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Hand and hitch-up services
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<h2 id="legal-basis">Legal basis</h2> <p>Beside several states' regulations, <i>Hand- und Spanndienste</i> are backed by international agreements like the agreement on the <a href="/facts/Forced_Labour_Convention/lpYnIWs3">Forced Labour Convention</a> of the <a href="/facts/International_Labour_Organization/Lek9y8b6">International Labour Organization</a> of 1930. The following work services, especially for military services, are exceptions of forced or compulsory labour:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>any work or service which forms part of the normal <a href="/facts/Civic_obligations/h4DFHIRC">civic obligations</a> of the citizens of a fully <a href="/facts/Self-governing/1LzWPe7g">self-governing</a> country;</li> <li>any work or service exacted in cases of emergency, that is to say, in the event of <a href="/facts/War/MPluTbJ0">war</a>, of a <a href="/facts/Disaster/t9DvTQHz">calamity</a> or threatened calamity, such as <a href="/facts/Fire/M6XwR3am">fire</a>, <a href="/facts/Flood/FDQjJeXW">flood</a>, <a href="/facts/Famine/EUEEuh4h">famine</a>, <a href="/facts/Earthquake/NGjIzagw">earthquake</a>, <a href="/facts/Violent_epidemic/KaJe9rTu">violent epidemic</a> or <a href="/facts/Epizootic_diseases/dlfo03zV">epizootic diseases</a>, invasion by: <a href="/facts/Animal/4b8J33nd">animal</a>, <a href="/facts/Insect/IgDNvnUL">insect</a> or vegetable pests, and in general any circumstance that would endanger the existence or the well-being of the whole or part of the population;</li> <li>minor communal services of a kind which, being performed by the members of the municipality in the direct interest of the said municipality, can therefore be considered as normal civic obligations incumbent upon the members of the municipality, provided that the members of the municipality or their direct representatives shall have the right to be consulted in regard to the need for such services.</li></ul> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Hand and hitch-up services in history were services for the reduction of municipal taxes.[<i>where?</i>] The citizens of the municipality were required to do certain physical work, which can be summarised under the historical terms <a href="/facts/Corv%25C3%25A9e/Rl2h4KgG">corvée</a> or <a href="/facts/Socage/l8JDTg3M">socage</a>. They were based in Germany on the Prussian municipal tax bill of 14 July 1893 and in Austria on state law regulations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>There were different types of services: </p> <ul><li>Hand services: The citizen must perform work with his own hands.</li> <li>Hitch-up services (of hitching up draft animals): The person must provide services with a team of horses or carriages (train cattle and dishes).</li> <li>Shovel services: construction of buildings, construction of roads, ditches</li></ul> <p>Hand and hitch-up services in history often have been done by the public. That was, for example, the setting of field bridges in the fields, the preservation of dams or even the construction of agricultural roads and local roads. The necessary materials (stones, wood, etc.) have usually been provided by the authorities. </p> <h2 id="hand-and-hitch-up-services-today">Hand and hitch-up services today</h2> <h3>Austria</h3> <p>Currently, the Austrian state of <a href="/facts/Vorarlberg/ggqcFczh">Vorarlberg</a> is executing <i>Hand- und Zugdienste</i> on the level of the <a href="/facts/Municipality_(Austria)/tnhynXKJ">municipalities</a> regularly.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> According to the respective municipal regulations, basically there are two versions of executing the mandatory services for the drafted citizens: in some municipalities the citizens can choose, if they participate in manual work for the community or if they prefer to pay additional taxes as a substitute to the compulsory community work. In other communities, the administration transferred the work to private companies, so every citizen that is in age to be drafted, has to pay the additional substitute tax. By local law, it is determined who is obliged for <i>Hand- und Zugdienste</i>-services. For example, in <a href="/facts/B%25C3%25BCrserberg/Ch1R48mc">Bürserberg</a>, only one person per household is obliged to serve, in <a href="/facts/Bezau/XLQKRHYt">Bezau</a> all male citizens between the age of 18 and 60 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> List of Austrian municipalities drafting citizens for hand and hitch-up services (as of 2005)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th>municipality</th><th>municipality</th><th>municipality</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bartholom%25C3%25A4berg/C0f6hQrr">Bartholomäberg</a></td><td>Bildstein</td><td><a href="/facts/M%25C3%25B6ggers/7tV5yvrI">Möggers</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Blons/nfTk6BlK">Blons</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Bizau/F9CcQHYo">Bizau</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Reute/CcpbBNQc">Reute</a></td></tr><tr><td>Brand</td><td><a href="/facts/Buch_(Vorarlberg)/bjborsDd">Buch</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Riefensberg/fkMbrTky">Riefensberg</a></td></tr><tr><td>Bürserberg</td><td><a href="/facts/Dam%25C3%25BCls/CaGEQ6x9">Damüls</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Satteins/4LrRBJjY">Satteins</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Raggal/dpCP30K6">Raggal</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Doren/y9o68KvH">Doren</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Schr%25C3%25B6cken/DzGcwnUU">Schröcken</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Silbertal/1mD7Jm8d">Silbertal</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Egg_(Vorarlberg)/DTXFTW5d">Egg</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Schwarzenberg%2c_Austria/h5GEm6BP">Schwarzenberg</a></td></tr><tr><td>Sonntag</td><td>Eichenberg</td><td><a href="/facts/Sulzberg_(Vorarlberg)/Eywtgl0F">Sulzberg</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Alberschwende/0AsDqUQV">Alberschwende</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Krumbach_(Vorarlberg)/lGWu3qNr">Krumbach</a></td><td><a href="/facts/D%25C3%25BCns/2op2Ds1P">Düns</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Andelsbuch/zLWeIRNg">Andelsbuch</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Langen_bei_Bregenz/J35cU4jn">Langen</a></td><td><a href="/facts/D%25C3%25BCnserberg/zpm3EhB2">Dünserberg</a></td></tr><tr><td>Bezau</td><td><a href="/facts/Langenegg/pw4vYnUN">Langenegg</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Koblach/ppwz6YnI">Koblach</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Germany</h3> <p>Even today, municipal regulations in Germany provide that municipalities may, under certain circumstances, oblige their inhabitants to carry out manual and hitch-up services, such as in <a href="/facts/Baden-W%25C3%25BCrttemberg/6MjmVxjI">Baden-Württemberg</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Bavaria/CLbr6NIG">Bavaria</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> or <a href="/facts/Lower_Saxony/fWt73Hu4">Lower Saxony</a>. They are public service obligations within the scope of the <a href="/facts/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany/wyl4L4Jt">German Constitution</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> and are not contrary to the prohibition of compulsory labor, if the following conditions are fulfilled: </p> <ul><li>Conventionality: compulsory services are intended to reduce the payment of local taxes</li> <li>Generality: in principle, every member of the municipality is obliged to bear the municipal burdens</li> <li>Equality: every member of the municipality is obliged in the same way</li></ul> <h3>Switzerland</h3> <p>In the <a href="/facts/Switzerland/LcGuxeTe">Swiss</a> <a href="/facts/Cantons_of_Switzerland/k3wxdzmF">canton</a> of <a href="/facts/Canton_of_Fribourg/05t4nJAo">Fribourg</a>, in some <a href="/facts/Municipalities_of_Switzerland/cm2la4rw">municipalities</a> the <i>corvées communales</i>, a compulsory <a href="/facts/Community_service/4y5uRAX7">community service</a>, is in force, such as the municipalities of <a href="/facts/Ch%25C3%25A2tillon%2c_Fribourg/rEDUpskX">Châtillon</a> or <a href="/facts/Auboranges/wzJ66h1s">Auboranges</a>. Depending on the municipal regulations, either homeowners or the entire adult population are obliged to work a few days a year for the municipality. Those <i>corvées communales</i> are services to reduce municipal taxes, that obliges community citizens to do certain physical work. Anyone who does not participate must pay an additional fee.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Civil_conscription/h4DFHIRC">Civil conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Community_service/4y5uRAX7">Community service</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Compulsory_Border_Guard_Service/XE6DHzIF">Compulsory Border Guard Service</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Compulsory_Fire_Service/lV4kGz7K">Compulsory Fire Service</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Conscription_in_Germany/epjqT57A">Conscription in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Unfree_labour/rXsxuDq5">Unfree labour</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Workfare/boyCMuqA">Workfare</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Suchergebnisse". WinsenAller.de (in German).[dead link] <a href="https://winsenaller.de/suchergebnisse.html?tx_indexedsearch_pi2%5Baction%5D=search&tx_indexedsearch_pi2%5Bcontroller%5D=Search&cHash=41e58604990397c93c725ed602a8c745" target="_blank">https://winsenaller.de/suchergebnisse.html?tx_indexedsearch_pi2%5Baction%5D=search&tx_indexedsearch_pi2%5Bcontroller%5D=Search&cHash=41e58604990397c93c725ed602a8c745</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Verordnung über die Ausschreibung von Hand- und Zugdiensten" (PDF). Bezau.at (in German). 25 February 1997. <a href="https://www.bezau.at/fileadmin/dam/Bezau-Gemeinde/Hand_und_Zugdienste.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.bezau.at/fileadmin/dam/Bezau-Gemeinde/Hand_und_Zugdienste.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Convention C029 - Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29)". ILO.org. <a href="http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C029" target="_blank">http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C029</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Prussia (Germany) (24 November 1894). "Das Kommunalabgabengesetz vom 14. Juli 1893: Für den praktischen Gebrauch ..." (in German). J. Guttentag. Retrieved 24 November 2017 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/daskommunalabga00gergoog" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/daskommunalabga00gergoog</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Verordnung des Gemeindevorstandes der Gemeinde Bürserberg aufgrund des Beschlusses vom 22.01.2004 über die Vorschreibung von Hand- und Zugdiensten" (PDF). Buerserberg.at (in German). 26 January 2004. <a href="https://www.buerserberg.at/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Hand-und_Zugdienst_300812_065243_2-1.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.buerserberg.at/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Hand-und_Zugdienst_300812_065243_2-1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Hand- und Zugdienste". Langen.at (in German). <a href="https://www.langen.at/Hand-_und_Zugdienste" target="_blank">https://www.langen.at/Hand-_und_Zugdienste</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Verordnung des Gemeindevorstandes der Gemeinde Bürserberg aufgrund des Beschlusses vom 22.01.2004 über die Vorschreibung von Hand- und Zugdiensten" (PDF). Buerserberg.at (in German). 26 January 2004. <a href="https://www.buerserberg.at/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Hand-und_Zugdienst_300812_065243_2-1.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.buerserberg.at/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Hand-und_Zugdienst_300812_065243_2-1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Verordnung über die Ausschreibung von Hand- und Zugdiensten" (PDF). Bezau.at (in German). 25 February 1997. <a href="https://www.bezau.at/fileadmin/dam/Bezau-Gemeinde/Hand_und_Zugdienste.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.bezau.at/fileadmin/dam/Bezau-Gemeinde/Hand_und_Zugdienste.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>https://suche.vorarlberg.at/vlr/vlr_gov.nsf/0/E0A00FB5E7A7FA99C125717A00503549/$FILE/fromDocFile-A10521EA3FFAAF8565257146003AEB02.pdf <a href="https://suche.vorarlberg.at/vlr/vlr_gov.nsf/0/E0A00FB5E7A7FA99C125717A00503549/$FILE/fromDocFile-A10521EA3FFAAF8565257146003AEB02.pdf" target="_blank">https://suche.vorarlberg.at/vlr/vlr_gov.nsf/0/E0A00FB5E7A7FA99C125717A00503549/$FILE/fromDocFile-A10521EA3FFAAF8565257146003AEB02.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"§ 10 - Rechtsstellung des Einwohners". Dejure.org (in German). <a href="https://dejure.org/gesetze/GemO/10.html" target="_blank">https://dejure.org/gesetze/GemO/10.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Fehler - Bürgerservice". www.gesetze-bayern.de (in German). Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043619/http://www.gesetze-bayern.de/jportal/portal/page/bsbayprod.psml?showdoccase=1&doc.id=jlr-GemOBY1998rahmen&doc.part=X&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043619/http://www.gesetze-bayern.de/jportal/portal/page/bsbayprod.psml?showdoccase=1&doc.id=jlr-GemOBY1998rahmen&doc.part=X&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Art 12 GG - Einzelnorm". www.gesetze-im-internet.de (in German). Retrieved 24 November 2017. <a href="https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/gg/art_12.html" target="_blank">https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/gg/art_12.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>https://www.laliberte.ch/articles/regions/tous-reunis-autour-de-la-pioche-423491 <a href="https://www.laliberte.ch/articles/regions/tous-reunis-autour-de-la-pioche-423491" target="_blank">https://www.laliberte.ch/articles/regions/tous-reunis-autour-de-la-pioche-423491</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>