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SMS V28
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<h2 id="design-and-construction">Design and construction</h2> <p>In 1913, the Imperial German Navy placed orders for 12 high-seas torpedo boats, with six each ordered from AG Vulcan (<i>V25</i>–<i>V30</i>) and <a href="/facts/Schichau-Werke/3rvtF93p">Schichau-Werke</a> (<i>S31</i>–<i>S36</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> While the designs built by each shipyard were broadly similar, they differed from each other in detail, and were significantly larger and more capable than the small torpedo boats built for the German Navy in the last two years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p><i>V28</i> was 78.5 metres (257 ft 7 in) long <a href="/facts/Length_overall/YMeByubQ">overall</a> and 77.8 metres (255 ft 3 in) <a href="/facts/Waterline_length/D9a12yhM">at the waterline</a>, with a <a href="/facts/Beam_(nautical)/kG7egDLm">beam</a> of 8.33 metres (27 ft 4 in) and a <a href="/facts/Draft_(ship)/MHGIRjC0">draft</a> of 3.63 metres (11 ft 11 in). <a href="/facts/Displacement_(ship)/19jbfNuM">Displacement</a> was 812 tonnes (799 long tons) normal and 975 tonnes (960 long tons) deep load.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> Three oil-fired <a href="/facts/Water-tube_boiler/AXewR098">water-tube boilers</a> fed steam to 2 sets of AEG-Vulcan <a href="/facts/Steam_turbine/scacVXsB">steam turbines</a> rated at 23,500 metric horsepower (23,200 shp; 17,300 kW), giving a speed of 33.5 knots (62.0 km/h; 38.6 mph). 225 tonnes (221 long tons) of fuel oil was carried, giving a range of 1,080 nautical miles (2,000 km; 1,240 mi) at 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>Armament consisted of three <a href="/facts/8.8_cm_SK_L%2f45_naval_gun/a2FANEEA">8.8 cm SK L/45 naval guns</a> in single mounts,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> together with six 50 cm (19.7 in) <a href="/facts/Torpedo_tube/D0o8sNR1">torpedo tubes</a> with two fixed single tubes forward and 2 twin mounts aft. Up to 24 <a href="/facts/Naval_mine/jo9uVY9U">mines</a> could be carried.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> The ship had a complement of 83 officers and men.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p><i>V28</i> was <a href="/facts/Keel_laying/0GjIvoG1">laid down</a> as <a href="/facts/Yard_number/b2XlMKqN">yard number</a> 349 at AG Vulcan's Stettin shipyard, was <a href="/facts/Ceremonial_ship_launching/kFSJFllx">launched</a> on 9 May 1914 and commissioned on 22 September 1914.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="service">Service</h2> <h3>1914–1915</h3> <p><i>V28</i> joined the 9th Torpedo Boat Flotilla, serving as the lead boat of the flotilla in October 1914.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> On 15 December 1914 the German <a href="/facts/Battlecruiser/jMqN0GHa">battlecruiser</a> squadron under the command of <a href="/facts/Franz_von_Hipper/qevrcfJn">Franz von Hipper</a> set out on an <a href="/facts/Raid_on_Scarborough%2c_Hartlepool_and_Whitby/eksPGE0q">attack</a> on the British east coast towns of <a href="/facts/Scarborough%2c_North_Yorkshire/h65pc7he">Scarborough</a>, <a href="/facts/Hartlepool/fzKbNt7M">Hartlepool</a>, <a href="/facts/West_Hartlepool/yxc6M2G5">West Hartlepool</a> and <a href="/facts/Whitby/aaPM1sfl">Whitby</a>, with the intent of drawing out parts of the British <a href="/facts/Grand_Fleet/dFajnjQA">Grand Fleet</a> where it could be <a href="/facts/Defeat_in_detail/UEf5SUI6">defeated in detail</a>. The 9th Torpedo Boat Flotilla, including <i>V28</i>, was part of the escort for Hipper's heavy ships.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>On 14 January 1915, the cruisers <a href="/facts/SMS_Strassburg/nB0RCT7j"><i>Strassburg</i></a> and <a href="/facts/SMS_Stralsund/oPe8eE5l"><i>Stralsund</i></a>, escorted by the 9th Torpedo boat Flotilla, led by <i>V28</i>, set out to lay a minefield off the <a href="/facts/Humber/SJgJnnmH">Humber</a>. The weather was extremely poor, with the torpedo-boats struggling in the heavy seas, which partly extinguished their boiler fires, and after the torpedo boats <a href="/facts/SMS_V25/xfEpHGjg">SMS <i>V25</i></a> and <a href="/facts/SMS_V26/BD1N1w8V"><i>V26</i></a> collided, causing minor damage, the flotilla commander aboard <i>V28</i> ordered the torpedo boats to turn back, leaving the two cruisers to carry on unescorted. The minefield claimed a British trawler, <i>Windsor</i>, on 22 January.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> On 21–22 April 1915, <i>V28</i> took part in a sortie by the German High Seas Fleet to the <a href="/facts/Dogger_Bank/45hQxsnA">Dogger Bank</a>. <i>V28</i> sank a single British trawler, the <i>Cancer</i>, based out of Grimsby, the only German success of the operation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>In August 1915, German naval forces in the <a href="/facts/Baltic_Sea/jbQJGLQX">Baltic Sea</a>, supported by the <a href="/facts/High_Seas_Fleet/6YClQGHo">High Seas Fleet</a> including the 9th Torpedo Boat Flotilla, carried out the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Riga/U7XEev4p">Battle of the Gulf of Riga</a>. This was an attempt to enter the Gulf of Riga, destroy Russian naval forces in the Gulf and to mine the northern entrances to the Gulf in order to prevent Russian reinforcements.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> On 10 August, <i>V28</i> escorted the cruiser <a href="/facts/SMS_Kolberg/8sYIIXgr"><i>Kolberg</i></a> as the cruiser bombarded <a href="/facts/Ut%25C3%25B6_(Finland)/MvIHtEo5">Utö</a> island. The two ships encountered five Russian destroyers, with one destroyer hit before they drew away out of range of the German ships.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> On 20 August, in one of the last actions of the battle, <i>V28</i> took part in an attack on <a href="/facts/Pernau/cshaE6Hn">Pernau</a>, with <a href="/facts/Blockships/gSgAcHb1">blockships</a> being used to block the entrance to the harbour. <i>V28</i>, with <a href="/facts/SMS_S32_(1914)/RPFP2dsU"><i>S32</i></a>, <a href="/facts/SMS_V183/hGegxzwl"><i>V183</i></a> and <a href="/facts/ORP_Kaszub_(1921)/zepfh0B0"><i>V108</i></a>, escorted the blockships to the harbour, engaging shore batteries in the city's citadel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> Overall, German forces failed to meet their objectives, with the torpedo boats <a href="/facts/SMS_S31_(1913)/cm5HopLQ"><i>S31</i></a> and V99 and the minesweeper T46 being sunk, while no major Russian warships were destroyed and the Germans failed to lay the planned minefield.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p> <h3>1916</h3> <p>On 10 February 1916, <i>V28</i> took part in a sortie by 25 torpedo boats of the 2nd, 6th and 9th Torpedo-boat Flotillas into the <a href="/facts/North_Sea/htGJNmsb">North Sea</a>. The sortie led to <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Dogger_Bank_(1916)/y2Uy9btL">an encounter</a> between several German torpedo boats and British minesweepers off the <a href="/facts/Dogger_Bank/45hQxsnA">Dogger Bank</a>, which resulted in the British minesweeper <a href="/facts/HMS_Arabis_(1915)/jIk9XFkE"><i>Arabis</i></a> being torpedoed and sunk by ships of the 2nd Flotilla.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> On 24 April 1916, the German battlecruisers of <a href="/facts/I_Scouting_Group/bqVDcPeL">I Scouting Group</a> and the light cruisers of the II Scouting Group set out from Kiel on a <a href="/facts/Bombardment_of_Yarmouth_and_Lowestoft/AxEnvyqa">mission to bombard</a> the British East-coast towns of <a href="/facts/Great_Yarmouth/yUlza38g">Yarmouth</a> and <a href="/facts/Lowestoft/0TXCf6s1">Lowestoft</a>, with the torpedo boats of the 6th and 9th Torpedo Boat Flotillas as escorts, and <i>V26</i> as part of the 9th Flotilla.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> The battleships of the <a href="/facts/High_Seas_Fleet/6YClQGHo">High Seas Fleet</a> were deployed in support, with the hope of destroying isolated elements of the British Forces if they tried to intercept. There was a brief engagement between the German forces and the light cruisers and destroyers of the <a href="/facts/Harwich_Force/R1eGVrCM">Harwich Force</a>, which caused the German battlecruisers to break off the bombardment of Lowestoft, but rather than take the chance to destroy the outnumbered British force, the Germans chose to retire.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p><p><i>V28</i> participated in the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Jutland/TMpDt8xn">Battle of Jutland</a> as leader of the 9th Torpedo boat Flotilla,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> in support of the German battlecruisers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> The 9th Flotilla, including <i>V28</i>, took part in a torpedo attack on British battlecruisers from about 17:26 <a href="/facts/Central_European_Time/pfceJn4Y">CET</a> (16:26 <a href="/facts/GMT/JpSIdWsn">GMT</a>), with <i>V28</i> firing two torpedoes. The attack was disrupted by British destroyers, with <a href="/facts/SMS_V27/JbeMuSIa"><i>V27</i></a> being immobilised by British destroyer fire and scuttled. None of the German torpedoes found a target.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> Later during the afternoon, at about 19:00 CET, the 9th Flotilla attempted another torpedo attack against British battlecruisers, which was curtailed by poor visibility and an attack by British destroyers. <i>V28</i> launching one torpedo at the battlecruiser and one at the British destroyers, both of which missed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> From about 20:15 <a href="/facts/Central_European_Time/pfceJn4Y">CET</a> (19:15 <a href="/facts/GMT/JpSIdWsn">GMT</a>), <i>V28</i> took part in a large-scale torpedo attack by the 6th and 9th Torpedo Boat Flotillas on the British fleet in order to cover the outnumbered German battleships' turn away from the British line. The German torpedo boats came under heavy fire from British battleships, with <i>V28</i> being hit by a single 6-inch (152 mm) shell on the waterline forward, which reduced her speed to 17–19 kn (20–22 mph; 31–35 km/h). <i>V28</i> launched a single torpedo at the British battle-line (with the torpedo-boat's last torpedo misfiring and remaining in its tube), before turning away. The torpedo, like all those launched in the attack, missed. In addition to <i>V28</i>, <a href="/facts/SMS_G41/gMse4XYQ"><i>G41</i></a>, G86, G87, <a href="/facts/SMS_S51/alyIWayc"><i>S51</i></a> and <a href="/facts/SMS_S52/cCzpvoPn"><i>S52</i></a> were all damaged in this attack and <a href="/facts/SMS_S35_(1914)/zalBnutq"><i>S35</i></a> was sunk.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p><p><i>V28</i> was part of the 9th Torpedo Boat Flotilla during the inconclusive <a href="/facts/Action_of_19_August_1916/r3Tyyr79">Action of 19 August 1916</a>, when the German <a href="/facts/High_Seas_Fleet/6YClQGHo">High Seas Fleet</a> sailed to cover a sortie of the battlecruisers of the 1st Scouting Group.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> In October 1916, the 3rd and 9th Torpedo Boat Flotillas were ordered to reinforce the German naval forces based in <a href="/facts/Flanders/JDsTRuR4">Flanders</a>, in order to disrupt the <a href="/facts/Dover_Barrage/qh9UlpUB">Dover Barrage</a>, a series of anti submarine minefields and nets that attempted to stop <a href="/facts/U-boat/GgjbMzMT">U-boats</a> from operating in the <a href="/facts/English_Channel/UPjaSEXf">English Channel</a>, and to directly attack cross-Channel shipping. The twenty torpedo boats of the two flotillas, including <i>V28</i>, now part of the 18th Half Flotilla of the 9th Flotilla, left <a href="/facts/Wilhelmshaven/9deashEc">Wilhelmshaven</a> on 23 October, reaching Belgium the next day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> The 9th Flotilla took part in a <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Dover_Strait_(1916)/5V3KNFN8">large scale raid</a> into the English Channel on the night of 26/27 October 1916, and was assigned the role of attacking Allied shipping while other torpedo boats went after the Dover Barrage, with the 18th Half Flotilla, including <i>V28</i>, to operate off <a href="/facts/Calais/DaM9yzWq">Calais</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> The 18th Half Flotilla successfully passed through the British defences of the Dover Straits, despite twice encountering British warships on the journey through the barrage. Four British destroyers<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> on passage to <a href="/facts/Dunkirk/MYzumqPp">Dunkirk</a> were spotted, but failed to see the German ships, while the old destroyer <a href="/facts/HMS_Flirt_(1897)/ua86UYac"><i>Flirt</i></a> spotted the 18th Half Flotilla and challenged them, but the Germans repeated <i>Flirt</i>'s signal and continued on course, with <i>Flirt</i> mistaking the ships for the <i>Laforey</i> division and not engaging or reporting the ships.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> The 18th Half Flotilla did not encounter any of the hoped for merchant ships, but on its return journey clashed with three British destroyers<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> which attempted to pursue, but lost contact after German fire caused <i>Mohawk</i>'s rudder to jam.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> Other German units sank several <a href="/facts/Naval_drifter/nIUjETQ3">drifters</a> that were part of the Dover Barrage together with <i>Flirt</i> (which was attempting to rescue the crews of the drifters) and the merchant ship <a href="/facts/TSS_The_Queen/stXdI4I7"><i>The Queen</i></a>, and badly damaged the destroyer <a href="/facts/HMS_Nubian_(1909)/aJX4bbRE"><i>Nubian</i></a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> The 9th Flotilla continued to operate from Flanders, attacking shipping off the coast of the Netherlands on 1 November.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> On the night of 23/24 November, <i>V28</i> was one of 13 torpedo boats that took part in an attempt to attack shipping in <a href="/facts/The_Downs_(ship_anchorage)/Tqqqy3bq">the Downs</a>. While they clashed briefly with patrolling drifters, they found none of the shipping anchored on the Downs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> On the night of 26/27 November, the 9th Flotilla sortied again, stopping the Dutch merchant ship <i>Beijerland</i> and taking her pilot prisoner, and sinking the naval trawler Narval.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> The torpedo boats <a href="/facts/SMS_V30/TQ6HhdqN"><i>V30</i></a> and <a href="/facts/SMS_S34_(1914)/VTnHg5Ke"><i>S34</i></a> collided during this sortie, badly damaging both ships. The 9th Flotilla (less the two damaged torpedo boats) returned to Germany on 30 November.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> </p> <h3>1917–1918</h3> <p>By late April 1917, the torpedo boats of the 9th Torpedo Boat Flotilla had been fitted for minesweeping and their crews trained in that task, and became increasingly dedicated to minesweeping.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> On 3 October 1918, <i>V28</i> was on patrol in the <a href="/facts/North_Sea/htGJNmsb">North Sea</a> off <a href="/facts/Terschelling/d8E3Uu3G">Terschelling</a> with V79, <a href="/facts/SMS_S33_(1914)/PJesk2ET"><i>S33</i></a> and <a href="/facts/SMS_S34_(1914)/VTnHg5Ke"><i>S34</i></a> when <i>S34</i> struck a mine and sank. The other three torpedo boats went to rescue the survivors of <i>S34</i>'s crew, but these rescue operations were observed by the British submarine <a href="/facts/HMS_L10/FINJroPq"><i>L10</i></a>. <i>L10</i> torpedoed and sank <i>S33</i>, but inadvertently surfaced immediately afterwards and was engaged and sunk by <i>V28</i> and <i>V79</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a><i>V28</i> remained part of the 9th Torpedo Boat Flotilla in November 1918, when the <a href="/facts/Armistice_of_11_November_1918/xDvqSpuq">Armistice of 11 November 1918</a> stopped the fighting between Germany and the <a href="/facts/Allies_of_World_War_I/HBo9sw1M">Allies</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> </p> <h3>Post-war operations and disposal</h3> <p>By the terms of the Armistice, a large proportion of the Imperial German Navy, including 50 modern torpedo boats, was interned at <a href="/facts/Scapa_Flow/PBDsXQmA">Scapa Flow</a> in <a href="/facts/Orkney/CDuLIPfu">Orkney</a>. <i>V28</i> remained in German hands, however, forming part of the <i>Eisernen Flottille</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a>, a volunteer force of torpedo boats remaining in active service and used for security duties, although the ship's torpedo tubes were removed under the terms of the Armistice.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> On 21 June 1919, the German fleet interned at Scapa <a href="/facts/Scuttling_of_the_German_fleet_at_Scapa_Flow/pSs8429M">scuttled itself</a>, and as a result, Germany was forced to hand over more warships and equipment, including <i>V26</i> to the Allies under the <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Versailles/BsNmjaqV">Treaty of Versailles</a> to compensate for the ships scuttled at Scapa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> The Allies decided to transfer 10 destroyers from the ships surrendered from the German and Austro-Hungarian to each of the French and Italian navies to replace wartime losses. Twenty of the best of the surrendered German torpedo boats, including <i>V28</i>, were therefore sent to <a href="/facts/Cherbourg/45qyTgh0">Cherbourg</a> in France to allow France and Italy to make their selection. The unwanted ships would be scrapped by Britain. <i>V28</i> was not wanted, and was sold for scrap on 21 October 1920,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> and was broken up at <a href="/facts/Portishead%2c_Somerset/mmfNDlKU">Portishead</a> in 1922.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <ul><li>Campbell, John (1998). <i>Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting</i>. London: Conway Maritime Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-85177-750-3.</li> <li>Dodson, Aidan (2019). "Beyond the Kaiser: The IGN's Destroyers and Torpedo Boats After 1918". In Jordan, John (ed.). <i>Warship 2019</i>. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. pp. 129–144. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4728-3595-6.</li> <li>Fock, Harald (1989). <i>Z-Vor! Internationale Entwicklung und Kriegseinsätze von Zerstörern und Torpedobooten 1914 bis 1939</i> (in German). Herford, Germany: Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft mBH. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 3-7822-0207-4.</li> <li>Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). <i>Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921</i>. London: Conway Maritime Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-85177-245-5.</li> <li>Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1983). <i>Die deutschen Kriegsschiffe 1815–1945: Band 2: Torpedoboote, Zerstörer, Schnellboote, Minensuchboote, Minenräumboote</i> (in German). Koblenz: Bernard & Graef Verlag. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 3-7637-4801-6.</li> <li>Groos, O. (1923). <a href="https://www.digar.ee/arhiiv/et/raamatud/17105"><i>Der Krieg in der Nordsee: Dritter Band: Von Ende November 1914 bis Unfang Februar 1915</i></a>. Der Krieg zur See: 1914–1918 (in German). Berlin: Verlag von E. S. Mittler und Sohn – via National Library of Estonia.</li> <li>Groos, O. (1924). <a href="https://www.digar.ee/arhiiv/et/raamatud/17104"><i>Der Krieg in der Nordsee: Vierter Band: Von Anfang Februar bis Ende Dezember 1915</i></a>. Der Krieg zur See: 1914–1918 (in German). Berlin: Verlag von E. S. Mittler und Sohn – via National Library of Estonia.</li> <li>Halpern, Paul G. (1994). <i>A Naval History of World War I</i>. London: UCL Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-85728-498-4.</li> <li>Karau, Mark K. (2014). <i>The Naval Flank of the Western Front: The German MarineKorps Flandern 1914–1918</i>. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-84832-231-8.</li> <li>Kemp, Paul (1999). <i>The Admiralty Regrets: British Warship Losses of the 20th Century</i>. Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-7509-1567-6.</li> <li>Massie, Robert K. (2007). <i>Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany and the Winning of the Great War at Sea</i>. London: Vintage Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-099-52378-9.</li> <li><a href="http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XII_opt.pdf"><i>Monograph No. 28: Home Waters—Part III. From November 1914 to the end of January 1915</i></a> (PDF). Naval Staff Monographs (Historical). Vol. XII. The Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division. 1925.</li> <li><a href="http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XIII_opt.pdf"><i>Monograph No. 29: Home Waters—Part IV. From February to July 1915</i></a> (PDF). Naval Staff Monographs (Historical). Vol. XIII. The Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division. 1925.</li> <li><a href="http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XV_opt.pdf"><i>Monograph No. 31: Home Waters Part VI: From October 1915 to May 1916</i></a> (PDF). Naval Staff Monographs (Historical). Vol. XV. Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division. 1926.</li> <li><a href="http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XVI_opt.pdf"><i>Monograph No. 32: Lowestoft Raid: 24th – 25th April, 1916</i></a> (PDF). Naval Staff Monographs (Historical). Vol. XVI. The Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division. 1927.</li> <li><a href="http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XVII_opt.pdf"><i>Monograph No. 33: Home Waters Part VII: From June 1916 to November 1916</i></a> (PDF). Naval Staff Monographs (Historical). Vol. XVII. Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division. 1927.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Henry_Newbolt/B1uSKaHX">Newbolt, Henry</a> (1928). <a href="https://archive.org/details/navaloperations04corb"><i>History of the Great War: Naval Operations: Volume IV</i></a>. London: Longmans, Green & Co. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/669033099">669033099</a>.</li> <li>Rollmann, Heinrich (1929). <a href="https://archive.org/details/derkrieginderost02firl"><i>Der Krieg in der Ostsee: Zweiter Band: Das Kreigjahr 1915</i></a>. Der Krieg zur See: 1914–1918 (in German). Berlin: Verlag von E. S. Mittler und Sohn.</li> <li>Ruge, F. (1972). <i>Warship Profile 27: SM Torpedo Boat B110</i>. Profile Publications.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"SMS" stands for "Seiner Majestät Schiff" (transl. His Majesty's Ship) <a href="/wiki/Seiner_Majest%C3%A4t_Schiff" target="_blank">/wiki/Seiner_Majest%C3%A4t_Schiff</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>The "V" in V28 denoted the shipbuilder who constructed her, in this case AG Vulcan.[1] <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>The Imperial German Navy's practice was to split a year's orders into half-flotillas of six torpedo boats from different builders.[1] <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 168 - Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Gröner, Jung & Maass 1983, p. 53 - Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1983). Die deutschen Kriegsschiffe 1815–1945: Band 2: Torpedoboote, Zerstörer, Schnellboote, Minensuchboote, Minenräumboote (in German). Koblenz: Bernard & Graef Verlag. ISBN 3-7637-4801-6. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 168 - Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>SK stood for Schnellfeuerkanone (quick-firing gun).[4] <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>In Imperial German Navy gun nomenclature, the L/45 denotes the length of the gun. In this case, the L/45 gun is 45 caliber, meaning that the gun is 45 times as long as it is in diameter. <a href="/wiki/Caliber_(artillery)" target="_blank">/wiki/Caliber_(artillery)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 168 - Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Gröner, Jung & Maass 1983, p. 53 - Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1983). Die deutschen Kriegsschiffe 1815–1945: Band 2: Torpedoboote, Zerstörer, Schnellboote, Minensuchboote, Minenräumboote (in German). Koblenz: Bernard & Graef Verlag. ISBN 3-7637-4801-6. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 168 - Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Gröner, Jung & Maass 1983, pp. 53–54 - Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1983). Die deutschen Kriegsschiffe 1815–1945: Band 2: Torpedoboote, Zerstörer, Schnellboote, Minensuchboote, Minenräumboote (in German). Koblenz: Bernard & Graef Verlag. ISBN 3-7637-4801-6. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Fock 1989, p. 347 - Fock, Harald (1989). Z-Vor! Internationale Entwicklung und Kriegseinsätze von Zerstörern und Torpedobooten 1914 bis 1939 (in German). Herford, Germany: Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft mBH. ISBN 3-7822-0207-4. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Massie 2007, p. 328 - Massie, Robert K. (2007). Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany and the Winning of the Great War at Sea. London: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-099-52378-9. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Groos 1923, pp. 57, 91, 262 - Groos, O. (1923). Der Krieg in der Nordsee: Dritter Band: Von Ende November 1914 bis Unfang Februar 1915. Der Krieg zur See: 1914–1918 (in German). Berlin: Verlag von E. S. Mittler und Sohn – via National Library of Estonia. <a href="https://www.digar.ee/arhiiv/et/raamatud/17105" target="_blank">https://www.digar.ee/arhiiv/et/raamatud/17105</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Naval Staff Monograph No. 28 1925, pp. 164–168 - Monograph No. 28: Home Waters—Part III. From November 1914 to the end of January 1915 (PDF). Naval Staff Monographs (Historical). Vol. XII. The Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division. 1925. <a href="http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XII_opt.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XII_opt.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Groos 1923, p. 170 - Groos, O. (1923). Der Krieg in der Nordsee: Dritter Band: Von Ende November 1914 bis Unfang Februar 1915. Der Krieg zur See: 1914–1918 (in German). Berlin: Verlag von E. S. Mittler und Sohn – via National Library of Estonia. <a href="https://www.digar.ee/arhiiv/et/raamatud/17105" target="_blank">https://www.digar.ee/arhiiv/et/raamatud/17105</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Naval Staff Monograph No. 29 1925, pp. 193–195 - Monograph No. 29: Home Waters—Part IV. From February to July 1915 (PDF). Naval Staff Monographs (Historical). Vol. XIII. The Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division. 1925. <a href="http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XIII_opt.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XIII_opt.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Groos 1924, p. 96 - Groos, O. (1924). Der Krieg in der Nordsee: Vierter Band: Von Anfang Februar bis Ende Dezember 1915. Der Krieg zur See: 1914–1918 (in German). Berlin: Verlag von E. S. Mittler und Sohn – via National Library of Estonia. <a href="https://www.digar.ee/arhiiv/et/raamatud/17104" target="_blank">https://www.digar.ee/arhiiv/et/raamatud/17104</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Fock 1989, p. 351 - Fock, Harald (1989). Z-Vor! Internationale Entwicklung und Kriegseinsätze von Zerstörern und Torpedobooten 1914 bis 1939 (in German). Herford, Germany: Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft mBH. ISBN 3-7822-0207-4. <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Halpern 1994, pp. 196–198 - Halpern, Paul G. (1994). A Naval History of World War I. London: UCL Press. ISBN 1-85728-498-4. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Fock 1989, p. 352 - Fock, Harald (1989). Z-Vor! Internationale Entwicklung und Kriegseinsätze von Zerstörern und Torpedobooten 1914 bis 1939 (in German). Herford, Germany: Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft mBH. ISBN 3-7822-0207-4. <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Rollmann 1929, pp. 250–251 - Rollmann, Heinrich (1929). Der Krieg in der Ostsee: Zweiter Band: Das Kreigjahr 1915. Der Krieg zur See: 1914–1918 (in German). Berlin: Verlag von E. S. Mittler und Sohn. <a href="https://archive.org/details/derkrieginderost02firl" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/derkrieginderost02firl</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Fock 1989, p. 353 - Fock, Harald (1989). Z-Vor! Internationale Entwicklung und Kriegseinsätze von Zerstörern und Torpedobooten 1914 bis 1939 (in German). Herford, Germany: Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft mBH. ISBN 3-7822-0207-4. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Halpern 1994, pp. 196–198 - Halpern, Paul G. (1994). A Naval History of World War I. London: UCL Press. ISBN 1-85728-498-4. <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Rollmann 1929, pp. 274–276 - Rollmann, Heinrich (1929). Der Krieg in der Ostsee: Zweiter Band: Das Kreigjahr 1915. Der Krieg zur See: 1914–1918 (in German). Berlin: Verlag von E. S. Mittler und Sohn. <a href="https://archive.org/details/derkrieginderost02firl" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/derkrieginderost02firl</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Halpern 1994, pp. 196–198 - Halpern, Paul G. (1994). A Naval History of World War I. London: UCL Press. ISBN 1-85728-498-4. <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Fock 1989, p. 354 - Fock, Harald (1989). Z-Vor! Internationale Entwicklung und Kriegseinsätze von Zerstörern und Torpedobooten 1914 bis 1939 (in German). Herford, Germany: Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft mBH. ISBN 3-7822-0207-4. <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Naval Staff Monograph No. 31 1926, pp. 78–79 - Monograph No. 31: Home Waters Part VI: From October 1915 to May 1916 (PDF). Naval Staff Monographs (Historical). Vol. XV. Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division. 1926. <a href="http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XV_opt.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XV_opt.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Ruge 1972, p. 55 - Ruge, F. (1972). Warship Profile 27: SM Torpedo Boat B110. Profile Publications. <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Naval Staff Monograph No. 32 1927, pp. 19, 46 - Monograph No. 32: Lowestoft Raid: 24th – 25th April, 1916 (PDF). Naval Staff Monographs (Historical). Vol. XVI. The Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division. 1927. <a href="http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XVI_opt.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XVI_opt.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Massie 2007, pp. 558–559 - Massie, Robert K. (2007). Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany and the Winning of the Great War at Sea. London: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-099-52378-9. <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Campbell 1998, p. 25 - Campbell, John (1998). Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-750-3. <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Campbell 1998, p. 13 - Campbell, John (1998). Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-750-3. <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Campbell 1998, p. 50 - Campbell, John (1998). Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-750-3. <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Campbell 1998, pp. 113–114 - Campbell, John (1998). Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-750-3. <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Campbell 1998, pp. 210–211 - Campbell, John (1998). Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-750-3. <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Naval Staff Monograph No. 33 1927, pp. 93–96, 260 - Monograph No. 33: Home Waters Part VII: From June 1916 to November 1916 (PDF). Naval Staff Monographs (Historical). Vol. XVII. Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division. 1927. <a href="http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XVII_opt.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XVII_opt.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Massie 2007, pp. 682–684 - Massie, Robert K. (2007). Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany and the Winning of the Great War at Sea. London: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-099-52378-9. <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Newbolt 1928, p. 52 - Newbolt, Henry (1928). History of the Great War: Naval Operations: Volume IV. London: Longmans, Green & Co. OCLC 669033099. <a href="https://archive.org/details/navaloperations04corb" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/navaloperations04corb</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Karau 2014, p. 75 - Karau, Mark K. (2014). The Naval Flank of the Western Front: The German MarineKorps Flandern 1914–1918. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-231-8. <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Fock 1989, p. 359 - Fock, Harald (1989). Z-Vor! Internationale Entwicklung und Kriegseinsätze von Zerstörern und Torpedobooten 1914 bis 1939 (in German). Herford, Germany: Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft mBH. ISBN 3-7822-0207-4. <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Newbolt 1928, pp. 55–56 - Newbolt, Henry (1928). History of the Great War: Naval Operations: Volume IV. London: Longmans, Green & Co. OCLC 669033099. <a href="https://archive.org/details/navaloperations04corb" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/navaloperations04corb</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Naval Staff Monograph No. 33 1927, p. 186 - Monograph No. 33: Home Waters Part VII: From June 1916 to November 1916 (PDF). Naval Staff Monographs (Historical). Vol. XVII. Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division. 1927. <a href="http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XVII_opt.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XVII_opt.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Laforey, Liberty, Lucifer and Laurel[36] <a href="/wiki/HMS_Laforey_(1913)" target="_blank">/wiki/HMS_Laforey_(1913)</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Newbolt 1928, pp. 56–57 - Newbolt, Henry (1928). History of the Great War: Naval Operations: Volume IV. London: Longmans, Green & Co. OCLC 669033099. <a href="https://archive.org/details/navaloperations04corb" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/navaloperations04corb</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Karau 2014, p. 77 - Karau, Mark K. (2014). The Naval Flank of the Western Front: The German MarineKorps Flandern 1914–1918. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-231-8. <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Viking, Mohawk and Tartar[39] <a href="/wiki/HMS_Viking_(1909)" target="_blank">/wiki/HMS_Viking_(1909)</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Newbolt 1928, pp. 62–63 - Newbolt, Henry (1928). History of the Great War: Naval Operations: Volume IV. London: Longmans, Green & Co. OCLC 669033099. <a href="https://archive.org/details/navaloperations04corb" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/navaloperations04corb</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Newbolt 1928, pp. 55–64 - Newbolt, Henry (1928). History of the Great War: Naval Operations: Volume IV. London: Longmans, Green & Co. OCLC 669033099. <a href="https://archive.org/details/navaloperations04corb" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/navaloperations04corb</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Karau 2014, pp. 75–79 - Karau, Mark K. (2014). The Naval Flank of the Western Front: The German MarineKorps Flandern 1914–1918. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-231-8. <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Karau 2014, p. 80 - Karau, Mark K. (2014). The Naval Flank of the Western Front: The German MarineKorps Flandern 1914–1918. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-231-8. <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Newbolt 1928, pp. 69–70 - Newbolt, Henry (1928). History of the Great War: Naval Operations: Volume IV. London: Longmans, Green & Co. OCLC 669033099. <a href="https://archive.org/details/navaloperations04corb" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/navaloperations04corb</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Naval Staff Monograph No. 33 1927, pp. 216–217 - Monograph No. 33: Home Waters Part VII: From June 1916 to November 1916 (PDF). Naval Staff Monographs (Historical). Vol. XVII. Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division. 1927. <a href="http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XVII_opt.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XVII_opt.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Naval Staff Monograph No. 33 1927, p. 220 - Monograph No. 33: Home Waters Part VII: From June 1916 to November 1916 (PDF). Naval Staff Monographs (Historical). Vol. XVII. Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division. 1927. <a href="http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XVII_opt.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XVII_opt.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>Karau 2014, p. 81 - Karau, Mark K. (2014). The Naval Flank of the Western Front: The German MarineKorps Flandern 1914–1918. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-231-8. <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Fock 1989, pp. 359–360 - Fock, Harald (1989). Z-Vor! Internationale Entwicklung und Kriegseinsätze von Zerstörern und Torpedobooten 1914 bis 1939 (in German). Herford, Germany: Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft mBH. ISBN 3-7822-0207-4. <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Fock 1989, p. 361 - Fock, Harald (1989). Z-Vor! Internationale Entwicklung und Kriegseinsätze von Zerstörern und Torpedobooten 1914 bis 1939 (in German). Herford, Germany: Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft mBH. ISBN 3-7822-0207-4. <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Kemp 1999, p. 80 - Kemp, Paul (1999). The Admiralty Regrets: British Warship Losses of the 20th Century. Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-1567-6. <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>Fock 1989, p. 365 - Fock, Harald (1989). Z-Vor! Internationale Entwicklung und Kriegseinsätze von Zerstörern und Torpedobooten 1914 bis 1939 (in German). Herford, Germany: Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft mBH. ISBN 3-7822-0207-4. <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Gröner, Jung & Maass 1983, p. 54 - Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1983). Die deutschen Kriegsschiffe 1815–1945: Band 2: Torpedoboote, Zerstörer, Schnellboote, Minensuchboote, Minenräumboote (in German). Koblenz: Bernard & Graef Verlag. ISBN 3-7637-4801-6. <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Fock 1989, p. 348 - Fock, Harald (1989). Z-Vor! Internationale Entwicklung und Kriegseinsätze von Zerstörern und Torpedobooten 1914 bis 1939 (in German). Herford, Germany: Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft mBH. ISBN 3-7822-0207-4. <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>English: Iron Flotilla <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>Dodson 2019, p. 129 - Dodson, Aidan (2019). "Beyond the Kaiser: The IGN's Destroyers and Torpedo Boats After 1918". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2019. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. pp. 129–144. ISBN 978-1-4728-3595-6. <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>Dodson 2019, pp. 129–130 - Dodson, Aidan (2019). "Beyond the Kaiser: The IGN's Destroyers and Torpedo Boats After 1918". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2019. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. pp. 129–144. ISBN 978-1-4728-3595-6. <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>Dodson 2019, pp. 133–314, 136 - Dodson, Aidan (2019). "Beyond the Kaiser: The IGN's Destroyers and Torpedo Boats After 1918". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2019. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. pp. 129–144. ISBN 978-1-4728-3595-6. <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>Gröner, Jung & Maass 1983, p. 54 - Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1983). Die deutschen Kriegsschiffe 1815–1945: Band 2: Torpedoboote, Zerstörer, Schnellboote, Minensuchboote, Minenräumboote (in German). Koblenz: Bernard & Graef Verlag. ISBN 3-7637-4801-6. <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>