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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Nautilus, the predecessor of the GNOME Files, was originally developed by <a href="/facts/Eazel/vK0MvSc1">Eazel</a> and <a href="/facts/Andy_Hertzfeld/4pf6AFpK">Andy Hertzfeld</a> (founder of Eazel and a former <a href="/facts/Apple_Inc./oTJYta3k">Apple</a> engineer) in 1999. The name "Nautilus" was a play on words, evoking the <a href="/facts/Exoskeleton/Wlmru4GW">shell</a> of a <a href="/facts/Nautilus/5VgYqgds">nautilus</a> to represent an <a href="/facts/Shell_(computing)/Sa67elS7">operating system shell</a>. </p><p> At the beginning of 2000, Richard Hestgray published the first screenshots of <i>Nautilus</i> 0.1 preview release<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a>:</p> <p>In December 2000, article under the title <i>«Nautilus, GNOME’s new file manager»</i> was published in the <a href="/facts/Linux_Magazine/AXjr61g0">Linux Magazine</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p> <blockquote><p>The Nautilus Desktop Shell is intended to supersede the GMC file manager (which was derived from the venerable Midnight Commander) in new versions of GNOME. What looks superficially like Yet Another File Manager appears at second glance to be a great deal more.</p>— Matthias Warkus, Nautilus, GNOME’s new file manager, Linux Magazine, Issue 3 (2000), C.116—119, <a href="http://www.linux-magazine.com/issue/03/Nautilus.pdf">http://www.linux-magazine.com/issue/03/Nautilus.pdf</a></blockquote> <p>Nautilus replaced <a href="/facts/Midnight_Commander/RxslvJD4">Midnight Commander</a> in <a href="/facts/GNOME_1/njT57VQI">GNOME 1.4</a> (2001)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> and has been the default file manager from version 2.0 onwards. Nautilus was the <a href="/facts/Flagship_product/IUbFcqWa">flagship product</a> of the now-defunct <a href="/facts/Eazel/vK0MvSc1">Eazel</a> Inc. </p><p>GNOME Files was first released in 2001 and development has continued ever since. The following is a brief timeline of its development history: </p> <ul><li>Version 1.0 was released on March 13, 2001,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> and incorporated into GNOME 1.4.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li>Version 2.0 was a port to GTK+ 2.0.</li> <li>Version 2.2 included changes to make it more compliant with User Interface Guidelines.</li> <li>Version 2.4 switched the desktop folder to ~/Desktop (the ~ represents the user's <a href="/facts/Home_directory/cQpQ4nvp">"Home"</a> folder) to be compliant with <a href="/facts/Freedesktop.org/qGlctGYA">freedesktop.org</a> standards.</li> <li>In the version included with <a href="/facts/GNOME/EFMNBmpR">GNOME</a> 2.6, Nautilus switched to a <a href="/facts/Spatial_file_manager/S0ddDzEY">spatial interface</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Several <a href="/facts/Linux_distribution/0vVl4N4f">Linux distributions</a> have made "browser" mode the default. The "classic" interface is still available: <ul><li>By a <a href="/facts/Filing_cabinet/9abXYDwo">filing cabinet</a> shaped icon.</li> <li>By an option in the "Edit -> Preferences -> Behavior" menu in Nautilus.</li> <li>In a folder's context menu.</li> <li>By using the "--browser" switch when started by a command via a launcher or <a href="/facts/Unix_shell/2G4T2Fb9">shell</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>GNOME 2.14 introduced a version of Nautilus with improved searching, integrated optional <a href="/facts/Beagle_(software)/xYl1N57j">Beagle</a> support and the ability to save searches as <a href="/facts/Virtual_folder/KAdYEWoF">virtual folders</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li>With the release of GNOME 2.22, Nautilus was ported to the newly introduced <a href="/facts/GVfs/mzamAqh9">GVfs</a>, the replacement virtual file system for the aging <a href="/facts/GnomeVFS/NfwblHax">GnomeVFS</a>.</li> <li>The 2.24 stable release of Nautilus adds some new features, mainly tabbed browsing and better tab completion.</li> <li>With GNOME 2.30, Nautilus reverted from a <a href="/facts/Spatial_file_manager/S0ddDzEY">spatial interface</a> to a <a href="/facts/Navigational_file_manager/t7CSQ40a">browser navigational model</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> by default.</li> <li>The 2.32 release introduced a dialog for handling conflicts when performing copy or move operations, transparency icon effect when cutting files into folder and enhanced the Wastebucket with Restore files.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Besides, this is the last version that is based on GTK2 before the move to GNOME 3.0 with GTK3. Nautilus 2.x was forked to Caja, as well as <a href="/facts/MATE_(software)/pqGMfA3B">MATE Desktop</a> from Gnome 2.x after Gnome 3.0. Today both Mate and Caja are based on GTK3.</li> <li>GNOME 3.0 completely revamped the UX of Nautilus with focus on sidebar and icons. Additionally, the Connect to Server dialog is also enhanced.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Nautilus was ported to GTK3.</li> <li>Version 3.4 added Undo functionality.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li>Version 3.6 introduced a revamped <a href="/facts/User_interface/e9sPEWVD">UI</a> design, symbolic sidebar icon, new search feature, removal of many features such as setting window background, emblems, split pane mode, spatial mode, scripts, compact view mode and tree view. Nautilus' application name was renamed to Files, Though it is still called Nautilus internally in some distributions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> These major changes led to a lot of criticism, and various vendors such as <a href="/facts/Linux_Mint/PDwNIUfT">Linux Mint</a> decided to fork version 3.4.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li>Version 3.8 included a new option to view files and folders as a tree, a new Connect to Server item in the sidebar and <a href="/facts/Incremental_search/1cn56QBk">incremental loading of search results</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li>Version 3.10 introduced a slightly revamped <a href="/facts/User_interface/e9sPEWVD">UI</a> design in which titlebars and toolbars were merged into a single element called header bars.</li> <li>Version 3.18 introduced integration with <a href="/facts/Google_Drive/mgEjwvIs">Google Drive</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> and GOA (gnome-online-accounts)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> settings.</li></ul> <h2 id="features">Features</h2> <p>Bookmarks, window backgrounds, notes, and add-on scripts are all implemented, and the user has the choice between icon, list, or compact list views. In browser mode, Nautilus keeps a history of visited folders, similar to web browsers, permitting quick revisiting of folders. </p><p>Nautilus can display previews of files in their icons, be they text files, images, sound or video files via thumbnailers such as <a href="/facts/Totem_(software)/wADQYQrS">Totem</a>. Audio files are previewed (played back over <a href="/facts/GStreamer/34EkSQAf">GStreamer</a>) when the <a href="/facts/Pointer_(graphical_user_interfaces)/bGhgwPSq">pointer</a> is hovering over them. </p><p>In earlier versions, Nautilus included original <a href="/facts/Vector_graphics/y8ok7M2P">vectorized</a> icons designed by <a href="/facts/Susan_Kare/dvHDoH7I">Susan Kare</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h3>File system abstraction</h3> <p>GNOME Files relies on a file system <a href="/facts/Abstraction_layer/EV8c84SY">abstraction layer</a> (provided by <a href="/facts/GVfs/mzamAqh9">GVfs</a>) to browse local and remote file systems, including but not limited to <a href="/facts/File_Transfer_Protocol/THuWgzfw">FTP</a> sites, Windows <a href="/facts/Server_Message_Block/pWM35pl8">SMB</a> shares, <a href="/facts/OBject_EXchange/CFjahTuz">OBEX</a> protocol (often implemented on cellphones), <a href="/facts/Files_transferred_over_shell_protocol/M7FeRApC">files transferred over shell protocol</a>, <a href="/facts/HTTP/TWtvf7JD">HTTP</a> and <a href="/facts/WebDAV/kwPgWnHD">WebDAV</a> and <a href="/facts/SSH_file_transfer_protocol/88YptbER">SFTP</a> servers. </p><p>Using the <a href="/facts/GIO_(software)/XIydwk2l">GIO library</a>, Nautilus tracks modification of local files in real time, eliminating the need to refresh the display. GIO internally supports Gamin and <a href="/facts/File_alteration_monitor/vBIt2LCY">FAM</a>, Linux's <a href="/facts/Inotify/qlJbR3nl">inotify</a> and <a href="/facts/Solaris_(operating_system)/KPfT98EJ">Solaris</a>' File Events Notification system. </p> <h3>File indexing and file search framework</h3> <p>GNOME Files relies on <a href="/facts/Tracker_(search_software)/LQWpykcw">Tracker</a> (formerly named "MetaTracker") to index files and is hence able to provide fast file search results. </p> <h3>Batch renaming</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Batch_renaming/6Lnnhxr4">Batch renaming</a> was introduced with GNOME Files version 3.22 (2016).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <h3>Archive handling</h3> <p>GNOME Files version 3.22 adds native, integrated file compression and decompression. By default, handling of archive files (e.g. <a href="/facts/Tar_(file_format)/DCJ37j3d">.tar</a><a href="/facts/Gzip/H23uqvyx">.gz</a>) was handed off to <a href="/facts/File_Roller/5jCTpur9">File Roller</a> (or another tool). Users now benefit from a progress bar, undo support, and an archive creation wizard. </p><p>The new <i>"extract on open"</i> behavior, which automatically extracts an archive file by double clicking it, can be disabled in the preferences.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <h3>MIME types</h3> <p><a href="/facts/MIME_type/A31N5Fwj">MIME types</a> (also called "media type" or "content type") are standardized by the <a href="/facts/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority/b6MlP6zQ">IANA</a>, then the <a href="/facts/Freedesktop.org/qGlctGYA">freedesktop.org</a> project takes care that the implementation works across all free software desktops. shared-mime-info is the provided library.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> At this time, at least GNOME, KDE, <a href="/facts/Xfce/dsDLWxx1">Xfce</a> and ROX use this database. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Linux portal</li><li>Free and open-source software portal</li></ul> Wikimedia Commons has media related to GNOME Files. <ul><li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_file_managers/phA0UKbH">Comparison of file managers</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dolphin_(file_manager)/dlFn7brb">Dolphin (file manager)</a> - KDE file manager</li> <li><a href="/facts/MATE_(desktop_environment)/pqGMfA3B">Caja</a> – a fork of Nautilus 2 for MATE</li> <li><a href="/facts/Nemo_(file_manager)/HngM3x4X">Nemo</a> – a fork of Nautilus 3 for Cinnamon, also used in <a href="/facts/Ubuntu_Unity/rYhvSgHm">Ubuntu Unity</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li> Using GNOME/File manager at Wikibooks</li> <li><a href="https://apps.gnome.org/fr/Nautilus/">Official website</a> </li> <li><a href="https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/nautilus">GNOME Files GitLab Repository</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.bytebot.net/geekdocs/spatial-nautilus.html">Introduction to spatial Nautilus</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Hestgray, Richard (February 2000). "Nautilus Screenshots". ionet.net/~hestgray. Archived from the original on 7 February 2001. The first of our screenshots shows the normal, default icon view of my home directory. Note how the icon layout is broken at the moment :-). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010207202944/http://www.ionet.net/~hestgray/nautilus/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20010207202944/http://www.ionet.net/~hestgray/nautilus/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Warkus, Matthias (December 2000). "Nautilus, GNOME's new file manager" (PDF). Linux Magazine (3): 116–119. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 December 2004. The Nautilus Desktop Shell is intended to supersede the GMC file manager (which was derived from the venerable Midnight Commander) in new versions of GNOME. What looks superficially like Yet Another File Manager appears at second glance to be a great deal more. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041214013846/http://www.linux-magazine.com/issue/03/Nautilus.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20041214013846/http://www.linux-magazine.com/issue/03/Nautilus.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>GNOME 1.4 Released: Desktop Environment Boasts Power, Stability, Polish and Integration (press release), GNOME Foundation, 2 April 2001, retrieved 13 September 2016 <a href="https://www.gnome.org/press/2001/04/gnome-1-4-released-desktop-environment-boasts-power-stability-polish-and-integration/" target="_blank">https://www.gnome.org/press/2001/04/gnome-1-4-released-desktop-environment-boasts-power-stability-polish-and-integration/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Michael Hall (March 15, 2001). "Review: Nautilus 1.0: Has Eazel Earned Its Place in GNOME?". LinuxPlanet. Archived from the original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2007-02-19. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205030008/http://www.linuxplanet.com/linuxplanet/reviews/3094/1" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120205030008/http://www.linuxplanet.com/linuxplanet/reviews/3094/1</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>GNOME (April 2, 2001). "GNOME 1.4 Released – Desktop Environment Boasts Power, Stability, Polish and Integration". GNOME press release. Archived from the original on 2007-03-03. Retrieved 2007-02-19. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070303113728/http://www.gnome.org/press/releases/gnome14.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070303113728/http://www.gnome.org/press/releases/gnome14.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Murray Cumming; Colin Charles (March 31, 2004). "What's New In GNOME 2.6". GNOME. Retrieved 2006-12-24. <a href="http://www.gnome.org/start/2.6/notes/rnwhatsnew.html" target="_blank">http://www.gnome.org/start/2.6/notes/rnwhatsnew.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Davyd Madeley (March 15, 2006). "GNOME 2.14 : What's New For Users". GNOME. Retrieved 2006-12-24. <a href="http://www.gnome.org/start/2.14/notes/en/rnusers.html" target="_blank">http://www.gnome.org/start/2.14/notes/en/rnusers.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Alexander Larsson (December 7, 2005). "Seek and Ye Shall Find". Alexander Larsson's blog. Archived from the original on 2006-12-12. Retrieved 2006-12-24. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061212051036/http://blogs.gnome.org/view/alexl/2005/12/07/0" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20061212051036/http://blogs.gnome.org/view/alexl/2005/12/07/0</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"GNOME 2.30 Release Notes". library.gnome.org. Retrieved 30 December 2024. <a href="https://help.gnome.org/misc/release-notes/2.30/" target="_blank">https://help.gnome.org/misc/release-notes/2.30/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"GNOME 2.32 Release Notes". library.gnome.org. Archived from the original on 2012-12-22. Retrieved 2012-10-15. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121222044211/http://library.gnome.org/misc/release-notes/2.32/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121222044211/http://library.gnome.org/misc/release-notes/2.32/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"GNOME 3.0 Release Notes". library.gnome.org. Archived from the original on 2013-01-27. Retrieved 2012-10-15. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130127020236/http://library.gnome.org/misc/release-notes/3.0/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130127020236/http://library.gnome.org/misc/release-notes/3.0/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"GNOME 3.4 Release Notes". library.gnome.org. Archived from the original on 2012-03-30. Retrieved 2012-10-15. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330034004/http://library.gnome.org/misc/release-notes/3.4/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120330034004/http://library.gnome.org/misc/release-notes/3.4/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"GNOME 3.6 Release Notes". library.gnome.org. Archived from the original on 2012-12-30. Retrieved 2012-10-15. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121230052356/http://library.gnome.org/misc/release-notes/3.6/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121230052356/http://library.gnome.org/misc/release-notes/3.6/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Linux Mint team forks Nautilus - The H Open: News and Features". h-online.com. 6 August 2012. <a href="http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Linux-Mint-team-forks-Nautilus-1660545.html" target="_blank">http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Linux-Mint-team-forks-Nautilus-1660545.html</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Introducing Nemo". <a href="http://cinnamon.linuxmint.com/?p=198" target="_blank">http://cinnamon.linuxmint.com/?p=198</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Updates to GNOME Applications". help.gnome.org. <a href="https://help.gnome.org/misc/release-notes/3.8/more-apps.html.en" target="_blank">https://help.gnome.org/misc/release-notes/3.8/more-apps.html.en</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"GNOME 3.18 Will Let You Access Your Google Drive Files in Nautilus". 2015-09-30. <a href="http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/09/gnome-3-18-google-drive-nautilus-support" target="_blank">http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/09/gnome-3-18-google-drive-nautilus-support</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"GNOME 3.18 lands with Google Drive". 2015-09-30. <a href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/2987962/operating-systems/gnome-318-lands-with-google-drive-integrated-firmware-updates-and-new-apps.html" target="_blank">http://www.pcworld.com/article/2987962/operating-systems/gnome-318-lands-with-google-drive-integrated-firmware-updates-and-new-apps.html</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Projects/GnomeOnlineAccounts - GNOME Wiki!". wiki.gnome.org. <a href="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/GnomeOnlineAccounts" target="_blank">https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/GnomeOnlineAccounts</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Nautilus' contributors". GNOME. 2004. Retrieved 2007-10-31. <a href="http://www.gnome.org/projects/nautilus/about.html" target="_blank">http://www.gnome.org/projects/nautilus/about.html</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Nautilus 3.22 Adds Batch File Renaming, Native Compression Features". OMG! Ubuntu!. August 31, 2016. <a href="https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2016/08/quick-look-new-features-nautilus-3-22" target="_blank">https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2016/08/quick-look-new-features-nautilus-3-22</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"Nautilus 3.22 Adds Batch File Renaming, Native Compression Features". OMG! Ubuntu!. August 31, 2016. <a href="https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2016/08/quick-look-new-features-nautilus-3-22" target="_blank">https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2016/08/quick-look-new-features-nautilus-3-22</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>"shared-mime-info". freedesktop.org. <a href="https://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/shared-mime-info/" target="_blank">https://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/shared-mime-info/</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>