Simpcw First Nation

<h2 id="chief-and-councillors">Chief and Councillors</h2>
The current chief and council were sworn in on June 1, 2015 at 1:00 pm, they will serve a 3-year term until the next election.

<h3>Historical Leaders</h3>
Chief Cinnitza was mentioned by <a href="/facts/Archibald_McDonald/2myrIvTG">Archibald McDonald</a> from a trip in 1828. Chief André is mentioned in records from the time of settling First Nation Reserves in 1877 as well as being a signatory to the Memorial to Frank Oliver in 1911.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a>

<h2 id="treaty-process">Treaty Process</h2>
Simpcw First Nation is currently not involved in the treaty process and has never ceded or surrendered any of their land.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a>

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
The Simpcw inhabit Simpcwúl̓ecw, an area now known in English as the North Thompson.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> Simpcw lands include an area from <a href="/facts/McLure%2c_British_Columbia/pr6cf1M7">McLure</a> to <a href="/facts/McBride%2c_British_Columbia/L56Um7V1">McBride</a>, from <a href="/facts/Jasper%2c_Alberta/q1CITHxg">Jasper</a> to the headwaters of the <a href="/facts/Athabasca_River/BQApvkyX">Athabasca</a>. The Simpcw collected local plants and animals for survival and employed various methods for fishing. An example of a kind of fishing barrier observed in the Barrière River was described by <a href="/facts/George_Mercer_Dawson/Bf4awM8t">George Mercer Dawson</a> as "two weirs or fences each of which stretched completely across the stream."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>: 16  The Simpcw interacted with other First Nations in <a href="/facts/British_Columbia/Ty3e3g1Q">British Columbia</a> and <a href="/facts/Alberta/PjKJFbJY">Alberta</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>
Early interactions with Europeans began around the start of the nineteenth century with fur traders. <a href="/facts/Alexander_Ross_(fur_trader)/96XGq3Ez">Alexander Ross</a> wrote that <a href="/facts/David_Stuart_(fur_trader)/61YbFgJD">David Stuart</a> came to the area to spend the winter of 1811–12. Stuart's wrote of his visit that after being blocked from a return to <a href="/facts/Fort_Astoria/MI05wBbp">Fort Astoria</a> by snow "[we] passed our time with the She Whaps and other tribes in that quarter."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>: 151  <a href="/facts/Alexander_Ross_(fur_trader)/96XGq3Ez">Ross</a> came himself in May 1812 to establish 'Fort Cumcloups' where he "sent messages to the different tribes around who soon assembled bringing with them their furs. Here we stayed for ten days The number of Indians collected on the occasion could not have been less than 2,000."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a>: 200  <a href="/facts/Alexander_Ross_(fur_trader)/96XGq3Ez">Alexander Ross</a>'s account of a journey in about 1815 describes some meetings specifically in the North Thompson.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> Describing his journey from Kamloops to the Rocky mountains he writes, 

<blockquote>"I therefore received orders from head quarters to examine the eastern section, lying between the She-whaps and the Rocky Mountains."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>: 142  He wrote about meeting some families near East Barriere Lake, "We left Fort She-whaps on the 14th day of August...At the outset we proceeded up the North, or Sun-tea-coot-a-coot River, for three days; then turning to the right, we took to the woods, steering our course in the eye of the rising sun, nearly midway between Thompson's River on the south, and Fraser's River on the north. The first day after turning our back on North River, we made but little progress; but what we made was in an easterly direction. The second day our courses per compass were, ESE 6 miles, E 4 miles, SE 2 miles, E by N 5 miles, E 1 mile, NE 2 miles, NNE 4miles: we then encamped. The country through which we passed this day was covered with heavy timber, but having clear bottom and being good travelling, with here and there small open plains. During the third day the face of the country became timberless, with frequently open clear ground, so that we made a long day's journey. In the evening we fell upon a small lake, on the northern margin of which we encamped for the night. Here we found two Indian families, living on fish roots, and berries, which they were all employed in procuring: they belonged to the Sun-tea-coot-a-coot tribe, and seemed...to live very comfortably and happily. One of the men belonging to these families, who pretended to have a perfect knowledge of the country through which we had to pass, volunteered to accompany us as a guide; for which services I promised to reward him with a blanket and some ammunition when we returned...Leaving this place, which we called Friendly Lake..."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>: 143–146 </blockquote> The lake called by <a href="/facts/Alexander_Ross_(fur_trader)/96XGq3Ez">Ross</a> "Friendly Lake" is identified as East Barriere Lake by Kenneth A. Spaulding in his edited edition of <a href="/facts/Alexander_Ross_(fur_trader)/96XGq3Ez">Ross</a>'s account.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>
<a href="/facts/Alexander_Ross_(fur_trader)/96XGq3Ez">Ross</a> also notes the extent of the area with which the guide he met near East Barriere Lake was familiar when he writes after reaching Eagle Hill, "As we journeyed along our guide took us up to another height and pointing out to us the country generally, said he had passed and repassed through various parts of it seven different times, and in as many different places; he seemed to know it well, and observed that the road we had travelled, with all its difficulties, was the very best to be found."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>: 149–150 
On the way back to Canoe River and passing 'a considerable lake' they returned to 'Friendly Lake' where the guide's family had departed, but had left behind a stick with a certain notch, stuck in the ground with a certain lean which indicated to their guide where his family had gone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>: 153  Spaulding identified the 'considerable lake' as <a href="/facts/Adams_Lake/cAew7IjM">Adams Lake</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>: 105 
In 1828, <a href="/facts/Archibald_McDonald/2myrIvTG">Archibald McDonald</a> kept a journal of a trip from <a href="/facts/Hudson_Bay/KApYeskW">Hudson's Bay</a> to the <a href="/facts/Pacific_Ocean/bdxgXRVM">Pacific Ocean</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> In an entry for October 3 he described meeting Chief Cinnitza at 'the Fort' after a traverse of the 'North River'. On October the 4th he wrote, "At Barrier Village by eight." And described a breakfast at eleven "surrounded by the Indians of the Barrier."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>: 33 
<a href="/facts/Archibald_McDonald/2myrIvTG">McDonald</a> lists "Shin-poos (of the north branch of the Thompson)" as one of seven tribes that traded at Fort Kamloops in the reports of his father, Angus McDonald. And writes, "As to the Shin-poos, a mountain race, a remnant of the 'Snare Indians', my father in his report says, that there were but few of them (about 60 families) and that they did not come very regularly to the Fort."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>: 115–116 
<a href="/facts/Archibald_McDonald/2myrIvTG">McDonald</a> also copied the following from his father's report to the Governor and Council reporting on the spring of 1823: "This Tribe (the Shin-poo) inhabits the north branch of Thompsons River. They are good beaver hunters, and go sometimes to and even east of the Rocky Mountains—I had in view to have one or two men to accompany them all summer, so as to endeavor to meet the Gentlemen (that is to say the Express and Passengers coming in by Rocky Mountain Portage) coming to the Columbia next fall, at the little House (which I believe was at the east end of the Portage) which would be by far a nearer and more practicable way of obtaining a knowledge of the country about the heads of the Thompson and N Branch than by sending from the east side, as Mr Annance was, last summer: the Tribe not having come to the Port this Spring prevents my sending with them."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>: 116 
In 1862 a gold rush in the Cariboo brought smallpox to the area which caused many deaths, reducing the population to "the merest handful."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>: 7 
From the 1890s to 1970 children were taken to the <a href="/facts/Kamloops_Indian_Residential_School/sCQ3KukU">Kamloops Indian Residential School</a> where life was harsh and use of their own language was forbidden. Some Simpcw served in the <a href="/facts/WWII/2efV5L1U">Second World War</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>: 8 
In 1909 anthropologist <a href="/facts/James_Teit/cCPGEQMf">James Teit</a> recorded "opinions held by the tribe regarding the qualities and average characteristics of their neighbors and also of the several divisions of their own people in former days." Of the 'North Thompson' he wrote that, "The North Thompson division were probably the best hunters and greatest travellers. They were mild, quiet, steady, rather serious, hospitable, rather poor."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>
In August 1916, the Simpcw people of the <a href="/facts/T%25C3%25AAte_Jaune_Cache%2c_British_Columbia/syBlSaCd">Tête Jaune Cache</a> were forcibly relocated out of the area to Chu Chua and other places. The people were made to travel the 300 kilometres by foot. In August 2016 events were held to mark the 100th anniversary of that event. The people of the Simpcw First Nation have made applications to the government to have lands at <a href="/facts/T%25C3%25AAte_Jaune_Cache%2c_British_Columbia/syBlSaCd">Tête Jaune Cache</a> formally recognized.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a>: 8 
The Simpcw have been known in English by different names, "The name of the North Thompson Band, simpxʷwemx...also known in English to traders as people of the North Fork of Thompson River, was spelled Chin-Poo by <a href="/facts/John_McLeod_(explorer)/AAYlQys9">[John] McLeod</a> (1823) and <a href="/facts/Archibald_McDonald/2myrIvTG">[Archibald] McDonald</a> (1827), Shinpoo by the <a href="/facts/Missionary_Oblates_of_Mary_Immaculate/2jQR9KNk">Oblate Missionaries</a>...and Nsi'mpxemux̣ by <a href="/facts/James_Teit/cCPGEQMf">Teit</a>. Their former main village, ciqʷceqʷélqʷ 'red willows' (Cornus stolonifera)...was referred to as Tsuk-tsuk-kwalk, erroneously translated as 'red pine' by Dawson...and as Tcoqtceqwa'llk by Teit. The reserve name Chu Chua is not derived from this but is an anglicization of texʷcwex 'creek running through the bush'."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>

<h2 id="demographics">Demographics</h2>
The Simpcw First Nation currently has 724 members.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a>
<a href="/facts/Archibald_McDonald/2myrIvTG">Archibald McDonald</a> reported that in about the 1820s his father wrote that there was about sixty Simpcw families.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>: 115–116  In 1883 a government report on population listed "North Thompson and Canoe Lake: 144."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> In 1850 the population after being reduced by foreign infections was estimated at 250, in 1906 the population was down to 70.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a>: 8 

<h2 id="economic-development">Economic Development</h2>
The Simpcw First Nation has a highly developed and active economic development organization currently known as the Simpcw Resources Group of Companies (SRG)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a>

<h2 id="social-educational-and-cultural-programs-and-facilities">Social, Educational and Cultural Programs and Facilities</h2>
Simpcw Fisheries manages and operates a <a href="/facts/Fish_hatchery/xQaRCenQ">hatchery</a> called Dunn Lake Hatchery. Simpcw hosts a special 'Coho Day' in October at the hatchery.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a>
Neqweyqwelsten School is an elementary school located in Chu Chua. It is open to all Simpcw First Nation and community members, as well as non-members if space is available.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a>

<h2 id="first-nation-reserves">First Nation Reserves</h2>
First Nation Reserves under the administration of the Simpcw First Nation are:

<ul><li>North Thompson 1 (07186), 1236.1 ha, "<a href="/facts/Kamloops/8A0nd8gl">Kamloops</a> District on the east bank of the <a href="/facts/North_Thompson_River/rcFeSPGN">North Thompson River</a> about 45 miles north of <a href="/facts/Kamloops/8A0nd8gl">Kamloops</a>."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a></li>
<li>Nekalliston 2 (07187), 1.4 ha, "<a href="/facts/Kamloops/8A0nd8gl">Kamloops</a> District near <a href="/facts/Little_Fort/bvo9jmrc">Little Fort</a> and opposite Nekalliston Creek 50 miles north of <a href="/facts/Kamloops/8A0nd8gl">Kamloops</a>."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a></li>
<li>Barriere River 3A (07188), 1.6 ha, "<a href="/facts/Kamloops/8A0nd8gl">Kamloops</a> District on left bank of the <a href="/facts/Barri%25C3%25A8re_River_(North_Thompson_River)/C5NjEnTF">Barrière River</a> about 2 miles from mouth of the <a href="/facts/North_Thompson_River/rcFeSPGN">North Thompson River</a>."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a></li>
<li>Louis Creek 4 (07189), 3 ha, "<a href="/facts/Kamloops/8A0nd8gl">Kamloops</a> District on the left bank of Louis Creek about ¼ mile from its confluence with <a href="/facts/North_Thompson_River/rcFeSPGN">North Thompson River</a> about 34 miles north of <a href="/facts/Kamloops/8A0nd8gl">Kamloops</a>."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a></li>
<li>Boulder Creek 5 (07190), 280 ha "<a href="/facts/Kamloops/8A0nd8gl">Kamloops</a> District, Lot 4088, north of Dunn Lake."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a></li></ul>
In the 1870s the government created the Red Trees Reserve at Chu Chua without consulting with the Simpcw.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a>: 8  In the report of a survey of 1872, <a href="/facts/Alfred_Richard_Cecil_Selwyn/El4AkIqB">Alfred R C Selwyn</a> mentions two stays at what he calls the "Red Pine Reserve".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a>
Records of decisions on the reserves are listed online in the BC Provincial Collection at the Federal and Provincial Collections of Minutes of Decision, Correspondence, and Sketches which is a collection of materials produced by the Joint Indian Reserve Commission and Indian Reserve Commission from 1876–1910. Decisions for North Thompson 1, Nekalliston 2, Barriere River 3, and Louis Creek 4 are item 1081/78, from July 5, 1877. Barriere River 3 was sold in 1921 in exchange for Barriere River 3A.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a>
These decisions were made by <a href="/facts/Alexander_Caulfield_Anderson/R8A1qQew">A. C. Anderson</a> during a trip up the <a href="/facts/North_Thompson_River/rcFeSPGN">North Thompson River</a> with Chief André on July 3–5, 1877 to as far as Little Fort. This decision was made at a time when other First Nations in the area were considering going to war over their treatment by the government.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a>: 202 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a>: 122f <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a>
The sale of Barriere River 3 and the Boulder Creek reserve are listed in the 1943 Schedule. Boulder Creek was allotted by Royal Commission on February 24, 1916.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Shuswap_Nation_Tribal_Council/VXHodvm3">Shuswap Nation Tribal Council</a></li>
<li><a href="http://secwepemc.sd73.bc.ca/sec_home/sec_resourfs.html/">School District 73 Secwepemc Resources</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a></li>
<li>Dunford, Murial Poulton. <a href="http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/pdfs/bchf/bchn_2002_summer.pdf/">"The Simpcw of the North Thompson"</a> British Columbia Historical News, Vol. 35, No. 3, Summer 2002<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a></li>
<li><a href="http://shuswapnation.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Secwepemc-Land-Laws-1.pdf/">Secwépemc Lands and Resources Law Research Project</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a></li>
<li><a href="http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=07186&lang=eng">First Nation Profile</a> at Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada</li>
<li><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yDeHDAAAQBAJ">The New Trail of Tears: How Washington Is Destroying American Indians</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a></li>
<li>Ignace, Marianne (1998). "Shuswap" in <a href="/facts/Handbook_of_North_American_Indians/n3eyIStI">Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 12</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Cole_Harris/tTFb9sJ4">Harris, R. Cole</a> (2002). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4xo_Nqh0O_AC">Making Native Space: Colonialism, Resistance, and Reserves in British Columbia</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a></li>
<li>Ignace, Ron (2008). <a href="http://shuswapnation.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Ron-Ignace-PhD-Thesis.pdf">Our Oral Histories Are Our Iron Posts: Secwepemc Stories and Historical Consciousness</a>, doctoral thesis, Simon Fraser University.</li>
<li>Anderson, Nancy Marguerite (2011). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0k4FdGBXSJoC">The Pathfinder: A.C. Anderson’s Journeys in the West</a>. Heritage House Publishing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a>
<ul><li>Chapter 28 (page 201ff), 'Hawking About the Country: 1877-1883' describes <a href="/facts/Alexander_Caulfield_Anderson/R8A1qQew">Anderson</a>'s work with the Indian Reserve Commission in the Kamloops area.</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Archibald_McDonald/2myrIvTG">McDonald, Archibald</a> (1872). McLeod, Malcolm, ed. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W6UNAAAAQAAJ">Peace River: A Canoe Voyage from Hudson's Bay to Pacific by the Late Sir George Simpson; in 1828</a>. Ottawa: J. Durie & Son.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Alexander_Ross_(fur_trader)/96XGq3Ez">Ross, Alexander</a> (1849). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AoEFAAAAQAAJ">Adventures of the first settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River: being a narrative of the expedition fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to establish the "Pacific Fur Company" ; with an account of some Indian tribes on the coast of the Pacific. Smith, Elder and Co.</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Alexander_Ross_(fur_trader)/96XGq3Ez">Ross, Alexander</a> (1855). <a href="https://archive.org/details/cihm_40228/">The Fur Hunters of the Far West, vol. 1. Smith, Elder and Co</a></li>
<li>Joint Indian Reserve Commission (1877). Online at <a href="http://jirc.ubcic.bc.ca/node/3/">Union of BC Indian Chiefs Digital Archive</a>.</li>
<li><a href="http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&rec_nbr=157582&lang=eng&rec_nbr_list=157582,161979,2034768/">Journal of Proceedings of the Commission for the Settlement of the Indian Reserves in the Province of British Columbia</a>, 1877, NAC, RG 10, vol. 1284 (reel C-13902), Mikan no. 157582.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a></li>
<li><a href="http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&rec_nbr=2061517&lang=eng&rec_nbr_list=2061517/">Ninety-Seven Pages Census Report of The Shuswap And Okanagan Tribes by Alexander Anderson of The British Columbia Reserve Commission</a>, 1878, NAC, RG 10, vol. 3659 (reel C-10115), Mikan no. 2061517.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/George_Mercer_Dawson/Bf4awM8t">Dawson, George M.</a> (1891). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_5ssAAAAYAAJ">Notes on the Shuswap People of British Columbia</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/James_Teit/cCPGEQMf">Teit, James</a> (1900). <a href="http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/13/">"The Thompson Indians of British Columbia" in Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History: Publications of Jesup North Pacific Expedition; Vol. I, Pt. IV</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a></li>
<li>Smith, Harlan I. (1900). <a href="http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/18/">"Archaeology of the Thompson River Region" in Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History: Publications of Jesup North Pacific Expedition; Vol. I, Pt. VI</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/James_Teit/cCPGEQMf">Teit, James</a> (1909). <a href="http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/38/">"The Shuswap" in Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History: Publications of Jesup North Pacific Expedition; Vol. II, Pt. VII</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/James_Teit/cCPGEQMf">Teit, James</a> (1912). <a href="http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/37/">"The Mythology of the Thompson Indians" in Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History: Publications of Jesup North Pacific Expedition; Vol. VIII, Pt. II</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a></li>
<li><a href="http://shuswapnation.org/to-sir-wilfrid-laurier/">Laurier Memorial</a>, August 25, 1910.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a></li>
<li><a href="https://kerrycoast.wordpress.com/2014/09/03/memorial-to-frank-oliver-minister-of-the-interior-1911/">Memorial to Frank Oliver</a>, Minister of the Interior, May 10, 1911.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a>
<ul><li>Signed by chiefs from the Secwepemc, T’silqot’in, St’lat’limc, Okanagan, Carrier, Thompson (N’lkapmc), Tahltan and Sto:lo Nations including Chief André of the North Thompson.</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/facts/McKenna%25E2%2580%2593McBride_Royal_Commission/HzdgFjId">McKenna–McBride Royal Commission</a> (1916). Online at <a href="http://www.ubcic.bc.ca/mckenna_mcbride_royal_commission/">Union of BC Indian Chiefs Digital Archive</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>
1.^ The notes published in this book were based on observations made by <a href="/facts/George_Mercer_Dawson/Bf4awM8t">George Mercer Dawson</a> in the years 1877, 1888, 1889, and 1890.
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="http://www.simpcw.com/">Simpcw First Nation website</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.shuswapnation.org/">Shuswap Nation website</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a1d-CVmbJqU/">Harlan Smith silent film footage, reclaimed, with narration</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"Shuswap Nation Tribal Council". Executive Council of British Columbia. 2009. Retrieved July 26, 2009. <a href="http://www.gov.bc.ca/arr/firstnation/shuswap_nation_tribal_council/default.html" target="_blank">http://www.gov.bc.ca/arr/firstnation/shuswap_nation_tribal_council/default.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"Tseyenetssa". Geni.com. Retrieved August 18, 2017. <a href="https://www.geni.com/people/Tseyenetssa/6000000025779215993" target="_blank">https://www.geni.com/people/Tseyenetssa/6000000025779215993</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"Simpcw First Nation treaty process with BC Government". BC Government. Retrieved August 12, 2017. <a href="http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/natural-resource-stewardship/consulting-with-first-nations/first-nations-negotiations/first-nations-a-z-listing/simpcw-first-nation-north-thompson-river" target="_blank">http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/natural-resource-stewardship/consulting-with-first-nations/first-nations-negotiations/first-nations-a-z-listing/simpcw-first-nation-north-thompson-river</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"Our Land: Simpcw First Nation". www.simpcw.com. Retrieved August 13, 2017. <a href="http://www.simpcw.com/our-land.htm" target="_blank">http://www.simpcw.com/our-land.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">[1]
Dawson, George Mercer (1891). Notes on the Shuswap People of British Columbia. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpcw_First_Nation#endnote_a" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpcw_First_Nation#endnote_a</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"Simpcw-Our History". simpcw.com. Retrieved August 11, 2017. <a href="http://www.simpcw.com/our-history.htm" target="_blank">http://www.simpcw.com/our-history.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Ross, Alexander (1849). Adventures of the first settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River: being a narrative of the expedition fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to establish the "Pacific Fur Company" ; with an account of some Indian tribes on the coast of the Pacific. Smith, Elder and Co. ISBN 9780598286024. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) <a href="9780598286024" target="_blank">9780598286024</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Ross, Alexander (1849). Adventures of the first settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River: being a narrative of the expedition fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to establish the "Pacific Fur Company" ; with an account of some Indian tribes on the coast of the Pacific. Smith, Elder and Co. ISBN 9780598286024. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) <a href="9780598286024" target="_blank">9780598286024</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Ross, Alexander (1855). The Fur Hunters of the Far West, vol. 1. Smith, Elder and Co. ISBN 9780665402289. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) <a href="9780665402289" target="_blank">9780665402289</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Ross, Alexander (1855). The Fur Hunters of the Far West, vol. 1. Smith, Elder and Co. ISBN 9780665402289. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) <a href="9780665402289" target="_blank">9780665402289</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Ross, Alexander (1855). The Fur Hunters of the Far West, vol. 1. Smith, Elder and Co. ISBN 9780665402289. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) <a href="9780665402289" target="_blank">9780665402289</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Ross, Alexander (2001) [1956]. Spaulding, Kenneth A. (ed.). The Fur Hunters of the Far West. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 100. ISBN 9780806133928. <a href="9780806133928" target="_blank">9780806133928</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Ross, Alexander (1855). The Fur Hunters of the Far West, vol. 1. Smith, Elder and Co. ISBN 9780665402289. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) <a href="9780665402289" target="_blank">9780665402289</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Ross, Alexander (1855). The Fur Hunters of the Far West, vol. 1. Smith, Elder and Co. ISBN 9780665402289. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) <a href="9780665402289" target="_blank">9780665402289</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Ross, Alexander (2001) [1956]. Spaulding, Kenneth A. (ed.). The Fur Hunters of the Far West. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 100. ISBN 9780806133928. <a href="9780806133928" target="_blank">9780806133928</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">McDonald, Archibald (1872). McLeod, Malcolm (ed.). Peace River: A Canoe Voyage from Hudson's Bay to Pacific by the Late Sir George Simpson; in 1828. Ottawa: J. Durie & Son. <a href="/wiki/Archibald_McDonald" target="_blank">/wiki/Archibald_McDonald</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">McDonald, Archibald (1872). McLeod, Malcolm (ed.). Peace River: A Canoe Voyage from Hudson's Bay to Pacific by the Late Sir George Simpson; in 1828. Ottawa: J. Durie & Son. <a href="/wiki/Archibald_McDonald" target="_blank">/wiki/Archibald_McDonald</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">McDonald, Archibald (1872). McLeod, Malcolm (ed.). Peace River: A Canoe Voyage from Hudson's Bay to Pacific by the Late Sir George Simpson; in 1828. Ottawa: J. Durie & Son. <a href="/wiki/Archibald_McDonald" target="_blank">/wiki/Archibald_McDonald</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">McDonald, Archibald (1872). McLeod, Malcolm (ed.). Peace River: A Canoe Voyage from Hudson's Bay to Pacific by the Late Sir George Simpson; in 1828. Ottawa: J. Durie & Son. <a href="/wiki/Archibald_McDonald" target="_blank">/wiki/Archibald_McDonald</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Dunford, Murial Poulton (2002). "The Simpcw of the North Thompson" (PDF). British Columbia Historical News. 35 (3): 6–8. Retrieved August 10, 2017. <a href="http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/pdfs/bchf/bchn_2002_summer.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/pdfs/bchf/bchn_2002_summer.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Dunford, Murial Poulton (2002). "The Simpcw of the North Thompson" (PDF). British Columbia Historical News. 35 (3): 6–8. Retrieved August 10, 2017. <a href="http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/pdfs/bchf/bchn_2002_summer.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/pdfs/bchf/bchn_2002_summer.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Teit, James A. (1909). "The Shuswap". In Boas, Franz (ed.). Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History: Publications of Jesup North Pacific Expedition. Vol. II, Part VII. New York: G.E. Stechert & Co. p. 471. hdl:2246/38. <a href="/wiki/James_Teit" target="_blank">/wiki/James_Teit</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Kurjata, Andrew; Norwell, Jennifer (August 12, 2016). "Simpcw First Nation marking 100th anniversary of forced relocation". cbc.ca/news. Retrieved August 10, 2017. <a href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/simpcw-first-nation-anniversary-relocation-1.3717141" target="_blank">http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/simpcw-first-nation-anniversary-relocation-1.3717141</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Daybreak Kamloops (August 11, 2016). "Simpcw First Nation are marking the 100th anniversary of their forced relocation". cbc.ca/news. Retrieved August 10, 2017. <a href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/kamloops/simpcw-first-nation-are-marking-the-100th-anniversary-of-their-forced-relocation-1.3720581" target="_blank">http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/kamloops/simpcw-first-nation-are-marking-the-100th-anniversary-of-their-forced-relocation-1.3720581</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">"Press Release: Simpcw First Nation: Retracing Our Steps" (PDF). simpcw.com. August 13, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2017. <a href="http://www.simpcw.com/docs/retracingoursteps_press.pdf?LanguageID=EN-US" target="_blank">http://www.simpcw.com/docs/retracingoursteps_press.pdf?LanguageID=EN-US</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Clark, Paul (August 17, 2016). "Simpcw First Nation commemorate forced removal 100 years ago". fitzhugh.ca. Retrieved August 10, 2017. <a href="http://www.fitzhugh.ca/simpcw-first-nation-commemorate-forced-removal-100-years-ago/" target="_blank">http://www.fitzhugh.ca/simpcw-first-nation-commemorate-forced-removal-100-years-ago/</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Matthews, Evan (September 1, 2016). "Simpcw efforts in Tête Jaune not finished". therockymountaingoat.com. Retrieved August 10, 2017. <a href="http://www.therockymountaingoat.com/2016/09/simpcw-efforts-in-tete-jaune-not-finished/" target="_blank">http://www.therockymountaingoat.com/2016/09/simpcw-efforts-in-tete-jaune-not-finished/</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Goat Staff (July 17, 2016). "Remembering the Simpcw relocation of 1916". therockymountaingoat.com. Retrieved August 10, 2017. <a href="http://www.therockymountaingoat.com/2016/07/remembering-the-simpcw-relocation-of-1916/" target="_blank">http://www.therockymountaingoat.com/2016/07/remembering-the-simpcw-relocation-of-1916/</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">McNeill, Keith (July 27, 2016). "Simpcw plan Tete Jaune Cache commemoration". barrierestarjournal.com. Retrieved August 10, 2017. <a href="http://www.barrierestarjournal.com/news/simpcw-plan-tete-jaune-cache-commemoration/" target="_blank">http://www.barrierestarjournal.com/news/simpcw-plan-tete-jaune-cache-commemoration/</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Times, Clearwater (August 18, 2016). "Chief Nathan Matthew speaks at Tete Jaune Cache (video)". blackpress.tv. Retrieved August 10, 2017. <a href="http://blackpress.tv/video.php?id=18077" target="_blank">http://blackpress.tv/video.php?id=18077</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Dunford, Murial Poulton (2002). "The Simpcw of the North Thompson" (PDF). British Columbia Historical News. 35 (3): 6–8. Retrieved August 10, 2017. <a href="http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/pdfs/bchf/bchn_2002_summer.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/pdfs/bchf/bchn_2002_summer.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Ignace, Marianne Boelscher (1998). Walker Jr., Deward E. (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians [Shuswap]. Vol. 12. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 203–219. ISBN 0-16-049514-8. <a href="0-16-049514-8" target="_blank">0-16-049514-8</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">"Simpcw First Nation". Government of Canada. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2017. <a href="http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/FNRegPopulation.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=691&lang=eng" target="_blank">http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/FNRegPopulation.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=691&lang=eng</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">McDonald, Archibald (1872). McLeod, Malcolm (ed.). Peace River: A Canoe Voyage from Hudson's Bay to Pacific by the Late Sir George Simpson; in 1828. Ottawa: J. Durie & Son. <a href="/wiki/Archibald_McDonald" target="_blank">/wiki/Archibald_McDonald</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Canada, Department of Indian Affairs (1883). Annual Report. Ottawa: Maclean, Roger & Co. p. 259. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ImBBAQAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ImBBAQAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Dunford, Murial Poulton (2002). "The Simpcw of the North Thompson" (PDF). British Columbia Historical News. 35 (3): 6–8. Retrieved August 10, 2017. <a href="http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/pdfs/bchf/bchn_2002_summer.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/pdfs/bchf/bchn_2002_summer.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">"Simpcw Resources Group Ltd". www.simpcw.com. Retrieved August 13, 2017. <a href="http://www.simpcw.com/simpcw-resources-group.htm" target="_blank">http://www.simpcw.com/simpcw-resources-group.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">"Simpcw Fisheries". Simpcw.com. Retrieved August 10, 2017. <a href="http://www.simpcw.com/simpcw-fisheries.htm/" target="_blank">http://www.simpcw.com/simpcw-fisheries.htm/</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">"Dunn Creek Hatchery - Simpcw First Nation". Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Retrieved August 10, 2017. <a href="http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/sep-pmvs/projects-projets/cedp-pdec/dunn-eng.html" target="_blank">http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/sep-pmvs/projects-projets/cedp-pdec/dunn-eng.html</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Doe. "Dunn Lake Hatchery". google.ca/maps. Google Maps. Retrieved August 10, 2017. <a href="https://www.google.ca/maps/place/Dunn+Lake+Hatchery/@51.4593869,-120.1472789,17z/data=!4m8!1m2!3m1!2sDunn+Lake+Hatchery!3m4!1s0x0:0xa8216df5257f1cd3!8m2!3d51.4593868!4d-120.1450903" target="_blank">https://www.google.ca/maps/place/Dunn+Lake+Hatchery/@51.4593869,-120.1472789,17z/data=!4m8!1m2!3m1!2sDunn+Lake+Hatchery!3m4!1s0x0:0xa8216df5257f1cd3!8m2!3d51.4593868!4d-120.1450903</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">"Neqweyqwelsten School". simpcw.com. Retrieved August 10, 2017. <a href="http://www.simpcw.com/neqweyqwelsten-school.htm" target="_blank">http://www.simpcw.com/neqweyqwelsten-school.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">"First Nations School Directory Association of British Columbia". First Nations Schools Association of British Columbia. Retrieved August 10, 2017. <a href="http://www.fnsa.ca/meet-the-schools/list-of-schools" target="_blank">http://www.fnsa.ca/meet-the-schools/list-of-schools</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">"Housing Lands". simpcw.com. Retrieved August 17, 2017. <a href="http://www.simpcw.com/housing-lands.htm" target="_blank">http://www.simpcw.com/housing-lands.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:46">"Housing Lands". simpcw.com. Retrieved August 17, 2017. <a href="http://www.simpcw.com/housing-lands.htm" target="_blank">http://www.simpcw.com/housing-lands.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:49">"Housing Lands". simpcw.com. Retrieved August 17, 2017. <a href="http://www.simpcw.com/housing-lands.htm" target="_blank">http://www.simpcw.com/housing-lands.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">"Reserve Detail". fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 3 November 2008. Retrieved August 17, 2017. <a href="http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=07188&lang=eng" target="_blank">http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=07188&lang=eng</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:52">"Housing Lands". simpcw.com. Retrieved August 17, 2017. <a href="http://www.simpcw.com/housing-lands.htm" target="_blank">http://www.simpcw.com/housing-lands.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">"Reserve Detail". fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 3 November 2008. Retrieved August 17, 2017. <a href="http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=07189&lang=eng" target="_blank">http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=07189&lang=eng</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:58">Dunford, Murial Poulton (2002). "The Simpcw of the North Thompson" (PDF). British Columbia Historical News. 35 (3): 6–8. Retrieved August 10, 2017. <a href="http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/pdfs/bchf/bchn_2002_summer.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/pdfs/bchf/bchn_2002_summer.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:60">Baltzly, Benjamin F (1871). "I-69951.1 Red Pine Indian reserve on the North Thompson River, BC, 1871". collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca. McCord Museum. Retrieved August 25, 2017. <a href="http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/I-69951.1" target="_blank">http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/I-69951.1</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Baltzly, Benjamin F (1871). "I-69951.1 Red Pine Indian reserve on the North Thompson River, BC, 1871". collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca. McCord Museum. Retrieved August 25, 2017. <a href="http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/I-69993.1" target="_blank">http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/I-69993.1</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Baltzly, Benjamin F (1871). "I-69951.1 Red Pine Indian reserve on the North Thompson River, BC, 1871". collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca. McCord Museum. Retrieved August 25, 2017. <a href="http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/I-69927" target="_blank">http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/I-69927</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">Baltzly, Benjamin F (1871). "I-69951.1 Red Pine Indian reserve on the North Thompson River, BC, 1871". collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca. McCord Museum. Retrieved August 25, 2017. <a href="http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/I-69927.1" target="_blank">http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/I-69927.1</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">Baltzly, Benjamin F (1871). "I-69951.1 Red Pine Indian reserve on the North Thompson River, BC, 1871". collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca. McCord Museum. Retrieved August 25, 2017. <a href="http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/I-69928.1" target="_blank">http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/I-69928.1</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Baltzly, Benjamin (1978). Benjamin Baltzly: photographs & journal of an expedition through British Columbia, 1871. Coach House Press. pp. 32, 127. ISBN 9780889100435. <a href="9780889100435" target="_blank">9780889100435</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Baltzly, Benjamin F (1871). "The Journal of Benjamin F Baltzly". concordia.ca. Journal of Canadian Art History, Concordia. Retrieved August 25, 2017. <a href="http://jcah-ahac.concordia.ca/pdf/download/jcah-ahac_35-1_baltzly" target="_blank">http://jcah-ahac.concordia.ca/pdf/download/jcah-ahac_35-1_baltzly</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">Joint Indian Reserve Commission, The. "BC Provincial Collection". jirc.ubcic.bc.ca. Union of BC Indian Chiefs. Retrieved August 17, 2017. Binder 2: p 4, 26-30 <a href="http://jirc.ubcic.bc.ca/node/3" target="_blank">http://jirc.ubcic.bc.ca/node/3</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">"Schedule of Indian Reserves in the Dominion of Canada Part 2, Reserves in the Province of British Columbia Recompiled and Corrected up to March 31, 1943". www.bac-lac.gc.ca. Library and Archives Canada. 7 November 2013. Retrieved August 18, 2017. <a href="http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/aboriginal-heritage/first-nations/indian-affairs-annual-reports/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=33396" target="_blank">http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/aboriginal-heritage/first-nations/indian-affairs-annual-reports/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=33396</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">Anderson, Nancy Marguerite (2011). The Pathfinder: A.C. Anderson's Journeys in the West. Heritage House Publishing. ISBN 9781927051023. <a href="9781927051023" target="_blank">9781927051023</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">Harris, R. Cole (2002). Making Native Space: Colonialism, Resistance, and Reserves in British Columbia. Vancouver: UBC Press. ISBN 0774809000. <a href="0774809000" target="_blank">0774809000</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">"Journal of Proceedings of the Commission for the Settlement of the Indian Reserves in the Province of British Columbia" (1877). Office of the Indian Reserve Commissioner for the Province of British Columbia, Fonds: RG 10, Series: vol. 1284, File: reel C-13902. Collections Canada. <a href="http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&rec_nbr=157582&lang=eng&rec_nbr_list=157582,161979,2034768" target="_blank">http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&rec_nbr=157582&lang=eng&rec_nbr_list=157582,161979,2034768</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">British Columbia (1878). Sessional Papers, Expenses of Indian Commission. Victoria. p. 504. $8 spent July 4+5 1877 for survey of North Thompson Reserve{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz4lAQAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz4lAQAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">"Schedule of Indian Reserves in the Dominion of Canada Part 2, Reserves in the Province of British Columbia Recompiled and Corrected up to March 31, 1943". www.bac-lac.gc.ca. Library and Archives Canada. 7 November 2013. Retrieved August 18, 2017. <a href="http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/aboriginal-heritage/first-nations/indian-affairs-annual-reports/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=33396" target="_blank">http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/aboriginal-heritage/first-nations/indian-affairs-annual-reports/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=33396</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">"McKenna-McBride Royal Commission, Minutes of Decision-Kamloops Agency". gsdl.ubcic.bc.ca. Union of BC Indian Chiefs. February 10, 1916. Retrieved August 24, 2017. <a href="http://gsdl.ubcic.bc.ca/cgi-bin/library.cgi?e=q-00000-00---off-0finalre8--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about-boulder--00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=finalre8&srp=0&srn=0&cl=search&d=HASH01cb3881bc574c1df759677a.26" target="_blank">http://gsdl.ubcic.bc.ca/cgi-bin/library.cgi?e=q-00000-00---off-0finalre8--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about-boulder--00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=finalre8&srp=0&srn=0&cl=search&d=HASH01cb3881bc574c1df759677a.26</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">"Secwepemc Resources". sd73.bc.ca. Retrieved August 10, 2017. <a href="http://secwepemc.sd73.bc.ca/sec_home/sec_resourfs.html" target="_blank">http://secwepemc.sd73.bc.ca/sec_home/sec_resourfs.html</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">Dunford, Murial Poulton (2002). "The Simpcw of the North Thompson" (PDF). British Columbia Historical News. 35 (3): 6–8. Retrieved August 10, 2017. <a href="http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/pdfs/bchf/bchn_2002_summer.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/pdfs/bchf/bchn_2002_summer.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:77">"The Simpcw of the North Thompson". ProQuest. <a href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/351875cea91308da3182df1ff4a6e9ba/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=28071" target="_blank">https://www.proquest.com/openview/351875cea91308da3182df1ff4a6e9ba/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=28071</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:78">"HISTORICAL NEWS BRITISH COLUMBIA. Volume 35, No. 3 Summer 2002 $5.00 ISSN Journal of the British Columbia Historical Federation - PDF Free Download". <a href="http://docplayer.net/37351582-Historical-news-british-columbia-volume-35-no-3-summer-2002-5-00-issn-journal-of-the-british-columbia-historical-federation.html" target="_blank">http://docplayer.net/37351582-Historical-news-british-columbia-volume-35-no-3-summer-2002-5-00-issn-journal-of-the-british-columbia-historical-federation.html</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">"Secwépemc Lands and Resources Law Research Project" (PDF). shuswapnation.com. 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2017. <a href="http://shuswapnation.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Secwepemc-Land-Laws-1.pdf" target="_blank">http://shuswapnation.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Secwepemc-Land-Laws-1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:80">Riley, Naomi (July 26, 2016). The New Trail of Tears: How Washington Is Destroying American Indians. New York: Encounter Books. ISBN 9781594038532. <a href="9781594038532" target="_blank">9781594038532</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:81">Ignace, Marianne Boelscher (1998). Walker Jr., Deward E. (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians [Shuswap]. Vol. 12. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 203–219. ISBN 0-16-049514-8. <a href="0-16-049514-8" target="_blank">0-16-049514-8</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:82">Harris, R. Cole (2002). Making Native Space: Colonialism, Resistance, and Reserves in British Columbia. Vancouver: UBC Press. ISBN 0774809000. <a href="0774809000" target="_blank">0774809000</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:83">Anderson, Nancy Marguerite (2011). The Pathfinder: A.C. Anderson's Journeys in the West. Heritage House Publishing. ISBN 9781927051023. <a href="9781927051023" target="_blank">9781927051023</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:84">McDonald, Archibald (1872). McLeod, Malcolm (ed.). Peace River: A Canoe Voyage from Hudson's Bay to Pacific by the Late Sir George Simpson; in 1828. Ottawa: J. Durie & Son. <a href="/wiki/Archibald_McDonald" target="_blank">/wiki/Archibald_McDonald</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:85">"Journal of Proceedings of the Commission for the Settlement of the Indian Reserves in the Province of British Columbia" (1877). Office of the Indian Reserve Commissioner for the Province of British Columbia, Fonds: RG 10, Series: vol. 1284, File: reel C-13902. Collections Canada. <a href="http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&rec_nbr=157582&lang=eng&rec_nbr_list=157582,161979,2034768" target="_blank">http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&rec_nbr=157582&lang=eng&rec_nbr_list=157582,161979,2034768</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:86">"Ninety-Seven Pages Census Report of The Shuswap And Okanagan Tribes by Alexander Anderson of The British Columbia Reserve Commission" (1878). Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development fonds, Fonds: RG 10, Series: vol. 3659, Box: Inventory no.: 10-4, File: reel C-10115. Collections Canada. <a href="http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&rec_nbr=2061517&lang=eng&rec_nbr_list=2061517" target="_blank">http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&rec_nbr=2061517&lang=eng&rec_nbr_list=2061517</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:87">[1]
Dawson, George Mercer (1891). Notes on the Shuswap People of British Columbia. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpcw_First_Nation#endnote_a" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpcw_First_Nation#endnote_a</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:88">Teit, James A. (1900). "The Thompson Indians of British Columbia". In Boas, Franz (ed.). Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History: Publications of Jesup North Pacific Expedition. Vol. I, Part IV. New York: G.E. Stechert & Co. hdl:2246/13. <a href="/wiki/James_Teit" target="_blank">/wiki/James_Teit</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:89">Smith, Harlan I. (1900). "Archaeology of the Thompson River Region". In Boas, Franz (ed.). Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History: Publications of Jesup North Pacific Expedition. Vol. I, Part VI. New York: G.E. Stechert & Co. hdl:2246/18. <a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" target="_blank">/wiki/Franz_Boas</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:90">Teit, James A. (1909). "The Shuswap". In Boas, Franz (ed.). Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History: Publications of Jesup North Pacific Expedition. Vol. II, Part VII. New York: G.E. Stechert & Co. p. 471. hdl:2246/38. <a href="/wiki/James_Teit" target="_blank">/wiki/James_Teit</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:91">Teit, James A. (1912). "The Mythology of the Thompson Indians". In Boas, Franz (ed.). Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History: Publications of Jesup North Pacific Expedition. Vol. VIII, Part II. New York: G.E. Stechert & Co. hdl:2246/37. <a href="/wiki/James_Teit" target="_blank">/wiki/James_Teit</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:92">The Chiefs of the Shuswap, Okanagan and Couteau or Thompson tribes per their secretary, J.A. Teit. "Laurier Memorial". Retrieved August 18, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="http://shuswapnation.org/to-sir-wilfrid-laurier" target="_blank">http://shuswapnation.org/to-sir-wilfrid-laurier</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:93">"Memorial to Frank Oliver". 28 May 2020. <a href="http://williamslakeband.ca/?page_id=371" target="_blank">http://williamslakeband.ca/?page_id=371</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:94">"Memorial to Frank Oliver". 3 September 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2017. <a href="https://kerrycoast.wordpress.com/2014/09/03/memorial-to-frank-oliver-minister-of-the-interior-1911" target="_blank">https://kerrycoast.wordpress.com/2014/09/03/memorial-to-frank-oliver-minister-of-the-interior-1911</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:95">"Memorial to Frank Oliver, microfilm holding". Retrieved August 18, 2017. <a href="http://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/detail.jsp?Entt=RDM2606071&R=2606071" target="_blank">http://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/detail.jsp?Entt=RDM2606071&R=2606071</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:96">"Memorial to Frank Oliver" (PDF). Retrieved August 18, 2017. <a href="http://www.ceaa.gc.ca/050/documents/42776/42776E.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.ceaa.gc.ca/050/documents/42776/42776E.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:97">"McKenna-McBride Royal Commission". www.ubcic.bc.ca. Union of BC Indian Chiefs. 1913–1916. Retrieved August 24, 2017. <a href="http://www.ubcic.bc.ca/mckenna_mcbride_royal_commission/" target="_blank">http://www.ubcic.bc.ca/mckenna_mcbride_royal_commission/</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

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Simpcw First Nation