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Dandenong Ranges
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<h2 id="geology-and-ecology">Geology and ecology</h2> <p>The range is the remains of an extinct <a href="/facts/Volcano/c2M5upml">volcano</a> last active 373 million years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> It consists predominantly of <a href="/facts/Devonian/nWgakqzk">Devonian</a> <a href="/facts/Dacite/Cd4vGJlI">dacite</a> and <a href="/facts/Rhyodacite/9xW1SEFI">rhyodacite</a>. </p><p>The topography consists of a series of ridges dissected by deeply cut streams. Sheltered gullies in the south of the range are home to temperate rain forest, fern gullies and Mountain Ash forest <i><a href="/facts/Eucalyptus_regnans/7CzvR350">Eucalyptus regnans</a></i>, whereas the drier ridges and exposed northern slopes are covered by dry <a href="/facts/Sclerophyll/JWcJI0ue">sclerophyll</a> forest of <a href="/facts/Stringybark/SA75B8gS">stringybarks</a> and box. The entire range is highly prone to <a href="/facts/Bushfires_in_Victoria/jJVpNkyl">bushfires</a>, the most recent of which have been the 1983 <a href="/facts/Ash_Wednesday_bushfires/QvpencFW">Ash Wednesday bushfires</a>, the <a href="/facts/1996%E2%80%9397_Australian_bushfire_season/YaoSfUHb">1997 Dandenong Ranges bushfires</a> and small fires during the <a href="/facts/Black_Saturday_bushfires/d47NGjUy">Black Saturday bushfires</a> in 2009. </p><p>A number of watercourses originate in the Dandenongs, these include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Cardinia_Creek/5wX8lvFA">Cardinia Creek</a></li> <li>Clematis Creek</li> <li><a href="/facts/Dandenong_Creek/50Sb6w09">Dandenong Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Eumemmerring_Creek/jn4vpGow">Eumemmerring Creek</a></li> <li>Emerald Creek</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ferny_Creek,_Victoria/jNss5VtT">Ferny Creek</a></li> <li>Mast Gully Creek</li> <li><a href="/facts/Menzies_Creek,_Victoria/vTeNYFDV">Menzies Creek</a></li> <li>Monbulk Creek</li> <li>Muddy Creek</li> <li>Olinda Creek</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sassafras,_Victoria/9v7xJf4n">Sassafras Creek</a></li> <li>Sherbrooke Creek</li> <li>Stringy Bark Creek</li> <li>Wandin Yallock Creek</li> <li><a href="/facts/Woori_Yallock_Creek/LpmtVT9A">Woori Yallock Creek</a></li></ul> <h3>Waterfalls</h3> <ul><li>Olinda Falls</li> <li>Sherbrooke Falls</li> <li>Griffith Falls</li></ul> <h3>Summits</h3> Sortable table<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Summit Name</th><th scope="col">Height (m)</th><th scope="col">Comments</th><th scope="col">Location</th><th scope="col">Source<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></th></tr><tr><td>Mount Dandenong</td><td>630</td><td>Tallest peak of the Dandenongs</td><td>Observatory Road, Mt Dandenong</td><td>DANDENONG ECC J survey mark</td></tr><tr><td>Mount Corhanwarrabul</td><td>612</td><td>Burkes lookout and location of transmission towers</td><td>Burkes Lookout Reserve, Eyre Road, Mt Dandenong</td><td>contour data</td></tr><tr><td>Olinda summit</td><td>592</td><td>No official name. Labelled Mt Olinda in older tourist maps.</td><td>Range Road, Olinda</td><td>contour data</td></tr><tr><td>Sassafras peak</td><td>538</td><td>No recorded name.</td><td>Cooloongatta Road, Sassafras</td><td>contour data</td></tr><tr><td>Dunns Hill</td><td>562</td><td>Location of a number of radio and telephone towers.</td><td>One Tree Hill Road, Ferny Creek</td><td>contour data</td></tr><tr><td>One Tree Hill</td><td>500</td><td></td><td>Lord Somers Road, Ferny Creek</td><td>contour data</td></tr><tr><td>Tremont Hill</td><td>395</td><td>No official name.</td><td>Tremont Hill Track, Tremont</td><td>contour data</td></tr><tr><td>Chandlers Hill</td><td>405</td><td></td><td>Chandlers Track, Tremont</td><td>contour data</td></tr><tr><td>Johns Hill</td><td>419</td><td></td><td>Johns Hill Reserve, Ridge Road, Kallista</td><td>JOHNS HILL ECC 1986 survey mark</td></tr><tr><td>Black Hill</td><td>374</td><td></td><td>Black Hill Reserve, Two Bays Crescent, Selby</td><td>contour data</td></tr><tr><td>Upwey Hill</td><td>278</td><td></td><td>Belmont Street, Upwey</td><td>contour data</td></tr><tr><td>Lewis Hill</td><td>298</td><td></td><td>Queens Road, Silvan</td><td>contour data</td></tr><tr><td>Nobelius Hill</td><td>320</td><td></td><td>Ambrose Street, Emerald</td><td>contour data</td></tr><tr><td>Mount Morton</td><td>275</td><td></td><td>Chaundy Road, Belgrave South</td><td>MORTON ECC A survey mark</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="wildlife">Wildlife</h2> <p>The Dandenong Ranges are home to a variety of native Australian mammal, bird, reptile and invertebrate species. Well-represented bird species include the <a href="/facts/Sulfur-crested_cockatoo/6optb8MU">Sulfur-crested cockatoo</a>, <a href="/facts/Superb_lyrebird/Xjj9EXst">Superb lyrebird</a>, <a href="/facts/Laughing_kookaburra/g2CnXVRp">Laughing kookaburra</a>, and <a href="/facts/Crimson_Rosella/QSPrCwn1">Crimson Rosella</a>. Mammals include the <a href="/facts/Short-beaked_echidna/MTuDPhyT">Short-beaked echidna</a>, <a href="/facts/Common_wombat/3m8Imwl9">Common wombat</a>, <a href="/facts/Sugar_glider/4YLNQ8Nb">Sugar glider</a>, and <a href="/facts/Swamp_wallaby/f6M27N2S">Swamp wallaby</a>. Invertebrates include two species of <a href="/facts/Engaeus_urostrictus/8mRI1I33">burrowing crayfish</a>. </p> <h2 id="climate">Climate</h2> <p>The Dandenong Ranges' climate is generally cool and wet, with daily temperature variation generally low, often as low as 1 degree in the winter months. Rainfall is fairly uniform through the year, tending to peak between April and October with lower rainfall during January and February. The mean annual rainfall is between 1000 and 1500 mm, increasing with elevation and from west to east.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> The elevation means that daytime temperatures are typically 4 to 6 °C cooler than the lower suburbs of <a href="/facts/Melbourne/EHY9YxI0">Melbourne</a> to the west <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_086071.shtml">[1]</a>, with temperatures typically lowering by 1 °C for every 120 metres (390 ft) of elevation. Due to the elevation, <a href="/facts/Upslope_fog/mrIdyIc7">upslope fog</a> is common in the winter months. It is significantly cloudier than Melbourne, particularly in winter due to heavy <a href="/facts/Orographic_lifting/eJHw5LFe">orographic lifting</a> brought about by <a href="/facts/Cold_fronts/hLASBjPL">cold fronts</a>. </p><p>Snow typically falls a few times a year above 500 m, mostly between June and October and can be heavy at times. A rare summer snow occurred on Christmas Day 2006 <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Christmassnow2.jpg">[2]</a>. The local region has experienced substantial warming in recent decades <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120925193152/http://www.bom.gov.au/web01/ncc/www/cli_chg/timeseries/tmean/0112/vic/latest.gif">[3]</a> and heavy snowfalls which were once common have become rare. The last significant snowfall to affect the Dandenong Ranges was on August 10, 2008, when as much 15 cm (5.9 in) fell at the highest elevations. </p><p>A <a href="/facts/Bureau_of_Meteorology/eVxfMybu">Bureau of Meteorology</a> <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/products/IDV60901/IDV60901.94872.shtml">weather station</a> sits at an elevation of 513 m in the Ferny Creek Reserve in the southern part of the Dandenong Ranges. This weather station replaced <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_086372_All.shtml">one</a> that was previously located on the summit of Dunns Hill. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="14">Climate data for Mount Dandenong GTV9 (1968−1986, rainfall to 2007); 600 m AMSL; 37.83° S, 145.35° E</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Month</th><th scope="col">Jan</th><th scope="col">Feb</th><th scope="col">Mar</th><th scope="col">Apr</th><th scope="col">May</th><th scope="col">Jun</th><th scope="col">Jul</th><th scope="col">Aug</th><th scope="col">Sep</th><th scope="col">Oct</th><th scope="col">Nov</th><th scope="col">Dec</th><th scope="col">Year</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Record high °C (°F)</th><td>37.3(99.1)</td><td>39.3(102.7)</td><td>33.6(92.5)</td><td>28.0(82.4)</td><td>20.3(68.5)</td><td>15.0(59.0)</td><td>16.0(60.8)</td><td>20.0(68.0)</td><td>22.7(72.9)</td><td>28.7(83.7)</td><td>33.2(91.8)</td><td>36.2(97.2)</td><td>39.3(102.7)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean daily maximum °C (°F)</th><td>22.1(71.8)</td><td>22.9(73.2)</td><td>19.7(67.5)</td><td>15.4(59.7)</td><td>11.7(53.1)</td><td>8.8(47.8)</td><td>8.2(46.8)</td><td>9.6(49.3)</td><td>11.6(52.9)</td><td>14.8(58.6)</td><td>17.3(63.1)</td><td>19.9(67.8)</td><td>15.2(59.3)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean daily minimum °C (°F)</th><td>11.5(52.7)</td><td>12.6(54.7)</td><td>11.3(52.3)</td><td>9.0(48.2)</td><td>6.9(44.4)</td><td>4.4(39.9)</td><td>3.6(38.5)</td><td>4.2(39.6)</td><td>5.0(41.0)</td><td>6.8(44.2)</td><td>8.3(46.9)</td><td>9.8(49.6)</td><td>7.8(46.0)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Record low °C (°F)</th><td>4.0(39.2)</td><td>4.7(40.5)</td><td>3.7(38.7)</td><td>0.7(33.3)</td><td>−0.4(31.3)</td><td>−1.0(30.2)</td><td>−2.3(27.9)</td><td>−2.0(28.4)</td><td>−1.8(28.8)</td><td>−0.6(30.9)</td><td>0.5(32.9)</td><td>2.3(36.1)</td><td>−2.3(27.9)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average <a href="/facts/Precipitation/uq3nGQc8">precipitation</a> mm (inches)</th><td>70.2(2.76)</td><td>61.2(2.41)</td><td>74.6(2.94)</td><td>102.0(4.02)</td><td>129.6(5.10)</td><td>98.4(3.87)</td><td>95.5(3.76)</td><td>116.8(4.60)</td><td>106.0(4.17)</td><td>104.8(4.13)</td><td>109.4(4.31)</td><td>95.7(3.77)</td><td>1,165.9(45.90)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average precipitation days</th><td>12.1</td><td>8.4</td><td>12.4</td><td>13.7</td><td>18.2</td><td>17.8</td><td>20.0</td><td>19.7</td><td>17.5</td><td>16.5</td><td>15.2</td><td>12.9</td><td>184.4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean monthly <a href="/facts/Sunshine_duration/wVBusklh">sunshine hours</a></th><td>232.5</td><td>217.5</td><td>189.1</td><td>150.0</td><td>102.3</td><td>78.0</td><td>83.7</td><td>105.4</td><td>126.0</td><td>170.5</td><td>189.0</td><td>198.4</td><td>1,842.4</td></tr><tr><td colspan="14">Source 1: Mount Dandenong GTV9 (temperatures and rainfall, 1968–2007)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="14">Source 2: <a href="/facts/Toolangi/rB8oquIS">Toolangi</a> (Mount St Leonard DPI, sunshine hours 1965–2001)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="settlements-in-the-dandenong-ranges">Settlements in the Dandenong Ranges</h2> <p>Around 240,000 people live in and around the Dandenong Ranges, depending on the definition. The following settlements are located in the Dandenongs themselves (72,500~): </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Belgrave,_Victoria/jcMaecMH">Belgrave</a>—3929<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Belgrave_Heights,_Victoria/ScArcc0R">Belgrave Heights</a>—1,500</li> <li><a href="/facts/Belgrave_South,_Victoria/4E4BgIPY">Belgrave South</a>—1,500</li> <li><a href="/facts/Clematis,_Victoria/LtGlNgDQ">Clematis</a>—350</li> <li><a href="/facts/Emerald,_Victoria/cdgPu3yS">Emerald</a>—6,000</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ferny_Creek,_Victoria/jNss5VtT">Ferny Creek</a>—1,500</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ferntree_Gully,_Victoria/lzUF7a7x">Ferntree Gully</a> - 10,000</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kallista,_Victoria/Wv49aCpU">Kallista</a>—1,000</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kalorama,_Victoria/pdLWtB6G">Kalorama</a>—1,100</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kilsyth,_Victoria/ocrzJDGn">Kilsyth</a>—10,000</li> <li><a href="/facts/Menzies_Creek,_Victoria/vTeNYFDV">Menzies Creek</a>—1,300</li> <li><a href="/facts/Monbulk,_Victoria/e7a7Du7X">Monbulk</a>—2,700</li> <li><a href="/facts/Montrose,_Victoria/NV6CgGm4">Montrose</a>—6, 500</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mount_Dandenong,_Victoria/sLNsEBck">Mount Dandenong</a>—1,300</li> <li><a href="/facts/Olinda,_Victoria/JnYbgqRV">Olinda</a>—1,500</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sassafras,_Victoria/9v7xJf4n">Sassafras</a>—1,000</li> <li><a href="/facts/Selby,_Victoria/zHVvISMg">Selby</a>—1,400</li> <li><a href="/facts/Tecoma,_Victoria/T5yPmbxC">Tecoma</a>—2,200</li> <li><a href="/facts/The_Patch,_Victoria/LPBFyljb">The Patch</a>—800</li> <li><a href="/facts/Upper_Ferntree_Gully,_Victoria/F65zU4fh">Upper Ferntree Gully</a>—4,000</li> <li><a href="/facts/Upwey,_Victoria/mM4h9QGH">Upwey</a>—6,800</li></ul> <p>Some settlements located on and around the plateau to the east of the ranges are sometimes included (14,200~): </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Cockatoo,_Victoria/CfDuIaI7">Cockatoo</a>—4,500</li> <li><a href="/facts/Gembrook,_Victoria/e0PVBVXL">Gembrook</a>—1,600</li> <li><a href="/facts/Macclesfield,_Victoria/u2FTL8nW">Macclesfield</a>—1,600</li> <li><a href="/facts/Seville,_Victoria/DfKghzS7">Seville</a>—2,000</li> <li><a href="/facts/Seville_East,_Victoria/E7yLojIY">Seville East</a>—600</li> <li><a href="/facts/Silvan,_Victoria/8kwsjHKF">Silvan</a>—1,900</li> <li><a href="/facts/Wandin_East,_Victoria/edY7XXL0">Wandin East</a>—500</li> <li><a href="/facts/Wandin_North,_Victoria/Foq3LnY1">Wandin North</a>—1,600</li></ul> <p>Settlements in the southern and western foothills are also sometimes included (180,500~): </p> <ul><li>Western Foothills</li> <li><a href="/facts/The_Basin,_Victoria/EhoI8MGj">The Basin</a>—4,100</li> <li><a href="/facts/Boronia,_Victoria/m29Larbm">Boronia</a>—20,500</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mount_Evelyn,_Victoria/wBblAnlJ">Mount Evelyn</a>—9,100</li> <li>Southern Foothills</li> <li><a href="/facts/Endeavour_Hills,_Victoria/VwSIP7zf">Endeavour Hills</a>—24,000</li> <li><a href="/facts/Narre_Warren,_Victoria/H8uLlASb">Narre Warren</a>—26,000</li> <li><a href="/facts/Berwick,_Victoria/fovf3kG2">Berwick</a>—47,000</li> <li><a href="/facts/Narre_Warren_North,_Victoria/4p6JqL2I">Narre Warren North</a>—7,700</li> <li><a href="/facts/Harkaway,_Victoria/Y2PTfJH8">Harkaway</a>—849</li> <li><a href="/facts/Beaconsfield_Upper,_Victoria/3bNErDTF">Beaconsfield Upper</a>—2,861</li></ul> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The ranges are located near the boundary between the <a href="/facts/Wurundjeri/soVVHxMm">Wurundjeri</a> and <a href="/facts/Boon_wurrung/SyX1Mpkd">Bunurong</a> people's territories. The two nations were part of the <a href="/facts/Kulin_nation/cpsf3kd5">Kulin</a> alliance and were most often on friendly terms. The mountain range, however, was not often frequented by either nations people as mountainous areas were often considered one of many resting places for various spirits. </p><p>In 1938, the aircraft <i><a href="/facts/1938_Kyeema_crash/ro2bfMbN">Kyeema</a></i> crashed on the western face of Mount Corhanwarrabul due to heavy fog and poor navigation. Eighteen people died.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="utilities">Utilities</h2> <h3>Transmission towers</h3> <p>There are several large television transmission towers on various summits that were initially constructed to broadcast TV to Central Victoria </p> <ul><li>Channel 10/Channel 0, 204m high—Mount Corhanwarrabul (628m), (highest frequency)</li> <li>Channel 9, 131m high—Mount Corhanwarrabul (628m)</li> <li>Channel 7, 131m high—Mount Corhanwarrabul (628m), this tower is from interesting design, as it is a <a href="/facts/Partially_guyed_tower/Y2m1Aquz">partially guyed tower</a>, consisting of a free-standing lattice tower as basement and a guyed mast as pinnacle.</li> <li>Channel 2—Ferny Creek Summit (561m) (lowest frequency)</li></ul> <p>Channel 7, 9 and 10 all transmit from the 204M high ' Ornata Road ' TXA owned tower just to the South of Burke's Lookout. This tower also carries some of Melbourne, Victoria's commercial FM broadcast services. It also carries DAB+ digital radio services. Channel 2 services ( ABC, JJJ, emergency services, Govt owned ) transmit from the 130M high Broadcast Australia ' Eyre Road ' tower. This is an interesting tower in that the base is of four legged, freestanding design, while the upper portion is guyed by two sets of three guy cables. This tower is just to the North of Burke's Lookout. Adjacent to the Broadcast Australia tower, is the TXA ' Eyre Road ' standby tower, capable of transmitting 7, 9, and 10 signals in the event of an Ornata Road transmitter/antenna failure. This tower stands at 130M also and is a conventional four legged freestanding design. About 2 km to the North of this group of three towers, stands the original Channel 9 tower, built in 1956 to a height of 69M. This tower, on Observatory Road and adjacent to the Skyhigh lookout and restaurant now carries only some of Melbourne's commercial FM broadcast channels. </p> <h2 id="tourism-and-attractions">Tourism and attractions</h2> <ul><li>Scenic drives—popular for many years on the abundance of winding roads throughout the ranges</li> <li>Picnics—dedicated picnic areas can be found in Fern Tree Gully Picnic Ground or at One Tree Hill or in <a href="/facts/Sherbrooke_Forest/Cn0ruzwb">Sherbrooke Forest</a>. Emerald Lake Park has a variety of pretty picnic spots with electric barbecues, sheltered areas and water activities. This park with landscaped gardens adjoins the historic Nobelius Heritage Park</li> <li>The various coffee shops and restaurants, bed and breakfasts, craft shops, antique shops and gardens</li> <li><a href="/facts/Puffing_Billy_Railway/YEMFIgzk">Puffing Billy Railway</a>—a <a href="/facts/Narrow-gauge_railway/AM4D6E6I">narrow-gauge</a> heritage steam railway, from Belgrave, through to Emerald, Cockatoo and ending at Gembrook</li> <li>Lookouts & views—There are several locations throughout the ranges that offer excellent views on both sides of the range. On a clear day, features as far as <a href="/facts/Mount_Macedon,_Victoria/7r31t11B">Mount Macedon</a>, the <a href="/facts/You_Yangs/7T0vv2KF">You Yangs</a> and <a href="/facts/Port_Phillip/UfY7zotn">Port Phillip</a> can be seen simultaneously</li> <li>Walking & hiking—various tracks and trails are available at a variety of lengths and difficulties. For example; Four Brothers Rocks near Gembrook, Wright Forest near Cockatoo; The Eastern Dandenong Ranges Trail, which runs through Emerald, Cockatoo to Gembrook has a variety of open scenery and dappled woodland trails and at various stages follows the Puffing Billy railway line</li></ul> <p>Sherbrooke Falls, Sherbrooke </p> <ul><li>Cycling—the Dandenong Ranges is one of Melbourne's most popular cycling areas. Popular road cycling climbs include the "1 in 20" on the <a href="/facts/Mountain_Highway/476IqwyC">Mountain Highway</a>, "The Wall", a steeper route between <a href="/facts/Monbulk,_Victoria/e7a7Du7X">Monbulk</a> and <a href="/facts/Olinda,_Victoria/JnYbgqRV">Olinda</a>, and the also-steep "Devil's Elbow", heading north from <a href="/facts/Upper_Ferntree_Gully,_Victoria/F65zU4fh">Upper Ferntree Gully</a> along the Mount Dandenong Tourist Road to <a href="/facts/Ferny_Creek,_Victoria/jNss5VtT">Ferny Creek</a> . Also popular for picturesque and leisurely family bike rides is the Eastern Dandenong Ranges Trail, which runs through Emerald, Cockatoo to Gembrook</li></ul> <h3>Regulations</h3> <p>Camping is not permitted within the National Park and fire restrictions may apply during the summer months. There are no rubbish bins in the national parks and visitors must leave with all items that they arrived with. Camping is permitted near Gembrook at Kurth Kiln Regional Park. Please stay informed and be prepared, so as to ensure you have a fun and safe experience. It is important to observe weather conditions and warnings during the bushfire season and follow official recommendations. </p> <h2 id="bushfires">Bushfires</h2> <p>Due to the climate of the region, the type of vegetation and the topography, the Dandenong Ranges periodically experience <a href="/facts/Bushfires_in_Victoria/jJVpNkyl">bushfires</a>. Some of the recent occurrences included: </p> <ul><li>1851—<a href="/facts/Bushfires_in_Victoria/jJVpNkyl">Black Thursday</a></li> <li>1898</li> <li>1905</li> <li>1913</li> <li>1926</li> <li>1939</li> <li>1962</li> <li>1968</li> <li>1983—<a href="/facts/Ash_Wednesday_bushfires/QvpencFW">Ash Wednesday</a>, 27 deaths in the Dandenong ranges</li> <li>1997—3 deaths in the ranges</li> <li>2009—<a href="/facts/Black_Saturday_bushfires/d47NGjUy">Black Saturday</a>, no deaths in the ranges</li></ul> <h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Dandenong_Ranges_National_Park/8fN5p9Lj">Dandenong Ranges National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1938_Kyeema_crash/ro2bfMbN">1938 Kyeema crash</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Horatio_Jones_house/bfpn5f9J">Horatio Jones house</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dandenong Ranges. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i>Dandenong Ranges</i>. <ul><li>Accommodation - 1000 Reasons <a href="https://1000reasons.com.au">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="https://easterndandenongranges.com/">Eastern Dandenong Ranges</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.bluedandenongs.com.au/">Blue Dandenongs</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.parkweb.vic.gov.au/">Parks Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120317155105/http://www.rlcnews.org.au/stories/european_settlement/name_origins_of_places_in_rowville_and_lysterfield.php">Info sourced from Knox Historical Society on place names in the area</a></li> <li><a href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/21833643">The dandenongs in colour</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Birch, William D. (1994). Volcanoes in Victoria. Royal Society of Victoria. ISBN 0730606279. <a href="0730606279" target="_blank">0730606279</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Survey mark and counter data has been accessed from the State of Victoria Land and Survey Spatial Information[2] <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Climate statistics for Australian locations - Dunns Hill". Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 24 September 2017. <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_086372_All.shtml" target="_blank">http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_086372_All.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Climate statistics for Mt Dandenong". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 25 August 2024. <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_086243_All.shtml" target="_blank">http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_086243_All.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Sun hours from Toolangi". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 25 August 2024. <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_086142_All.shtml" target="_blank">http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_086142_All.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"2016 Census QuickStats: Belgrave". quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au. Retrieved 3 June 2020. <a href="https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC20187" target="_blank">https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC20187</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"The Crash of Kyeema" (PDF). Flight safety Australia. November 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 24 September 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929093248/http://www.casa.gov.au/fsa/1998/nov/kyeema.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070929093248/http://www.casa.gov.au/fsa/1998/nov/kyeema.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>