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Timeline of Mosul
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<h2 id="prior-to-16th-century">Prior to 16th century</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Mosul/RGzLjeb2">Mosul § Ancient era and early Middle Ages</a>, and <a href="/facts/Mosul/RGzLjeb2">Mosul § 9th century to 1535</a></p> <ul><li>570 CE - Mar Ishaya (monastery) founded across river from <a href="/facts/Ninevah/yl44Guzj">Ninevah</a>; surrounding settlement later develops.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></li> <li>641 CE - Arab forces of Utba bin Farqad take fortress in settlement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li> <li>847 CE - 24 November: <a href="/facts/847_Damascus_earthquake/dnnKJIlY">Earthquake</a>.</li> <li>874/875 CE - Taghlibi Khidr bin Ahmad becomes governor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li> <li>880 CE - <a href="/facts/Ishaq_ibn_Kundaj/NThg7FJ6">Ishaq ibn Kundaj</a> becomes governor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li> <li>892 - Mosul besieged by forces of Harun bin Sulayman and Banu Shayban.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li>907 - <a href="/facts/Hamdanid_dynasty/8BMEWDLd">Hamdanids</a> in power.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li>990s - Syrian <a href="/facts/Uqaylid_dynasty/84AP2Tjr">Uqaylids</a> in power.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li>1095/1096 - <a href="/facts/Seljuqs/68M4ryan">Seljuqs</a> in power.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li>1127/1128 - Seljuqs ousted by <a href="/facts/Imad_ad-Din_Zengi/DKHea10G">Imad ad-Din Zengi</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li>1146 - <a href="/facts/Saif_ad-Din_Ghazi_I/f42dM2TU">Saif ad-Din Ghazi I</a> in power.</li> <li>1170 - <a href="/facts/Great_Mosque_of_al-Nuri_(Mosul)/Ftx7m6n2">Great Mosque of al-Nuri</a> construction begins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li>1182 - Mosul besieged by forces of <a href="/facts/Saladin/NcfPdcNW">Saladin</a> during rule of <a href="/facts/Izz_ad-Din_Mas%2527ud/RGGGp6lC">Izz ad-Din Mas'ud</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li>1185 - Mosul again besieged by forces of Saladin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li>1224 - Mosul taken by forces of <a href="/facts/Badr_al-Din_Lu%2527lu%2527/gVBRK9TF">Badr al-Din Lu'lu'</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li>1239 - Mashhad Imam Yahya ibn al-Qasim (mausoleum) built near city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li>1248 - Imam Awn al-Din shrine built.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li>1258 - Mosul sacked by forces of <a href="/facts/Hulagu_Khan/AFGAPPnc">Hulagu Khan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li>1262 - July: Mosul taken by Mongol forces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="16th19th-centuries">16th–19th centuries</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Mosul/RGzLjeb2">Mosul § Ottomans: 1517 to 1918</a></p> <ul><li>1516 - <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottomans</a> in power.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li>1535 - Ottoman administrative <a href="/facts/Mosul_Eyalet/gTNuvh1V">Mosul Eyalet</a> created.</li> <li>1623 - Mosul taken by Persian forces (approximate date).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li>1625 - Persians ousted; Ottomans in power again.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li>1719 - Sari Mustafa becomes governor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li>1730 - Hussein <a href="/facts/Jalili_dynasty/lvn0CsrB">Jalili</a> appointed governor.</li> <li>1733 - Mosul besieged by forces of Nadir Khan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li>1743 - <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Mosul_(1743)/kLyeuED2">Siege of Mosul (1743)</a> by Persian forces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li>1745 - <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Mosul_(1745)/aXxjXyl3">Battle of Mosul (1745)</a> fought in vicinity of city.</li> <li>1826 - Unrest; governor Yahya al-Jalili ousted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li>1839 - Ottoman administrative <a href="/facts/Tanzimat/I83H2yXu">reform</a> begins per <a href="/facts/Edict_of_G%25C3%25BClhane/VG2rCVB8">Edict of Gülhane</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li>1854 - "Rebellion" against administrative reform.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="20th-century">20th century</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Mosul/RGzLjeb2">Mosul § 1918 to 2003</a></p> <ul><li>1920 - Population: 703,378 in vilayet (province).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li>1926 - Mosul becomes part of the Kingdom of Iraq per League of Nations <a href="/facts/Mosul_Question/JoaGjSKc">ruling</a>.</li> <li>1947 - Population: 133,625 in city; 595,190 in province.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li>1957 - <a href="/facts/Mosul_FC/rF3RAHWT">Mosul football club</a> formed.</li> <li>1960 - <i><a href="/facts/Ash-Shabibah/g0p1yGx7">Ash-Shabibah</a></i> newspaper published.</li> <li>1965 - Population: 264,146.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li>1967 - <a href="/facts/University_of_Mosul/jVb3fR4g">University of Mosul</a> founded.</li> <li>1969 <ul><li>Mosul Spring Festival [ar] begins.</li> <li>National Insurance Company <a href="/facts/Rifat_Chadirji/T5tYVLkn">built</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1970 - Population: 310,313 (estimate).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li> <li>1986 - <a href="/facts/Mosul_Dam/vW8F8ued">Mosul Dam</a> begins operating near city.</li> <li>1987 - Population: 664,221.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="21st-century">21st century</h2> <ul><li>2003 - March–May: <a href="/facts/2003_invasion_of_Iraq/V9zysaV1">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> by U.S.-led <a href="/facts/Multi-National_Force_%25E2%2580%2593_Iraq/EjqnPlUS">forces</a>; <a href="/facts/Mosul_International_Airport/stYQG2kP">Mosul International Airport</a> occupied.</li> <li>Other U.S. Army units to have occupied the city include the 4th Brigade Combat Team of the 1st Cavalry Division, the 172nd <a href="/facts/Stryker/Ac509HET">Stryker</a> Brigade, the 3rd Brigade-<a href="/facts/2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)/7KlU8Qwk">2nd Infantry Division</a>, 18th Engineer Brigade (Combat), Alpha Company 14th Engineer Battalion-555th Combat Engineer Brigade, 1st Brigade-<a href="/facts/25th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)/HnNkB8uc">25th Infantry Division</a>, the 511th Military Police Company, the 812th Military Police Company and company-size units from <a href="/facts/Reserve_component_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_United_States/KKmhUArF">Reserve components</a>, an element of the 364th Civil Affairs Brigade, and the 404th Civil Affairs Battalion, which covered the areas north of the Green Line. The 67th Combat Support Hospital (CSH) deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) from January 2004 to January 2005, running split based operations in Mosul and Tikrit. The Task Force (TF) 67 Headquarters and Company B operated out of Forward Operating Base (FOB) Diamondback (Mosul), and Company A operating out of FOB Speicher (Tikrit).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li> <li>2004 <ul><li>24 June: <a href="/facts/2004_Mosul_bombings/QMzvSnk6">2004 Mosul bombings</a>.</li> <li>November: <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Mosul_(2004)/4bV6jKI5">Battle of Mosul (2004)</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>2007 - 23 April: <a href="/facts/April_2007_Mosul_massacre/u85m5Fw3">April 2007 Mosul massacre</a>.</li> <li>2008 - <a href="/facts/Ninawa_campaign/F3y6jtlC">Ninawa campaign</a>.</li> <li>2013 - April: Anti-government protest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li> <li>2014 <ul><li>4–10 June: Mosul <a href="/facts/Fall_of_Mosul/5qhbT454">taken</a> by forces of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li>June: <a href="/facts/Mass_executions_in_ISIL_occupied_Mosul/jdN0KeW8">Mass executions in ISIL occupied Mosul</a> begin.</li> <li>16–19 August: <a href="/facts/Battle_for_Mosul_Dam/bX6CuYIr">Battle for Mosul Dam</a> fought near city.</li></ul></li> <li>2015 - January: <a href="/facts/Mosul_offensive_(2015)/JazcB5At">Mosul offensive (2015)</a>.</li> <li>2016 - October: <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%25E2%2580%259317)/0EWlrSjW">Battle of Mosul (2016–17)</a> begins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li> <li>2017 <ul><li>21 June: Great Mosque of al-Nuri destroyed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li> <li>July: Iraqi army <a href="/facts/Mosul_liberation/57r3YHFp">takes</a> city.</li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="images">Images</h2> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/History_of_Mosul/RGzLjeb2">History of Mosul</a> [ar]</li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_rulers_of_Mosul/7uX5Volq">List of rulers of Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nineveh/yl44Guzj">Nineveh</a>, ancient Assyrian city located across river from present-day Mosul</li> <li>Timelines of other <a href="/facts/List_of_cities_in_Iraq/bj894Arb">cities</a> in Iraq: <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_Baghdad/TYQAUsk3">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_Basra/YL7Wzstx">Basra</a></li></ul> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <p>Published in 19th century </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Jedidiah_Morse/7gmDRX6H">Jedidiah Morse</a>; Richard C. Morse (1823). <a href="https://archive.org/stream/newuniversalgaze00morsrich#page/494/mode/1up">"Mosul"</a>. <i>A New Universal Gazetteer</i> (4th ed.). New Haven: S. Converse.</li> <li><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dvFCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA470">"Mosul"</a>. <i>Edinburgh Gazetteer</i> (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: <a href="/facts/Longman%2c_Rees%2c_Orme%2c_Brown%2c_and_Green/l5JQ1NGz">Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green</a>. 1829.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Josiah_Conder_(editor_and_author)/s74p3mfn">Josiah Conder</a> (1834). <a href="https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofgeog00cond#page/444/mode/2up">"Mosul"</a>. <i>Dictionary of Geography, Ancient and Modern</i>. London: T. Tegg.</li> <li><a href="/facts/William_Francis_Ainsworth/FKnPXuaP">William Francis Ainsworth</a> (1842). <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015011385054?urlappend=%3Bseq=140">"City of Mosul"</a>. <i>Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Chaldea, and Armenia</i>. London: John W. Parker. <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015011385054?urlappend=%3Bseq=140">2027/mdp.39015011385054</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Edward_Balfour/8ejuGCpf">Edward Balfour</a>, ed. (1871). <a href="https://archive.org/stream/cyclopaediaofind02balfuoft#page/990/mode/2up">"Mosul"</a>. <i>Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia</i> (2nd ed.). Madras.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</li> <li>William Francis Ainsworth (1888). <a href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.84939/2015.84939.A-Personal-Narrative-Of-The-Euphrates-Expedition-Vol-Iii#page/n327/mode/2up">"First Visit to Mosul and Ninevah"</a>. <i>Personal Narrative of the Euphrates Expedition</i>. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Charles_William_Wilson/R07QvlDH">Charles Wilson</a>, ed. (1895). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=icy5QKym2BoC&pg=PA294">"Mosul"</a>. <i>Handbook for Travellers in Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, Persia, etc</i>. London: <a href="/facts/John_Murray_(publishing_house)/g24FrCcj">John Murray</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780524062142. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8979039">8979039</a>. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</li></ul> <p>Published in 20th century </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Friedrich_Sarre/axEE7YTc">Friedrich Sarre</a>; <a href="/facts/Ernst_Herzfeld/eaEETboN">Ernst Herzfeld</a>. <i>Archäologische Reise im Euphrat- und Tigris-Gebiet</i> (in German). Vol. 2. Berlin. pp. 203–305. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/491984252">491984252</a>. 1911–1920</li> <li><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BykoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA426">"Mosul"</a>. <i>Palestine and Syria</i> (5th ed.). Leipzig: <a href="/facts/List_of_Baedeker_Guides/mHmuwqXD">Karl Baedeker</a>. 1912.</li> <li>E. Honigmann (1993) [1927]. "Mosul". <a href="/facts/Encyclopedia_of_Islam/oSUIAA8e"><i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 609–611. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fWNpIGNFz0IC">via Google Books</a></li> <li>Th. Lefebvre (1927). <a href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/geo_0003-4010_1927_num_36_199_8610">"Le Vilayet de Mossoul"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Annales_de_G%25C3%25A9ographie/0m61qSxK">Annales de Géographie</a></i> (in French). 36 – via <a href="/facts/Pers%25C3%25A9e_(web_portal)/0z1n5D0H">Persée</a>. <a href="/facts/Open_access/r7rLYN6C"></a></li> <li>Percy Kemp (1983). "Power and Knowledge in Jalili Mosul". <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>. 19 (2): 201–212. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263208308700543">10.1080/00263208308700543</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3206">0026-3206</a>.</li> <li>Percy Kemp (1983). "History and Historiography in Jalili Mosul". <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>. 19 (3): 345–376. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263208308700555">10.1080/00263208308700555</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://archive.org/stream/middleeastonshoe00bros#page/308/mode/2up">"Iraq: Mosul"</a>, <i>Middle East</i>, Australia: <a href="/facts/Lonely_Planet/8zgE7gcl">Lonely Planet</a>, 1994, p. 309+, <a href="/facts/OL_(identifier)/A13NLNNh">OL</a> <a href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL16516298W">16516298W</a></li> <li>Jacqueline Griffin (1996). "Mosul". In Trudy Ring (ed.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6XMBAwAAQBAJ"><i>Middle East and Africa</i></a>. International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. pp. 522+. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781884964039.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Dina_Rizk_Khoury/ItHX0nPp">Dina Rizk Khoury</a> (1997). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XUBTxmEmsxAC"><i>State and Provincial Society in the Ottoman Empire: Mosul, 1540-1834</i></a>. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Cambridge: <a href="/facts/Cambridge_University_Press/fgEBSSRq">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0521894301.</li> <li>Sarah D. Shields (2000). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kUE8Fz-Cy-8C"><i>Mosul before Iraq: Like Bees Making Five-Sided Cells</i></a>. <a href="/facts/State_University_of_New_York_Press/EuEWW1KJ">State University of New York Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7914-4487-0.</li></ul> <p>Published in 21st century </p> <ul><li>Peter Sluglett (2002), "Mosul", in David Levinson and Karen Christensen (ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of Modern Asia</i>, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0684806177</li> <li>Reeva S. Simon (2004), "Mosul", in Philip Mattar (ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa</i>, NY: Macmillan Reference USA, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0028657691</li> <li><a href="/facts/C._Edmund_Bosworth/hrMMfBu4">C. Edmund Bosworth</a>, ed. (2007). "Mosul". <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC"><i>Historic Cities of the Islamic World</i></a>. Leiden: <a href="/facts/Koninklijke_Brill/UwYwgUu0">Koninklijke Brill</a>. pp. 412+. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-9004153882.</li> <li>Michael R.T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley, eds. (2008). "Mosul". <i>Cities of the Middle East and North Africa</i>. Santa Barbara, US: <a href="/facts/ABC-CLIO/7B9JFAeq">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1576079195.</li> <li>Gabor Agoston; Bruce Alan Masters, eds. (2009). "Mosul". <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC"><i>Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</i></a>. <a href="/facts/Facts_on_File/EqPtkn6t">Facts on File</a>. pp. 394–395. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4381-1025-7.</li> <li>"Mosul". <i>Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture</i>. Oxford University Press. 2009.</li> <li>Beth K. Dougherty; Edmund A. Ghareeb (2013). "Mawsil". <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmQYAgAAQBAJ"><i>Historical Dictionary of Iraq</i></a> (2nd ed.). Maryland, US: <a href="/facts/Scarecrow_Press/NJNX9xwH">Scarecrow Press</a>. p. 422. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8108-7942-3.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mosul. <ul><li><a href="http://www.qdl.qa/en/search/site/Mosul">Items related to Mosul</a>, various dates (via <a href="/facts/Qatar_Digital_Library/xndNEV6r">Qatar Digital Library</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://www.europeana.eu/portal/search.html?query=Mosul+Iraq&rows=96">Items related to Mosul</a>, various dates (via <a href="/facts/Europeana/kPb8dU5M">Europeana</a>)</li> <li><a href="http://dp.la/search?page_size=100&q=Mosul+Iraq&utf8=✓">Items related to Mosul</a>, various dates (via <a href="/facts/Digital_Public_Library_of_America/YDrrg4hy">Digital Public Library of America</a>)</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Bosworth 2007. - C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Mosul". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. pp. 412+. ISBN 978-9004153882. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Bosworth 2007. - C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Mosul". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. pp. 412+. ISBN 978-9004153882. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Bosworth 2007. - C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Mosul". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. pp. 412+. ISBN 978-9004153882. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Bosworth 2007. - C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Mosul". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. pp. 412+. ISBN 978-9004153882. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Bosworth 2007. - C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Mosul". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. pp. 412+. ISBN 978-9004153882. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Bosworth 2007. - C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Mosul". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. pp. 412+. ISBN 978-9004153882. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Griffin 1996. - Jacqueline Griffin (1996). "Mosul". In Trudy Ring (ed.). Middle East and Africa. International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. pp. 522+. ISBN 9781884964039. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6XMBAwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=6XMBAwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Bosworth 2007. - C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Mosul". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. pp. 412+. ISBN 978-9004153882. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Bosworth 2007. - C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Mosul". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. pp. 412+. ISBN 978-9004153882. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Mosul". ArchNet. Retrieved 23 June 2017. <a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/3843" target="_blank">https://archnet.org/authorities/3843</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Bosworth 2007. - C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Mosul". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. pp. 412+. ISBN 978-9004153882. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Bosworth 2007. - C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Mosul". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. pp. 412+. ISBN 978-9004153882. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Mosul". ArchNet. Retrieved 23 June 2017. <a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/3843" target="_blank">https://archnet.org/authorities/3843</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Mosul". ArchNet. Retrieved 23 June 2017. <a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/3843" target="_blank">https://archnet.org/authorities/3843</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Saeed Al-Dewachi. "Mosul". Oxford Art Online. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help) Retrieved 23 June 2017 <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Art_Online" target="_blank">/wiki/Oxford_Art_Online</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Dougherty 2013. - Beth K. Dougherty; Edmund A. Ghareeb (2013). "Mawsil". Historical Dictionary of Iraq (2nd ed.). Maryland, US: Scarecrow Press. p. 422. ISBN 978-0-8108-7942-3. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmQYAgAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmQYAgAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Shields 2000. - Sarah D. Shields (2000). Mosul before Iraq: Like Bees Making Five-Sided Cells. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-4487-0. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kUE8Fz-Cy-8C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=kUE8Fz-Cy-8C</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Shields 2000. - Sarah D. Shields (2000). Mosul before Iraq: Like Bees Making Five-Sided Cells. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-4487-0. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kUE8Fz-Cy-8C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=kUE8Fz-Cy-8C</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Agoston 2009. - Gabor Agoston; Bruce Alan Masters, eds. (2009). "Mosul". Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts on File. pp. 394–395. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Agoston 2009. - Gabor Agoston; Bruce Alan Masters, eds. (2009). "Mosul". Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts on File. pp. 394–395. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Khoury 1997. - Dina Rizk Khoury (1997). State and Provincial Society in the Ottoman Empire: Mosul, 1540-1834. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521894301. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XUBTxmEmsxAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=XUBTxmEmsxAC</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Agoston 2009. - Gabor Agoston; Bruce Alan Masters, eds. (2009). "Mosul". Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts on File. pp. 394–395. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Agoston 2009. - Gabor Agoston; Bruce Alan Masters, eds. (2009). "Mosul". Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts on File. pp. 394–395. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Agoston 2009. - Gabor Agoston; Bruce Alan Masters, eds. (2009). "Mosul". Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts on File. pp. 394–395. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Shields 2000. - Sarah D. Shields (2000). Mosul before Iraq: Like Bees Making Five-Sided Cells. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-4487-0. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kUE8Fz-Cy-8C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=kUE8Fz-Cy-8C</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Shields 2000. - Sarah D. Shields (2000). Mosul before Iraq: Like Bees Making Five-Sided Cells. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-4487-0. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kUE8Fz-Cy-8C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=kUE8Fz-Cy-8C</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>"Mesopotamia". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1921. hdl:2027/njp.32101072368440 – via HathiTrust. <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101072368440?urlappend=%3Bseq=1404" target="_blank">https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101072368440?urlappend=%3Bseq=1404</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>"Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1955. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations. <a href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1950_round.htm" target="_blank">https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1950_round.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1976). "Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1975. New York. pp. 253–279.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" target="_blank">/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>"Mosul". ArchNet. Retrieved 23 June 2017. <a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/3843" target="_blank">https://archnet.org/authorities/3843</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" target="_blank">/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>"Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 2001. United Nations Statistics Division. <a href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2001.htm" target="_blank">https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2001.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>"Würzburg hospital team is home from Iraq – News – Stripes". stripes.com. Archived from the original on 2020-10-19. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019221649/https://www.stripes.com/news/w%C3%BCrzburg-hospital-team-is-home-from-iraq-1.28212" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20201019221649/https://www.stripes.com/news/w%C3%BCrzburg-hospital-team-is-home-from-iraq-1.28212</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Iraq police and gunmen die in Mosul clashes, BBC News, 25 April 2013 <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-22292220" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-22292220</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>"Iraq Profile: Timeline". BBC News. 16 August 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2017. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14546763" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14546763</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>"Iraq Profile: Timeline". BBC News. 16 August 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2017. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14546763" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14546763</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>"Mosul's landmark Great Mosque of al-Nuri to be rebuilt", BBC News, 24 April 2018 <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-43878017" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-43878017</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>