank">https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/801155-1</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Castilleja Mutis ex L.f." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 29 June 2024. <a href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/325881-2" target="_blank">https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/325881-2</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Egger, J. Mark; Zika, Peter F.; Wilson, Barbara L.; Brainerd, Richard E.; Otting, Nick (5 February 2024). "Castilleja - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 7 July 2024. <a href="http://floranorthamerica.org/Castilleja" target="_blank">http://floranorthamerica.org/Castilleja</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. Vol. I: A-C. CRC Press. p. 455. ISBN 978-0-8493-2675-2. <a href="978-0-8493-2675-2" target="_blank">978-0-8493-2675-2</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Amaya, José Antonio (1999). "Nombres Genéricos Dedicados a Personaljes Concretos por Mutis y sus colaboradores (1760-1811)" [Generic Names Dedicated to Specific Personalities by Mutis and His Collaborators (1760-1811)] (PDF). In Amaya, José Antonio; Forero, Olga Restrepo (eds.). Ciencia y Representación: Dispositivos en la construcción, la circulación y la validación del conocimiento científico [Science and Representation: Devices in the construction, circulation and validation of scientific knowledge]. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Programa Universitario de Investigación en Ciencia, Tecnología y Cultura. p. 224. ISBN 9588051541. OCLC 44999084. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2024. <a href="9588051541" target="_blank">9588051541</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Egger, J. Mark; Zika, Peter F.; Wilson, Barbara L.; Brainerd, Richard E.; Otting, Nick (5 February 2024). "Castilleja - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 7 July 2024. <a href="http://floranorthamerica.org/Castilleja" target="_blank">http://floranorthamerica.org/Castilleja</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Heil, Kenneth D.; O'Kane, Jr., Steve L.; Reeves, Linda Mary; Clifford, Arnold (2013). Flora of the Four Corners Region : Vascular Plants of the San Juan River Drainage, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. St. Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. pp. 688–690. Retrieved 7 July 2024. <a href="https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003888887/page/n705" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003888887/page/n705</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Egger, J. Mark; Zika, Peter F.; Wilson, Barbara L.; Brainerd, Richard E.; Otting, Nick (5 February 2024). "Castilleja - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 7 July 2024. <a href="http://floranorthamerica.org/Castilleja" target="_blank">http://floranorthamerica.org/Castilleja</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Egger, J. Mark; Zika, Peter F.; Wilson, Barbara L.; Brainerd, Richard E.; Otting, Nick (5 February 2024). "Castilleja - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 7 July 2024. <a href="http://floranorthamerica.org/Castilleja" target="_blank">http://floranorthamerica.org/Castilleja</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Heil, Kenneth D.; O'Kane, Jr., Steve L.; Reeves, Linda Mary; Clifford, Arnold (2013). Flora of the Four Corners Region : Vascular Plants of the San Juan River Drainage, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. St. Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. pp. 688–690. Retrieved 7 July 2024. <a href="https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003888887/page/n705" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003888887/page/n705</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Egger, J. Mark; Zika, Peter F.; Wilson, Barbara L.; Brainerd, Richard E.; Otting, Nick (5 February 2024). "Castilleja - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 7 July 2024. <a href="http://floranorthamerica.org/Castilleja" target="_blank">http://floranorthamerica.org/Castilleja</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Haan, Nate L.; Bakker, Jonathan D.; Bowers, M. Deane (14 January 2021). "Preference, performance, and chemical defense in an endangered butterfly using novel and ancestral host plants". Scientific Reports. 11 (992): 992. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11..992H. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-80413-y. PMC 7809109. PMID 33446768. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7809109" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7809109</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Haan, Nate L.; Bakker, Jonathan D.; Bowers, M. Deane (May 2018). "Hemiparasites can transmit indirect effects from their host plants to herbivores". Ecology. 99 (2): 399–410. Bibcode:2018Ecol...99..399H. doi:10.1002/ecy.2087. JSTOR 26624251. PMID 29131311. Retrieved 2022-05-02. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26624251" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/26624251</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Benda, Christopher. "Indian Paintbrush (Castilleja coccinea)". www.fs.fed.us. United States Department of Agriculture. <a href="https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/Castilleja-coccinea.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/Castilleja-coccinea.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Schmidt, Natalie (2016). Parasitic plants and community composition: how Castilleja levisecta affects, and is affected by, its community (PDF) (Doctoral dissertation). University of Washington. Retrieved 2022-05-02. <a href="https://depts.washington.edu/uwbg/research/theses/Natalie_Schmidt_Dissertation_2016.pdf" target="_blank">https://depts.washington.edu/uwbg/research/theses/Natalie_Schmidt_Dissertation_2016.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Haan, Nate L.; Bakker, Jonathan D.; Bowers, M. Deane (14 January 2021). "Preference, performance, and chemical defense in an endangered butterfly using novel and ancestral host plants". Scientific Reports. 11 (992): 992. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11..992H. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-80413-y. PMC 7809109. PMID 33446768. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7809109" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7809109</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Haan, Nate L.; Bakker, Jonathan D.; Bowers, M. Deane (May 2018). "Hemiparasites can transmit indirect effects from their host plants to herbivores". Ecology. 99 (2): 399–410. Bibcode:2018Ecol...99..399H. doi:10.1002/ecy.2087. JSTOR 26624251. PMID 29131311. Retrieved 2022-05-02. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26624251" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/26624251</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Haan, Nate L.; Bakker, Jonathan D.; Bowers, M. Deane (14 January 2021). "Preference, performance, and chemical defense in an endangered butterfly using novel and ancestral host plants". Scientific Reports. 11 (992): 992. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11..992H. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-80413-y. PMC 7809109. PMID 33446768. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7809109" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7809109</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Haan, Nate L.; Bakker, Jonathan D.; Bowers, M. Deane (May 2018). "Hemiparasites can transmit indirect effects from their host plants to herbivores". Ecology. 99 (2): 399–410. Bibcode:2018Ecol...99..399H. doi:10.1002/ecy.2087. JSTOR 26624251. PMID 29131311. Retrieved 2022-05-02. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26624251" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/26624251</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Babikova, Zdenka; Gilbert, Lucy; Bruce, Toby; Dewhirst, Sarah; Pickett, John A.; Johnson, David (April 2014). "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and aphids interact by changing host plant quality and volatile emission". American Journal of Botany. 99 (12): 375. Bibcode:2014FuEco..28..375B. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12181. JSTOR 23321298. Retrieved 2022-05-02. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23321298" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/23321298</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Strategy and Guidance for Minimizing Hybridization Risk of Castilleja levisecta (CALE) with Castilleja hispida (CAHI) While Advancing Conservation of CALE and Taylor's Checkerspot Butterfly (Euphydryas editha taylori; TCB) (PDF) (Report). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, and Washington Department of Natural Resources. 2021. Retrieved 2022-05-02. <a href="https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/CALE-CAHI%20Hybridization_Strategy%20_Guidance_07July2021_updated.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/CALE-CAHI%20Hybridization_Strategy%20_Guidance_07July2021_updated.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Loretta Fisher; Jonathan D. Bakker; Peter W. Dunwiddie (2015). An Assessment of Seed Production and Viability of Putative Castilleja levisecta × C. hispida Hybrids (Report). Center for Natural Lands Management and University of Washington. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.4327.2081. Retrieved 2022-05-02. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265478592" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265478592</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Strategy and Guidance for Minimizing Hybridization Risk of Castilleja levisecta (CALE) with Castilleja hispida (CAHI) While Advancing Conservation of CALE and Taylor's Checkerspot Butterfly (Euphydryas editha taylori; TCB) (PDF) (Report). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, and Washington Department of Natural Resources. 2021. Retrieved 2022-05-02. <a href="https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/CALE-CAHI%20Hybridization_Strategy%20_Guidance_07July2021_updated.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/CALE-CAHI%20Hybridization_Strategy%20_Guidance_07July2021_updated.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Tilford, Gregory L. (1997). Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West. Mountain Press Publishing. pp. 82–83. ISBN 978-0-87842-359-0. <a href="978-0-87842-359-0" target="_blank">978-0-87842-359-0</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Goldwasser, Y.; Westwood, J. H.; Yoder, J. I. (January 2002). "The Use of Arabidopsis to Study Interactions between Parasitic Angiosperms and Their Plant Hosts". The Arabidopsis Book. 1: e0035. doi:10.1199/tab.0035. PMC 3243330. PMID 22303205. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3243330" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3243330</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Wyoming Statute 8-3-104 (Title 8) Archived 2008-05-11 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://legisweb.state.wy.us/statutes/statutes.aspx?file=titles/Title8/Title8.htm" target="_blank">http://legisweb.state.wy.us/statutes/statutes.aspx?file=titles/Title8/Title8.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>