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ACTC1
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<h2 id="structure">Structure</h2> <p>Cardiac alpha actin is a 42.0 kDa protein composed of 377 amino acids.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Cardiac alpha actin is a filamentous protein extending from a complex mesh with cardiac alpha-actinin (<a href="/facts/ACTN2/N0kgqzL2">ACTN2</a>) at <a href="/facts/Sarcomere/9jQ5DaTz">Z-lines</a> towards the center of the <a href="/facts/Sarcomere/9jQ5DaTz">sarcomere</a>. Polymerization of globular actin <a href="/facts/Actin/Hu3qIUL9">(G-actin)</a> leads to a structural filament <a href="/facts/Actin/Hu3qIUL9">(F-actin)</a> in the form of a two-stranded <a href="/facts/Helix/BqC4AKwL">helix</a>. Each actin can bind to four others. The atomic structure of monomeric actin was solved by Kabsch et al.,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> and closely thereafter this same group published the structure of the actin filament.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Actin/Hu3qIUL9">Actins</a> are highly conserved proteins; the alpha actins are found in muscle tissues and are a major constituent of the contractile apparatus. Cardiac (ACTC1) and skeletal (<a href="/facts/ACTA1/s1bl1ta3">ACTA1</a>) alpha actins differ by only four amino acids (<a href="/facts/Aspartate/9DFSFPa1">Asp</a>4<a href="/facts/Glutamate/7oXbNcvu">Glu</a>, <a href="/facts/Glutamate/7oXbNcvu">Glu</a>5<a href="/facts/Aspartate/9DFSFPa1">Asp</a>, <a href="/facts/Leucine/X7YrkvA5">Leu</a>301<a href="/facts/Methionine/7neydPKo">Met</a>, <a href="/facts/Serine/4duVl30B">Ser</a>360<a href="/facts/Threonine/7zffFQ6W">Thr</a>; cardiac/skeletal). The actin monomer has two asymmetric domains; the larger inner domain comprised by sub-domains 3 and 4, and the smaller outer domain by sub-domains 1 and 2. Both the amino and <a href="/facts/C-terminus/ws4scHgT">carboxy-termini</a> lie in sub-domain 1 of the outer domain. </p> <h2 id="function">Function</h2> <p>Actin is a dynamic structure that can adapt two states of flexibility, with the greatest difference between the states occurring as a result of movement within sub-domain 2.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Myosin binding increases the flexibility of actin,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> and cross-linking studies have shown that myosin subfragment-1 binds to actin amino acid residues 48-67 within actin sub-domain 2, which may account for this effect.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>It has been suggested that the <i>ACTC1</i> gene has a role during development. Experiments in chick embryos found an association between <i>ACTC1</i> <a href="/facts/Gene_knockdown/jgJjphvm">knockdown</a> and a reduction in the <a href="/facts/Interatrial_septum/uCGoveUN">atrial septa</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="clinical-significance">Clinical significance</h2> <p>Polymorphisms in <i>ACTC1</i> have been linked to <a href="/facts/Dilated_cardiomyopathy/GlmnXCYU">dilated cardiomyopathy</a> in a small number of Japanese patients.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Further studies in patients from South Africa found no association.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> The E101K <a href="/facts/Missense_mutation/uKQ9dC22">missense mutation</a> has been associated with <a href="/facts/Hypertrophic_cardiomyopathy/NmPkh1rh">hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Noncompaction_cardiomyopathy/KQcMen0Y">left ventricular noncompaction</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Another mutation has in the <i>ACTC1</i> gene has been associated with <a href="/facts/Atrial_septal_defect/56nsJeG5">atrial septal defects</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Snásel J, Pichová I (1997). "The cleavage of host cell proteins by HIV-1 protease". <i>Folia Biologica</i>. 42 (5): 227–30. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02818986">10.1007/BF02818986</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8997639">8997639</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7617882">7617882</a>.</li> <li>Bearer EL, Prakash JM, Li Z (2002). <a href="https://archive.org/details/internationalrev0000unse_u5l3/page/137">"Actin dynamics in platelets"</a>. <i>A Survey of Cell Biology</i>. International Review of Cytology. Vol. 217. pp. <a href="https://archive.org/details/internationalrev0000unse_u5l3/page/137">137–82</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0074-7696%2802%2917014-8">10.1016/S0074-7696(02)17014-8</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-12-364621-7. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3376087">3376087</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12019562">12019562</a>.</li> <li>Elzinga M, Maron BJ, Adelstein RS (Jan 1976). "Human heart and platelet actins are products of different genes". <i>Science</i>. 191 (4222): 94–5. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Sci...191...94E">1976Sci...191...94E</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1246600">10.1126/science.1246600</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1246600">1246600</a>.</li> <li>Adams LD, Tomasselli AG, Robbins P, Moss B, Heinrikson RL (Feb 1992). <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/1235231">"HIV-1 protease cleaves actin during acute infection of human T-lymphocytes"</a>. <i>AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses</i>. 8 (2): 291–5. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Faid.1992.8.291">10.1089/aid.1992.8.291</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1540415">1540415</a>.</li> <li>Dawson SJ, White LA (May 1992). "Treatment of Haemophilus aphrophilus endocarditis with ciprofloxacin". <i>The Journal of Infection</i>. 24 (3): 317–20. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0163-4453%2805%2980037-4">10.1016/S0163-4453(05)80037-4</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1602151">1602151</a>.</li> <li>Watkins C, Bodfish P, Warne D, Nyberg K, Spurr NK (Dec 1991). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC329379">"Dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in the human alpha-cardiac actin gene, intron IV (ACTC), detected using the polymerase chain reaction"</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Research</i>. 19 (24): 6980. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F19.24.6980-a">10.1093/nar/19.24.6980-a</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC329379">329379</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1762945">1762945</a>.</li> <li>Tomasselli AG, Hui JO, Adams L, Chosay J, Lowery D, Greenberg B, Yem A, Deibel MR, Zürcher-Neely H, Heinrikson RL (Aug 1991). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2998721-1">"Actin, troponin C, Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein and pro-interleukin 1 beta as substrates of the protease from human immunodeficiency virus"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. 266 (22): 14548–53. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2998721-1">10.1016/S0021-9258(18)98721-1</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1907279">1907279</a>.</li> <li>Shoeman RL, Kesselmier C, Mothes E, Höner B, Traub P (Jan 1991). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2891%2980116-K">"Non-viral cellular substrates for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease"</a>. <i>FEBS Letters</i>. 278 (2): 199–203. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991FEBSL.278..199S">1991FEBSL.278..199S</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2891%2980116-K">10.1016/0014-5793(91)80116-K</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1991513">1991513</a>.</li> <li>Buckingham M, Alonso S, Barton P, Cohen A, Daubas P, Garner I, Robert B, Weydert A (Dec 1986). "Actin and myosin multigene families: their expression during the formation and maturation of striated muscle". <i>American Journal of Medical Genetics</i>. 25 (4): 623–34. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.1320250405">10.1002/ajmg.1320250405</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3789022">3789022</a>.</li> <li>Engel JN, Gunning PW, Kedes L (Aug 1981). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC320222">"Isolation and characterization of human actin genes"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. 78 (8): 4674–8. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981PNAS...78.4674E">1981PNAS...78.4674E</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.78.8.4674">10.1073/pnas.78.8.4674</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC320222">320222</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6272269">6272269</a>.</li> <li>Humphries SE, Whittall R, Minty A, Buckingham M, Williamson R (Oct 1981). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC327487">"There are approximately 20 actin gene in the human genome"</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Research</i>. 9 (19): 4895–908. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F9.19.4895">10.1093/nar/9.19.4895</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC327487">327487</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6273789">6273789</a>.</li> <li>Hamada H, Petrino MG, Kakunaga T (Oct 1982). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC347018">"Molecular structure and evolutionary origin of human cardiac muscle actin gene"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. 79 (19): 5901–5. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982PNAS...79.5901H">1982PNAS...79.5901H</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.79.19.5901">10.1073/pnas.79.19.5901</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC347018">347018</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6310553">6310553</a>.</li> <li>Gunning P, Ponte P, Kedes L, Eddy R, Shows T (Mar 1984). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC345011">"Chromosomal location of the co-expressed human skeletal and cardiac actin genes"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. 81 (6): 1813–7. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984PNAS...81.1813G">1984PNAS...81.1813G</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.81.6.1813">10.1073/pnas.81.6.1813</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC345011">345011</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6584914">6584914</a>.</li> <li>Gunning P, Ponte P, Blau H, Kedes L (Nov 1983). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC370066">"alpha-skeletal and alpha-cardiac actin genes are coexpressed in adult human skeletal muscle and heart"</a>. <i>Molecular and Cellular Biology</i>. 3 (11): 1985–95. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fmcb.3.11.1985">10.1128/mcb.3.11.1985</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC370066">370066</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6689196">6689196</a>.</li> <li>Ueyama H, Inazawa J, Ariyama T, Nishino H, Ochiai Y, Ohkubo I, Miwa T (Mar 1995). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01874078">"Reexamination of chromosomal loci of human muscle actin genes by fluorescence in situ hybridization"</a>. <i>The Japanese Journal of Human Genetics</i>. 40 (1): 145–8. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01874078">10.1007/BF01874078</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7780165">7780165</a>.</li> <li>Moroianu J, Riordan JF (Mar 1994). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC43226">"Nuclear translocation of angiogenin in proliferating endothelial cells is essential to its angiogenic activity"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. 91 (5): 1677–81. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994PNAS...91.1677M">1994PNAS...91.1677M</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.91.5.1677">10.1073/pnas.91.5.1677</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC43226">43226</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8127865">8127865</a>.</li> <li>Dunwoodie SL, Joya JE, Arkell RM, Hardeman EC (Apr 1994). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2817%2932703-5">"Multiple regions of the human cardiac actin gene are necessary for maturation-based expression in striated muscle"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. 269 (16): 12212–9. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2817%2932703-5">10.1016/S0021-9258(17)32703-5</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8163527">8163527</a>.</li> <li>Shuster CB, Lin AY, Nayak R, Herman IM (1997). "Beta cap73: a novel beta actin-specific binding protein". <i>Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton</i>. 35 (3): 175–87. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-0169%281996%2935%3A3%3C175%3A%3AAID-CM1%3E3.0.CO%3B2-8">10.1002/(SICI)1097-0169(1996)35:3<175::AID-CM1>3.0.CO;2-8</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8913639">8913639</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025541/http://www.heartproteome.org/copa/ProteinInfo.aspx?QType=Protein%20ID&QValue=P68032">Mass spectrometry characterization of human ACTC1 at COPaKB</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=gene&part=hyper-card">GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Overview</a></li> <li>Human <a href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?db=hg38&singleSearch=knownCanonical&position=ACTC1"><i>ACTC1</i></a> genome location and <a href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgGene?db=hg38&hgg_type=knownGene&hgg_gene=ACTC1"><i>ACTC1</i></a> gene details page in the <a href="/facts/UCSC_Genome_Browser/kwumPyLb">UCSC Genome Browser</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Kramer PL, Luty JA, Litt M (Jul 1992). "Regional localization of the gene for cardiac muscle actin (ACTC) on chromosome 15q". Genomics. 13 (3): 904–5. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90185-U. PMID 1639426. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Entrez Gene: ACTC1 actin, alpha, cardiac muscle 1". <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=70" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=70</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Protein Information – Basic Information: Protein COPaKB ID: P68032". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-03-15. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025541/http://www.heartproteome.org/copa/ProteinInfo.aspx?QType=Protein%20ID&QValue=P68032" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025541/http://www.heartproteome.org/copa/ProteinInfo.aspx?QType=Protein%20ID&QValue=P68032</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, Deng N, Kim AK, Choi JH, Zelaya I, Liem D, Meyer D, Odeberg J, Fang C, Lu HJ, Xu T, Weiss J, Duan H, Uhlen M, Yates JR, Apweiler R, Ge J, Hermjakob H, Ping P (Oct 2013). "Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase". Circulation Research. 113 (9): 1043–53. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151. PMC 4076475. 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