Antimony trisulfide

<h2 id="preparation-and-reactions">Preparation and reactions</h2>
Sb2S3 can be prepared from the elements at temperature 500–900 °C:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>

2 Sb + 3 S → Sb2S3
Sb2S3 is precipitated when <a href="/facts/Hydrogen_sulfide/UbCqjMMk">H2S</a> is passed through an acidified solution of Sb(III).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> This reaction has been used as a gravimetric method for determining antimony, bubbling H2S through a solution of Sb(III) compound in hot <a href="/facts/Hydrochloric_acid/HqItJlUT">HCl</a> deposits an orange form of Sb2S3 which turns black under the reaction conditions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>
Sb2S3 is readily oxidised, reacting vigorously with oxidising agents.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> It burns in air with a blue flame. It reacts with incandescence with cadmium, magnesium and zinc chlorates. Mixtures of Sb2S3 and chlorates may explode.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>
In the extraction of antimony from antimony ores the alkaline sulfide process is employed where Sb2S3 reacts to form thioantimonate(III) salts (also called thioantimonite):<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>

3 Na2S + Sb2S3 → 2 Na3SbS3
A number of salts containing different thioantimonate(III) ions can be prepared from Sb2S3. These include:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>

[SbS3]3−, [SbS2]−, [Sb2S5]4−, [Sb4S9]6−, [Sb4S7]2− and [Sb8S17]10−
<a href="/facts/Schlippe%2527s_Salt/fBy5zYhP">Schlippe's salt</a>, Na3SbS4·9H2O, a thioantimonate(V) salt is formed when Sb2S3 is boiled with sulfur and sodium hydroxide. The reaction can be represented as:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>

Sb2S3 + 3 S2− + 2 S → 2 [SbS4]3−
<h2 id="structure">Structure</h2>
The structure of the black needle-like form of Sb2S3, <a href="/facts/Stibnite/f1wo26vQ">stibnite</a>, consists of linked ribbons in which antimony atoms are in two different coordination environments, trigonal pyramidal and square pyramidal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> Similar ribbons occur in Bi2S3 and Sb2Se3.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> The red form, metastibnite, is amorphous. Recent work suggests that there are a number of closely related temperature dependent structures of stibnite which have been termed stibnite (I) the high temperature form, identified previously, stibnite (II) and stibnite (III).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> Other paper shows that the actual coordination polyhedra of antimony are in fact SbS7, with (3+4) coordination at the M1 site and (5+2) at the M2 site. These coordinations consider the presence of secondary bonds. Some of the secondary bonds impart cohesion and are connected with packing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"Metastibnite". <a href="https://www.mindat.org/min-2686.html" target="_blank">https://www.mindat.org/min-2686.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">SUPERGENE METASTIBNITE FROM MINA ALACRAN, PAMPA LARGA, COPIAPO, CHILE, Alan H Clark, THE AMERICAN MINERALOGIST. VOL. 55., 1970 <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 581–582. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. <a href="978-0-08-037941-8" target="_blank">978-0-08-037941-8</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Eastaugh, Nicholas (2004). Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 359. ISBN 978-0-7506-5749-5. <a href="978-0-7506-5749-5" target="_blank">978-0-7506-5749-5</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Parnell, Edward A (1886). The life and labours of John Mercer. London: Longmans, Green & Co. p. 23. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Electrochemistry of Metal Chalcogenides, Mirtat Bouroushian, Springer, 2010 <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 581–582. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. <a href="978-0-08-037941-8" target="_blank">978-0-08-037941-8</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Holleman, Arnold Frederik; Wiberg, Egon (2001), Wiberg, Nils (ed.), Inorganic Chemistry, translated by Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter, p. 765-766, ISBN 0-12-352651-5 <a href="0-12-352651-5" target="_blank">0-12-352651-5</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">A.I. Vogel, (1951), Quantitative Inorganic analysis, (2d edition), Longmans Green and Co <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 581–582. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. <a href="978-0-08-037941-8" target="_blank">978-0-08-037941-8</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Hazardous Laboratory Chemicals Disposal Guide, Third Edition, CRC Press, 2003, Margaret-Ann Armour, ISBN 9781566705677 <a href="/wiki/Margaret-Ann_Armour" target="_blank">/wiki/Margaret-Ann_Armour</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Anderson, Corby G. (2012). "The metallurgy of antimony". Chemie der Erde - Geochemistry. 72: 3–8. Bibcode:2012ChEG...72....3A. doi:10.1016/j.chemer.2012.04.001. ISSN 0009-2819. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Inorganic Reactions and Methods, The Formation of Bonds to Group VIB (O, S, Se, Te, Po) Elements (Part 1) (Volume 5) Ed. A.P, Hagen,1991, Wiley-VCH, ISBN 0-471-18658-9 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Holleman, Arnold Frederik; Wiberg, Egon (2001), Wiberg, Nils (ed.), Inorganic Chemistry, translated by Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter, p. 765-766, ISBN 0-12-352651-5 <a href="0-12-352651-5" target="_blank">0-12-352651-5</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Holleman, Arnold Frederik; Wiberg, Egon (2001), Wiberg, Nils (ed.), Inorganic Chemistry, translated by Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter, p. 765-766, ISBN 0-12-352651-5 <a href="0-12-352651-5" target="_blank">0-12-352651-5</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Wells A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry 5th edition Oxford Science Publications ISBN 0-19-855370-6 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Kuze S., Du Boulay D., Ishizawa N., Saiki A, Pring A.; (2004), X ray diffraction evidence for a monoclinic form of stibnite, Sb2S3, below 290K; American Mineralogist, 9(89), 1022-1025. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Kyono, A.; Kimata, M.; Matsuhisa, M.; Miyashita, Y.; Okamoto, K. (2002). "Low-temperature crystal structures of stibnite implying orbital overlap of Sb 5s 2 inert pair electrons". Physics and Chemistry of Minerals. 29 (4): 254–260. Bibcode:2002PCM....29..254K. doi:10.1007/s00269-001-0227-1. S2CID 95067785. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Antimony trisulfide open-in-new

Antimony trisulfide