Ding Ruchang

<h2 id="early-life">Early life</h2>
<p>Ding was a native of what is now part of <a href="/facts/Chaohu_City/UQzJLgtx">Chaohu City</a> in <a href="/facts/Anhui/P1qML2vA">Anhui Province</a>, China. He joined the <a href="/facts/Taiping_Rebellion/2jcD49yd">Taiping Rebellion</a> in 1854, but he later surrendered with <a href="/facts/Cheng_Xueqi/Ijef0FXM">Cheng Xueqi</a> in the Battle of <a href="/facts/Anqing/Qk8SKAFF">Anqing</a> in 1861, and defected to the imperial cause. He joined <a href="/facts/Li_Hongzhang/vYLYLtjp">Li Hongzhang</a>’s <a href="/facts/Huai_Army/hXQnqYYD">Huai Army</a> as a <a href="/facts/Cavalry/BstsEn1G">cavalryman</a> to help suppress the Taiping Rebellion, serving with <a href="/facts/Liu_Mingchuan/nxen3BqP">Liu Mingchuan</a>. Afterwards, he was active in helping suppress the <a href="/facts/Nian_Rebellion/0puuFB7c">Nian Rebellion</a>, and was awarded with the equivalent in rank to <a href="/facts/Colonel/ASSc95Et">colonel</a>. In 1874, he protested against the Qing dynasty government's decision about reduction of the army size. He went back to his hometown to avoid being killed.
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<h2 id="self-strengthening-movement">Self-strengthening movement</h2>
<p>In 1875, Li Hongzhang recruited Ding to be a commander of the <a href="/facts/Beiyang_Fleet/ykkl6nBD">Beiyang Fleet</a>, the most modern of China's regional navies. In 1880, he travelled to Newcastle upon Tyne in <a href="/facts/Great_Britain/TNgGQRPj">Great Britain</a> to accept delivery of the cruiser Chaoyun <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ting-Ju-chang-Ding-Ruchang-Admiral-small.jpg">where he was photographed</a> by Newcastle-based photographer H.S. Mendelssohn. He also visited Germany and France to familiarize himself with their shipbuilding techniques.  Ding was a supporter of the <a href="/facts/Self-Strengthening_Movement/op5hkaRw">Self-Strengthening Movement</a> in China, and urged Li Hongzhang to create shipyards in China able to build modern armored cruisers, rather than relying on foreign imports. Ting took an active role in the creation of the naval bases at Weihaiwei and Lushunkou.
</p><p>In 1882, Ding was an observer during the negotiations resulting in the normalization of trade between Korea and the United States. He later helped suppress the <a href="/facts/Imo_Incident/bLX8j59w">Imo rebellion</a>, with his marines arresting <a href="/facts/Heungseon_Daewongun/ht7mIypG">Heungseon Daewongun</a>, the father of <a href="/facts/Gojong_of_Korea/3NxG4yIR">King Gojong</a>, after arriving at <a href="/facts/Incheon/U2mUEnlb">Incheon</a> with a fleet of seven ships.
</p><p>During the <a href="/facts/Sino-French_War/mGAlqD7W">Sino-French War</a> of 1884, Ding was awarded the Yellow Riding Jacket by the Qing Emperor, traditionally the highest military awards in the Qing Empire.
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<h2 id="nagasaki-incident">Nagasaki incident</h2>
<p>In 1886, Ding participated in a <a href="/facts/Show_of_force/eCskULxt">show of force</a>, with the Beiyang Fleet touring <a href="/facts/Hong_Kong/4nAf3mqQ">Hong Kong</a>, the Japanese port of <a href="/facts/Nagasaki/5HMR4mnp">Nagasaki</a>, the Korean ports of <a href="/facts/Busan/rHbfkIA3">Busan</a> and <a href="/facts/Wonsan/oyxNaFfp">Wonsan</a>, and the Russian naval base of <a href="/facts/Vladivostok/NQQrTaMY">Vladivostok</a>. While in Nagasaki on 13 August 1886, a number of drunken sailors from <a href="/facts/Chinese_turret_ship_Zhenyuan/1htkUdlY"><i>Zhenyuan</i></a> became involved in a brawl in a local brothel, during which a Japanese police officer was fatally stabbed. In what came to be called the <a href="/facts/Nagasaki_incident/U6ohbof7">Nagasaki incident</a> two days later in a riot between locals, police and Ding's sailors, six sailors were killed and 45 wounded, along with five Japanese policemen killed and 16 wounded.  The riot resulted in a <a href="/facts/Diplomatic_incident/ceRPg0La">diplomatic incident</a>, but Ding was able to make a second trip to Japan with the Beiyang Fleet in 1891.
</p><p>Ding was promoted to admiral and commander of the Beiyang Fleet from 1888 to 1894, and was promoted to the position of vice naval minister in 1894.
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<h2 id="sino-japanese-war">Sino-Japanese War</h2>
<p>During the <a href="/facts/First_Sino-Japanese_War/rYlcDT7Y">First Sino-Japanese War</a> of 1894–95, Ding pushed for a direct confrontation with the Imperial Japanese Navy, but was ordered by Beijing not to operate east of the mouth of the <a href="/facts/Yalu_River/aPuIXhrb">Yalu River</a>, for fear that China's prized modern warships would be damaged or destroyed. However, this is what happened at the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_the_Yalu_River_(1894)/SK5WHGR2">Battle of the Yalu River</a> on 17 September 1894, during which Ding lost five of the ten ships in his fleet.  He also became a casualty of the battle from the opening shot of his own vessel, <a href="/facts/Chinese_turret_ship_Dingyuan/PDFzYMGC"><i>Dingyuan</i></a>, which had a construction defect, along with a number of officers also present on the bridge. An alternative theory is that the incident occurred due to the deliberate misfiring of the ship's main battery by the commanding captain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a>
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<h3>Death</h3>
<p>During the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Lushunkou/c9FbXoDk">Battle of Lushunkou</a>, Ding was ordered to withdraw his ships to the safety of Weihaiwei without giving battle to the Japanese. During the subsequent <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Weihaiwei/lFqro00l">Battle of Weihaiwei</a>, his ships were kept within the protective confines of the harbor, but the situation proved hopeless once the <a href="/facts/Imperial_Japanese_Army/11l04P9p">Imperial Japanese Army</a> had seized the shore fortifications and lowered the boom enclosing the harbor to permit attacks by Japanese <a href="/facts/Torpedo_boat/lPtPPLD2">torpedo boats</a>. Ding refused offers of political asylum by Japanese admiral <a href="/facts/It%25C5%258D_Sukeyuki/Rz0Jpb3H">Itō Sukeyuki</a> and committed suicide by an overdose of <a href="/facts/Opium/JzHUtced">opium</a> in his office at his <a href="/facts/Liugong_Island/2Fysym4j">Liugong Island</a> headquarters. His deputy, Admiral <a href="/facts/Liu_Buchan/Rs32tDUm">Liu Buchan</a>, after ordering that his warship be scuttled by explosives, also committed suicide. The remnants of the Beiyang Fleet surrendered to the Japanese.
</p><p>After his death, Ding was blamed by the Qing government for the defeat, and posthumously stripped of all ranks and positions. However, the manner of his death earned him the respect of the Japanese as well as of many members of the Chinese military. At the request of surviving generals in 1911, he was restored to all of his ranks, and his family was able to give him a proper burial in 1912 after the <a href="/facts/Xinhai_Revolution/lCnPzBWo">Xinhai Revolution</a> overthrew the Qing dynasty.
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<ul><li><a href="/facts/Arthur_W._Hummel_Sr./2mXwt3jb">Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.</a>, ed. (1943). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period">"Index" </a>. <i><a href="/facts/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%2527ing_Period/Kw23hkC3">Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period</a></i>. <a href="/facts/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office/U7CYW2fR">United States Government Printing Office</a>.</li>
<li>Paine, S.C.M. <i>The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895: Perception, Power, and Primacy,</i> 2003,  Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA, 412 pp. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-521-61745-6</li></ul>

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<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>Paine, S.C.M. (2003). The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895: Perception, Power, and Primacy, Cambridge University Press. pp. 179–189. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
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Ding Ruchang open-in-new

Ding Ruchang