Gratis versus libre

<h2 id="gratis">Gratis</h2>
Gratis (/ˈɡrɑːtɪs/) in English is adopted from the various <a href="/facts/Romance_languages/TMK4KHI3">Romance</a> and <a href="/facts/Germanic_languages/BxAJX3Kf">Germanic languages</a>, ultimately descending from the plural <a href="/facts/Ablative/GotGMD3k">ablative</a> and <a href="/facts/Dative/bBjY0RVf">dative</a> form of the first-<a href="/facts/Declension/SWppkx4X">declension</a> <a href="/facts/Noun/SsnDNfkX">noun</a> grātia in <a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a>. It means "free" in the sense that some goods or service is supplied without need for payment, even though it may have value.

<h2 id="libre">Libre</h2>

Libre (/ˈliːbrə/) in English is adopted from the various Romance languages, ultimately descending from the Latin word līber; its origin is closely related to <a href="/facts/Liberty/fHvkBVSv">liberty</a>. It denotes "the state of being free", as in "liberty" or "having freedom". The <a href="/facts/Oxford_English_Dictionary/qaxKX8Bc">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (OED) considers libre to be obsolete,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> but the word has come back into limited<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> use. Unlike gratis, libre appears in few English dictionaries,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> although there is no other English single-word adjective signifying "liberty" exclusively, without also meaning "at no monetary cost".

<h2 id="free-beer-and-freedom-of-speech-distinction">"Free beer" and "freedom of speech" distinction </h2>
In software development, where the <a href="/facts/Marginal_cost/fcKjM5Mr">marginal cost</a> of an additional unit is zero, it is common for developers to make software available at no cost. One of the early and basic forms of this model is called <a href="/facts/Freeware/c8oGA9ju">freeware</a>. With freeware, software is licensed only for personal use and the developer does not gain any monetary payment.
With the advent of the <a href="/facts/Free_software/IaoVtJXn">free software</a> movement, license schemes were created to give developers more freedom in terms of code sharing, commonly called <a href="/facts/Open-source_software/HzTaB8E9">open source</a> or <a href="/facts/Free_and_open-source_software/1cHtjLCB">free and open-source software</a> (called FLOSS, FOSS, or F/OSS). As the English adjective free does not distinguish between "for free" and "liberty", the phrases "free as in freedom of speech" (libre, free software) and "free as in free beer" (gratis, freeware) were adopted. Many in the free software movement feel strongly about the freedom to use the software, make modifications, etc., whether or not this freely usable software is to be exchanged for money. Therefore, this distinction became important.

<blockquote>"Free software" means software that respects users' freedom and community. Roughly, it means that the users have the freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software. Thus, "free software" is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of "free" as in "free speech," not as in "free beer". We sometimes call it "libre software," borrowing the French or Spanish word for "free" as in freedom, to show we do not mean the software is gratis.— <a href="/facts/The_Free_Software_Foundation/k0sBmw7y">The Free Software Foundation</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a></blockquote>
These phrases have become common, along with gratis and libre, in the software development and computer law fields for encapsulating this distinction.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> The distinction is similar to the distinction made in <a href="/facts/Political_science/Gqy5EoRX">political science</a> between <a href="/facts/Positive_liberty/E60GQ3wV">positive liberty</a> and <a href="/facts/Negative_liberty/fHjYaWW1">negative liberty</a>. Like "free beer", positive liberty promises equal access by all without cost or regard to income, of a given good (assuming the good exists). Like "free speech", negative liberty safeguards the right to use of something (in this case, speech) without regard to whether in a given case there is a cost involved for this use.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>

<h2 id="uses-in-open-access-academic-publishing">Uses in open-access academic publishing</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Open_access/r7rLYN6C">Open access</a>
In order to reflect real-world differences in the degree of open access, the distinction between gratis open access and libre open access was added in 2006 by <a href="/facts/Peter_Suber/ewmDw42C">Peter Suber</a> and <a href="/facts/Stevan_Harnad/K7vY3yTK">Stevan Harnad</a>, two of the co-drafters of the original <a href="/facts/Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative/2VcySL2B">Budapest Open Access Initiative</a> definition of open access publishing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> Gratis open access refers to online access free of charge (which Wikipedia indicates with the icon <a href="/facts/Open_access/r7rLYN6C"></a>), and libre open access refers to online access free of charge plus some additional re-use rights (Wikipedia icon <a href="/facts/Open_access/r7rLYN6C"></a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> Libre open access is equivalent to the definition of open access in the Budapest Open Access Initiative, the <a href="/facts/Bethesda_Statement_on_Open_Access_Publishing/0r08I9qo">Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing</a> and the <a href="/facts/Berlin_Declaration_on_Open_Access_to_Knowledge_in_the_Sciences_and_Humanities/4YQ655ah">Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities</a>. The re-use rights of libre OA are often specified by various specific <a href="/facts/Creative_Commons_license/6AV3V7UJ">Creative Commons licenses</a>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> these almost all require <a href="/facts/Attribution_(copyright)/7jjwBghn">attribution of authorship</a> to the original authors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>

<h3>Comparison with use in software</h3>
The original gratis/libre distinction concerns software (i.e., code), with which users can potentially do two kinds of things: 1. access and use it; and 2. modify and <a href="/facts/Code_reuse/DVohfy6U">re-use</a> it. "Gratis" pertains to being able to access and use the code, without a price-barrier, while "libre" pertains to being allowed to modify and re-use the code, without a permission barrier. The target content of the <a href="/facts/Open_access/r7rLYN6C">open access</a> movement, however, is not software but published, <a href="/facts/Peer_review/ly6yEgcW">peer-reviewed</a> research journal article texts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>

<ol><li>Source code accessibility and use. For published research articles, the case for making their text accessible free for all online (Gratis) is even stronger than it is for software code, because in the case of software, some developers may wish to give their code away for free, while others may wish to sell it, whereas in the case of published research article texts, all their authors, without exception, give them away for free: None seek or get royalties or fees from their sale.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>[dubious – discuss] On the contrary, any access-denial to potential users means loss of potential research impact (<a href="/facts/Citation_impact/ufhCyhnq">downloads, citations</a>) for the author's research—and researcher-authors' employment, salary, promotion and funding depends in part on the <a href="/facts/Scientometrics/629weNc5">uptake and impact</a> of their research.</li>
<li>Source code modifiability and re-use. For published research articles, the case for allowing text <a href="/facts/Code_reuse/DVohfy6U">modification and re-use</a> is much weaker than for software code, because, unlike software, the text of a research article is not intended for modification and re-use. (In contrast, the content of research articles is and always was intended for modification and re-use: that is how research progresses.) There are no copyright barriers to modifying, developing, building upon and re-using an author's ideas and findings, once they have been published, as long as the author and published source are credited—but modifications to the published text are another matter. Apart from verbatim <a href="/facts/Quotation/dm2uTzGV">quotation</a>, scholarly/scientific authors are not in general interested in allowing other authors to create "<a href="/facts/Mashup_(book)/myzWXb9v">mashups</a>" of their texts. Researcher-authors are all happy to make their texts available for <a href="/facts/Web_harvesting/5R4mf1bd">harvesting</a> and <a href="/facts/Index_(search_engine)/a0anbq3D">indexing</a> for <a href="/facts/Search_engine_technology/YgWSvPhl">search</a> as well as <a href="/facts/Data_mining/AH53q5ac">data-mining</a>, but not for <a href="/facts/Code_reuse/DVohfy6U">re-use</a> in altered form (without the permission of the author).</li></ol>
The formal <a href="/facts/Analogy/LYcGaTdm">analogy</a> between open software and open access has been made,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> along with the generalization of the gratis/libre distinction from the one field to the other.

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul>
<li>Free and open-source software portal</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Alternative_terms_for_free_software/E9YwIDDH">Alternative terms for free software</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses/lW276zXe">Comparison of free and open-source software licenses</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Free_Beer/G7sDEWVh">Free Beer</a> (free as freedom, not gratis)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Free_software_movement/aLlvF4D4">Free software movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Freedom_isn%2527t_free/VycA8G5l">Freedom isn't free</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Gift_economy/lFp9Y2GU">Gift economy</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Information_wants_to_be_free/QwFsFmo3">Information wants to be free</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/No_such_thing_as_a_free_lunch/cDqNNJkm">No such thing as a free lunch</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Open_content/jHYHARSN">Open content</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Open-source_license/FlFTwHmd">Open-source license</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h2>

<h2 id="sources">Sources</h2>
<ul><li>Free as in Speech and Beer, book by Darren Wershler-Henry</li>
<li><a href="http://wiki.c2.com/?FreeAsInBeer">Stallman's discussion of FreeAsInBeer</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li> The dictionary definition of libre at Wiktionary</li>
<li> The dictionary definition of gratis at Wiktionary</li>
<li> The dictionary definition of free of charge at Wiktionary</li>
<li> The dictionary definition of free at Wiktionary</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Lessig, Lawrence (September 2006). "Free, as in beer". Wired. Archived from the original on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2009. <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" target="_blank">/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">OED.com Archived 12 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine, OED definition of libre: "Obs. Of the will: Free". Access to the OED is libre, but not gratis. <a href="http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/107929" target="_blank">http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/107929</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">The Onelook dictionary website finds about 5 monoglot English dictionaries including "libre"; about 30 include "gratis" <a href="http://www.onelook.com/" target="_blank">http://www.onelook.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">The Onelook dictionary website finds about 5 monoglot English dictionaries including "libre"; about 30 include "gratis" <a href="http://www.onelook.com/" target="_blank">http://www.onelook.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"What is free software?". GNU Operating System. Free Software Foundation, Inc. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2018. <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html" target="_blank">https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">For example, the free software definition clarifies the distinction in this way. <a href="/wiki/Free_software" target="_blank">/wiki/Free_software</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">A quote from the GNU free software definition was used in a section on positive and negative liberty by Guinevere Nell in Rediscovering Fire: Basic Economic Lessons From the Soviet Experiment, Algora, 2010. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Suber, Peter. 2008."Gratis and Libre Open Access" Archived 10 March 2017 at Archive-It. Retrieved on 2011-12-03. <a href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4322580" target="_blank">http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4322580</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Suber, Peter. 2008."Gratis and Libre Open Access" Archived 10 March 2017 at Archive-It. Retrieved on 2011-12-03. <a href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4322580" target="_blank">http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4322580</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Suber 2012, pp. 68–69 - Suber, Peter (2012). Open access. MIT Press. pp. 7-8. ISBN 9780262517638. <a href="https://archive.org/details/9780262517638OpenAccess" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/9780262517638OpenAccess</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Suber, Peter. 2008."Gratis and Libre Open Access" Archived 10 March 2017 at Archive-It. Retrieved on 2011-12-03. <a href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4322580" target="_blank">http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4322580</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Suber, Peter (2012). Open access. MIT Press. pp. 7-8. ISBN 9780262517638. <a href="9780262517638" target="_blank">9780262517638</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Swan, Alma (2012). "Policy guidelines for the development and promotion of open access". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019. <a href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000215863" target="_blank">https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000215863</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Harnad, Stevan (2003) For Whom the Gate Tolls Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 49: 337-342 <a href="/wiki/Stevan_Harnad" target="_blank">/wiki/Stevan_Harnad</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Suber, Peter (2008) Gratis and libre open access Archived 15 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine SPARC Open Access Newsletter, August 2, 2008 <a href="/wiki/Peter_Suber" target="_blank">/wiki/Peter_Suber</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Gratis versus libre open-in-new

Gratis versus libre