Business model canvas

<h2 id="description">Description</h2>
Formal descriptions of a business become the building blocks for its activities. Many different business conceptualizations exist; Osterwalder's 2004 thesis<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> and co-authored 2010 book<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> propose a single reference model based on the similarities of a wide range of business model conceptualizations. With his business model design template, an enterprise can easily describe its business model.
Osterwalder's canvas has nine boxes: customer segments, value propositions, channels, customer relationships, revenue streams, key resources, key activities, key partnerships, and cost structure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>: 16–17  Descriptions below are based largely on the 2010 book Business Model Generation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>: 20–41 

<ul><li>Infrastructure
<ul><li>Key activities: The most important activities in executing a company's value proposition. An example for Bic, the pen manufacturer, would be creating an efficient supply chain to drive down costs.</li>
<li>Key resources: The resources that are necessary to create value for the customer. They are considered assets to a company that are needed to sustain and support the business. These resources could be human, financial, physical and intellectual.</li>
<li>Partner network: In order to optimize operations and reduce risks of a business model, organizations usually cultivate buyer-supplier relationships so they can focus on their core activity. Complementary business alliances also can be considered through joint ventures or strategic alliances between competitors or non-competitors.</li></ul></li>
<li>Offering
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Value_proposition/z5S8Dynv">Value propositions</a>: The collection of products and services a business offers to meet the needs of its customers. According to Osterwalder,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> a company's value proposition is what distinguishes it from its competitors. The value proposition provides value through various elements such as newness, performance, customization, "getting the job done", design, brand/status, price, cost reduction, risk reduction, accessibility, and convenience/usability.
<ul><li>The value propositions may be:
<ul><li>Quantitative – price and efficiency</li>
<li>Qualitative – overall customer experience and outcome</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li>Customers
<ul><li>Customer segments: To build an effective business model, a company must identify which customers it tries to serve. Various sets of customers can be segmented based on their different needs and attributes to ensure appropriate implementation of corporate strategy to meet the characteristics of selected groups of clients. The different types of customer segments include:
<ul><li>Mass market: There is no specific segmentation for a company that follows the mass market element as the organization displays a wide view of potential clients: e.g. car.</li>
<li>Niche market: Customer segmentation based on specialized needs and characteristics of its clients: e.g. Rolex.</li>
<li>Segmented: A company applies additional segmentation within existing customer segment. In the segmented situation, the business may further distinguish its clients based on gender, age, and/or income.</li>
<li>Diversify: A business serves multiple customer segments with different needs and characteristics.</li>
<li>Multi-sided platform/market: For a smooth day-to-day business operation, some companies will serve mutually dependent customer segments. A credit card company will provide services to credit card holders while simultaneously assisting merchants who accept those credit cards.</li></ul></li>
<li>Channels: A company can deliver its value proposition to its targeted customers through different channels. Effective channels will distribute a company's value proposition in ways that are fast, efficient and cost-effective. An organization can reach its clients through its own channels (store front), partner channels (major distributors), or a combination of both.</li>
<li>Customer relationships: To ensure the survival and success of any businesses, companies must identify the type of relationship they want to create with their customer segments. That element should address three critical steps of a customer's relationship: How the business will get new customers, how the business will keep customers purchasing or using its services and how the business will grow its revenue from its current customers. Various forms of customer relationships include:
<ul><li>Personal assistance: Assistance in a form of employee-customer interaction. Such assistance is performed during sales and/or after sales.</li>
<li>Dedicated personal assistance: The most intimate and hands-on personal assistance in which a sales representative is assigned to handle all the needs and questions of a special set of clients.</li>
<li>Self service: The type of relationship that translates from the indirect interaction between the company and the clients. Here, an organization provides the tools needed for the customers to serve themselves easily and effectively.</li>
<li>Automated services: A system similar to self-service but more personalized as it has the ability to identify individual customers and their preferences. An example of this would be Amazon.com making book suggestions based on the characteristics of previous book purchases.</li>
<li>Communities: Creating a community allows for direct interactions among different clients and the company. The community platform produces a scenario where knowledge can be shared and problems are solved between different clients.</li>
<li>Co-creation: A personal relationship is created through the customer's direct input to the final outcome of the company's products/services.</li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li>Finances
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Cost_structure/XTVr7RP6">Cost structure</a>: This describes the most important monetary consequences while operating under different business models.
<ul><li>Classes of business structures:
<ul><li>Cost-driven – This business model focuses on minimizing all costs and having no frills: e.g. low-cost airlines.</li>
<li>Value-driven – Less concerned with cost, this business model focuses on creating value for products and services: e.g. Louis Vuitton, Rolex.</li></ul></li>
<li>Characteristics of cost structures:
<ul><li>Fixed costs – Costs are unchanged across different applications: e.g. salary, rent.</li>
<li>Variable costs – Costs vary depending on the amount of production of goods or services: e.g. music festivals.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Economies_of_scale/gtAYHuNT">Economies of scale</a> – Costs go down as the amount of goods are ordered or produced.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Economies_of_scope/gqGTksny">Economies of scope</a> – Costs go down due to incorporating other businesses which have a direct relation to the original product.</li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li>Revenue streams: The way a company makes income from each customer segment. Several ways to generate a revenue stream:
<ul><li>Asset sale – (the most common type) Selling ownership rights to a physical good: e.g. retail corporations.</li>
<li>Usage fee – Money generated from the use of a particular service: e.g. UPS.</li>
<li>Subscription fees – Revenue generated by selling access to a continuous service: e.g. Netflix.</li>
<li>Lending/leasing/renting – Giving exclusive right to an asset for a particular period of time: e.g. leasing a car.</li>
<li>Licensing – Revenue generated from charging for the use of a protected intellectual property.</li>
<li>Brokerage fees – Revenue generated from an intermediate service between 2 parties: e.g. broker selling a house for commission.</li>
<li>Advertising – Revenue generated from charging fees for product advertising.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>
<h2 id="application">Application</h2>
The business model canvas can be printed out on a large surface so that groups of people can jointly start sketching and discussing business model elements with <a href="/facts/Post-it_note/TuxUjwJC">post-it notes</a> or board markers. It is a hands-on tool that aims to foster understanding, discussion, creativity, and analysis. It is distributed under a <a href="/facts/Creative_Commons_license/6AV3V7UJ">Creative Commons license</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> from Strategyzer AG and can be used without any restrictions for modeling businesses. It is also available in web-based software format.

<h2 id="alternative-forms">Alternative forms</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/Lean_startup/S2HqUmfT">Lean startup § Business model templates</a>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Business_model/TL9XXsQa">Business model § Frameworks</a>
The business model canvas has been used and adapted to suit specific business scenarios and applications,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> such as Ash Maurya's <a href="/facts/Lean_startup/S2HqUmfT">Lean Canvas</a> for <a href="/facts/Startup/9lsjFELt">startup</a> companies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>

<h2 id="criticism">Criticism</h2>
The business model canvas has been characterized as static because it does not capture changes in strategy or the evolution of the model<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> nor much detail about the interaction between the components and how this makes the model work.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> Some limits of the template are its focus on organizations and its consequent conceptual isolation from its environment, whether this is related to the industry structure<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> or to stakeholders such as society and natural environment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Business_process_modeling/AXeF4U24">Business process modeling</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Business_plan/PmJfIjr3">Business plan</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Business_reference_model/Kvj6PEbI">Business reference model</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Minimum_viable_product/YcUx2WRN">Minimum viable product § Business Model Canvas</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Nine_windows/yTw0rtMg">Nine windows</a> – systems-engineering matrix diagram with nine boxes</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Product/market_fit/DPRwL6tC">Product/market fit</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Unique_selling_proposition/KTgrJT9B">Unique selling proposition</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="citations">Citations</h2>

<ul><li>Project Management Institute (2021). A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK guide). Project Management Institute (7th ed.). Newtown Square, PA. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-62825-664-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li> Media related to Business Model Canvas at Wikimedia Commons</li>
<li><a href="https://ecorner.stanford.edu/videos/tools-for-business-model-generation-entire-talk/">Alexander Osterwalder: Tools for Business Model Generation</a>, a 53-minute video discussing the business model canvas in detail. <a href="/facts/Stanford_Entrepreneurship_Corner/sVVV7sJj">Stanford Entrepreneurship Corner</a>, 26 January 2012</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Barquet, Ana Paula B., et al. "Business model elements for product-service system". Functional Thinking for Value Creation. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. 332–337: They stated that "The Canvas business model was applied and tested in many organizations (eg IBM and Ericsson), being successfully used to easily describe and manipulate business models to create new strategic alternatives." <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">De Reuver, Mark, Harry Bouwman, and Timber Haaker. "Business model roadmapping: A practical approach to come from an existing to a desired business model". International Journal of Innovation Management 17.01 (2013): They described the business model canvas as the "Most prominent... popular tool that makes it simple for practitioners to design business models in a creative session." <a href="/wiki/Harry_Bouwman" target="_blank">/wiki/Harry_Bouwman</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Project Management Institute 2021, Glossary §3 Definitions. - Project Management Institute (2021). A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK guide). Project Management Institute (7th ed.). Newtown Square, PA. ISBN 978-1-62825-664-2. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Osterwalder, Alexander; Pigneur, Yves; Clark, Tim (2010). Business Model Generation: A Handbook For Visionaries, Game Changers, and Challengers. Strategyzer series. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470876411. OCLC 648031756. With contributions from 470 practitioners from 45 countries. <a href="9780470876411" target="_blank">9780470876411</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Osterwalder, Alexander (2005-11-05). "What is a business model?". business-model-design.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 2006-12-13. Retrieved 2019-06-19. ... we could define a business model as a simplified description of how a company does business without having to go into the complex details of all its strategy, processes, units, rules, hierarchies, workflows, and systems. However, now that we know that the business model is a simplified representation of how we do business, we still have to decide which elements to describe. A synthesis of literature shows that there are mainly 9 building blocks to help us describe a business model ... <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061213141941/http://business-model-design.blogspot.com/2005/11/what-is-business-model.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20061213141941/http://business-model-design.blogspot.com/2005/11/what-is-business-model.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Osterwalder, Alexander (2004). The Business Model Ontology: A Proposition In A Design Science Approach (PDF) (Ph.D. thesis). Lausanne: University of Lausanne. OCLC 717647749. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2010-02-25. See also: Osterwalder, Alexander; Pigneur, Yves; Tucci, Christopher L. (2005). "Clarifying business models: origins, present, and future of the concept". Communications of the Association for Information Systems. 16 (1): 1. doi:10.17705/1CAIS.01601. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Osterwalder" target="_blank">/wiki/Alexander_Osterwalder</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Osterwalder, Alexander (2008-07-02). "What is a business model?". business-model-design.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 2008-09-06. Retrieved 2018-10-17. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Osterwalder" target="_blank">/wiki/Alexander_Osterwalder</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Carton, Guillaume (2021-08-02). "The Story Behind the Business Model Canvas". Entrepreneur & Innovation Exchange. <a href="https://eiexchange.com/content/the-story-behind-the-business-model-canvas" target="_blank">https://eiexchange.com/content/the-story-behind-the-business-model-canvas</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Osterwalder, Alexander (2004). The Business Model Ontology: A Proposition In A Design Science Approach (PDF) (Ph.D. thesis). Lausanne: University of Lausanne. OCLC 717647749. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2010-02-25. See also: Osterwalder, Alexander; Pigneur, Yves; Tucci, Christopher L. (2005). "Clarifying business models: origins, present, and future of the concept". Communications of the Association for Information Systems. 16 (1): 1. doi:10.17705/1CAIS.01601. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Osterwalder" target="_blank">/wiki/Alexander_Osterwalder</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Osterwalder, Alexander; Pigneur, Yves; Clark, Tim (2010). Business Model Generation: A Handbook For Visionaries, Game Changers, and Challengers. Strategyzer series. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470876411. OCLC 648031756. With contributions from 470 practitioners from 45 countries. <a href="9780470876411" target="_blank">9780470876411</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Osterwalder, Alexander; Pigneur, Yves; Clark, Tim (2010). Business Model Generation: A Handbook For Visionaries, Game Changers, and Challengers. Strategyzer series. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470876411. OCLC 648031756. With contributions from 470 practitioners from 45 countries. <a href="9780470876411" target="_blank">9780470876411</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Osterwalder, Alexander; Pigneur, Yves; Clark, Tim (2010). Business Model Generation: A Handbook For Visionaries, Game Changers, and Challengers. Strategyzer series. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470876411. OCLC 648031756. With contributions from 470 practitioners from 45 countries. <a href="9780470876411" target="_blank">9780470876411</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Osterwalder, Alexander (2004). The Business Model Ontology: A Proposition In A Design Science Approach (PDF) (Ph.D. thesis). Lausanne: University of Lausanne. OCLC 717647749. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2010-02-25. See also: Osterwalder, Alexander; Pigneur, Yves; Tucci, Christopher L. (2005). "Clarifying business models: origins, present, and future of the concept". Communications of the Association for Information Systems. 16 (1): 1. doi:10.17705/1CAIS.01601. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Osterwalder" target="_blank">/wiki/Alexander_Osterwalder</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"Can I use the Business Model Canvas or Value Proposition Canvas in my own teachings or public projects?". support.strategyzer.com. Retrieved 2015-03-22. <a href="http://support.strategyzer.com/knowledgebase/articles/506842-business-model-canvas-and-value-proposition-canvas" target="_blank">http://support.strategyzer.com/knowledgebase/articles/506842-business-model-canvas-and-value-proposition-canvas</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Bovée, Courtland L.; Thill, John V. (2017). Business in Action (8th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education. p. 130. ISBN 9780134129952. OCLC 920966827. Two popular alternatives to conventional business plans are high-level overviews known as the Business Model Canvas and the Lean Canvas. <a href="9780134129952" target="_blank">9780134129952</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Layton, Mark C.; Ostermiller, Steven J. (2020). Agile Project Management. For Dummies (3rd ed.). Indianapolis: John Wiley & Sons. p. 72. ISBN 9781119676997. OCLC 1125023274. Many variations of canvases are available, such as a lean canvas or a business opportunity canvas. <a href="9781119676997" target="_blank">9781119676997</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Maurya, Ash (2012). Running Lean: Iterate From Plan A to a Plan That Works. The Lean Series (2nd ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. p. 5. ISBN 9781449305178. OCLC 759911462. Lean Canvas is my adaptation of Alex Osterwalder's Business Model Canvas, which he describes in the book Business Model Generation (Wiley). <a href="9781449305178" target="_blank">9781449305178</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Sinkovics, Noemi; Sinkovics, Rudolf R.; Yamin, Mo (2014). "The Role of Social Value Creation in Business Model Formulation at the Bottom of the Pyramid – Implications for MNEs?". International Business Review. 23 (4): 692–707. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2013.12.004. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ibusrev.2013.12.004" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ibusrev.2013.12.004</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Romero, María Camila; Sánchez, Mario; Villalobos, Jorge (2017). "Business model loom: a pattern-based approach towards the definition of business models". In Hammoudi, Slimane; Maciaszek, Leszek A.; Missikoff, Michele M.; Camp, Olivier; Cordeiro, José (eds.). Enterprise Information Systems: 18th International Conference, ICEIS 2016, Rome, Italy, April 25–28, 2016, Revised Selected Papers. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. Vol. 291. Cham: Springer-Verlag. pp. 463–487. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-62386-3_21. ISBN 9783319623856. OCLC 992990130. The critical problem with current business model representations is the focus on a structural dimension (e.g., Osterwalder's Canvas, or Gordijn's e3-value). In particular, they leave (mostly) aside the specification of how business models components interact and behave in order to make the model work. Therefore, only a partial understanding of the business can be achieved with these business models. <a href="9783319623856" target="_blank">9783319623856</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Searle, Nicola; White, Gregor (2013). Towse, Ruth; Handke, Christian (eds.). "Business Models". In Handbook on the Digital Creative Economy. Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing: 45–56. doi:10.4337/9781781004876.00014. ISBN 9781781004876. <a href="9781781004876" target="_blank">9781781004876</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Bocken, N.M.P.; Rana, P.; Short, S.W. (2015). "Value mapping for sustainable business thinking". Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering. 32 (1): 67–81. doi:10.1080/21681015.2014.1000399. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21681015.2014.1000399" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21681015.2014.1000399</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Sparviero, Sergio (2019). "The Case for a Socially Oriented Business Model Canvas: The Social Enterprise Model Canvas". Journal of Social Entrepreneurship. 10 (2): 232–251. doi:10.1080/19420676.2018.1541011. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19420676.2018.1541011" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19420676.2018.1541011</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Business model canvas open-in-new

Business model canvas