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Tidal scour
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<h2 id="historical-perspective-and-relevance">Historical Perspective and Relevance</h2> <p>Research on tidal scour is largely centered at Elkhorn Slough in California.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a>[<i>better source needed</i>] The slough was directly exposed to tidal flux beginning in 1947 with the creation of the <a href="/facts/Moss_Landing,_California/3LYz1Pl9">Moss Landing</a> Harbor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a>[<i>better source needed</i>]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Multiple studies have been done on the slough since tidal exposure to catalog the morphological change and determine how long it will take for the system to reach equilibrium.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a>[<i>better source needed</i>]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="formation">Formation</h2> <p>Tidal scours are formed in tide-dominated <a href="/facts/River_delta/fmWuaRqX">deltas</a> and <a href="/facts/Estuary/WmkSInmK">estuaries</a> with the changing of the tide. As the tide changes from low to high or high to low, water is transported through the channel taking sediment with it. With increasing erosion, there is increasing tidal volume creating a self-perpetuating system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a>[<i>better source needed</i>] Tidal scour is most apparent when a <a href="/facts/Barrier_island/7tA4Qejz">barrier</a> is breached due to natural or <a href="/facts/Anthropogenic_effects/vIAWqfPB">anthropogenic</a> forcing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a>[<i>better source needed</i>]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="anatomy">Anatomy</h2> <h3>Bathymetry</h3> <p>Tidal scour can be determined by looking at the change in <a href="/facts/Bathymetry/vnYgY6qK">bathymetry</a> over time. Bathymetry of tidal channels is determined using <a href="/facts/Sonar/0Rg2G40e">multi-beam sonar</a> or <a href="/facts/Lidar/b9SPUmLM">LiDAR</a>. By comparing <a href="/facts/Cross-sectional_study/ISrYvbJx">cross-sections</a> of channel bathymetry over several years and at various distances in the tidal channel, the amount of tidal scour can be quantified.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a>[<i>better source needed</i>]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h3>Grain Size Distribution</h3> <p>Sediment grab samples show that in areas demonstrating tidal scour, there is an increase in <a href="/facts/Grain_size/0jzacuSU">grain size</a> from surrounding areas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="ecological-significance">Ecological Significance</h2> <p>With direct influence from the Ocean, slough <a href="/facts/Geomorphology/MDf2I2h5">morphology</a> can change significantly making it difficult for native species to persist.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a>[<i>better source needed</i>] This can be seen in: </p> <ul><li>Increased transport of <a href="/facts/Agricultural_runoff/zPxoaA0D">agricultural runoff</a>, such as DDT-laden sediment, introduced by increased tidal scour.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li>The erosion of marshes and <a href="/facts/Eelgrass/Ut0mE49u">eelgrass</a> beds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a>[<i>better source needed</i>]</li> <li>The loss of <a href="/facts/Benthos/DeHzh0sN">benthic organisms</a> as the channels deepen more than organisms can persist.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Bridge_scour/3ugtYyaj">Bridge scour</a> – Erosion of sediment near bridge foundations by water</li> <li><a href="/facts/River_delta/fmWuaRqX">River delta</a> – Silt deposition landform at the mouth of a river</li> <li><a href="/facts/Estuary/WmkSInmK">Estuary</a> – Partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sediment_transport/3uLEbcPG">Sediment transport</a> – Movement of solid particles, typically by gravity and fluid entrainment</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Parker, Sybil (1994). McGraw Hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-113584-9. <a href="978-0-07-113584-9" target="_blank">978-0-07-113584-9</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Dean, Edwin Wendell (2003). Tidal Scour in Elkhorn Slough, California: A Bathymetric Analysis (PDF) (BS capstone project). California State University, Monterey Bay. Retrieved 15 December 2019 – via Seafloor Mapping Lab, CSU Monterey Bay. <a href="http://seafloor.otterlabs.org/publications/SFML_Capstones/Dean_capstone03.pdf" target="_blank">http://seafloor.otterlabs.org/publications/SFML_Capstones/Dean_capstone03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Lewis, Keith; Carter, Lionel; Davey, Fred (1994). "The Opening of Cook Strait: Interglacial tidal scour and aligning basins at a subduction to transform plate edge". Marine Geology. 116 (3–4): 293–312. Bibcode:1994MGeol.116..293L. doi:10.1016/0025-3227(94)90047-7. Retrieved 15 December 2019. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223927351" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223927351</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Shaw, John; Todd, Brian; Li, Michael; Wu, Yongsheng (2012). "Anatomy of the tidal scour system at Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy, Canada". Marine Geology. 323–325: 123–134. Bibcode:2012MGeol.323..123S. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2012.07.007. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Dean, Edwin Wendell (2003). Tidal Scour in Elkhorn Slough, California: A Bathymetric Analysis (PDF) (BS capstone project). California State University, Monterey Bay. Retrieved 15 December 2019 – via Seafloor Mapping Lab, CSU Monterey Bay. <a href="http://seafloor.otterlabs.org/publications/SFML_Capstones/Dean_capstone03.pdf" target="_blank">http://seafloor.otterlabs.org/publications/SFML_Capstones/Dean_capstone03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Malzonen, Christopher Mario (1999). Tidal scour and its relation to erosion and sediment transport in Elkhorn Slough (MS thesis). San Jose State University. doi:10.31979/etd.zz9e-ww37. Retrieved 15 December 2019. <a href="http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/1826/" target="_blank">http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/1826/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Silberstein 1989 M, Campbell E. 1989. Elkhorn Slough. Monterey, CA: Monterey Bay Aquarium. 64 p. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Dean, Edwin Wendell (2003). Tidal Scour in Elkhorn Slough, California: A Bathymetric Analysis (PDF) (BS capstone project). California State University, Monterey Bay. Retrieved 15 December 2019 – via Seafloor Mapping Lab, CSU Monterey Bay. <a href="http://seafloor.otterlabs.org/publications/SFML_Capstones/Dean_capstone03.pdf" target="_blank">http://seafloor.otterlabs.org/publications/SFML_Capstones/Dean_capstone03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Dean, Edwin Wendell (2003). Tidal Scour in Elkhorn Slough, California: A Bathymetric Analysis (PDF) (BS capstone project). California State University, Monterey Bay. Retrieved 15 December 2019 – via Seafloor Mapping Lab, CSU Monterey Bay. <a href="http://seafloor.otterlabs.org/publications/SFML_Capstones/Dean_capstone03.pdf" target="_blank">http://seafloor.otterlabs.org/publications/SFML_Capstones/Dean_capstone03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Dean, Edwin Wendell (2003). Tidal Scour in Elkhorn Slough, California: A Bathymetric Analysis (PDF) (BS capstone project). California State University, Monterey Bay. Retrieved 15 December 2019 – via Seafloor Mapping Lab, CSU Monterey Bay. <a href="http://seafloor.otterlabs.org/publications/SFML_Capstones/Dean_capstone03.pdf" target="_blank">http://seafloor.otterlabs.org/publications/SFML_Capstones/Dean_capstone03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Malzonen, Christopher Mario (1999). Tidal scour and its relation to erosion and sediment transport in Elkhorn Slough (MS thesis). San Jose State University. doi:10.31979/etd.zz9e-ww37. Retrieved 15 December 2019. <a href="http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/1826/" target="_blank">http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/1826/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Dean, Edwin Wendell (2003). Tidal Scour in Elkhorn Slough, California: A Bathymetric Analysis (PDF) (BS capstone project). California State University, Monterey Bay. Retrieved 15 December 2019 – via Seafloor Mapping Lab, CSU Monterey Bay. <a href="http://seafloor.otterlabs.org/publications/SFML_Capstones/Dean_capstone03.pdf" target="_blank">http://seafloor.otterlabs.org/publications/SFML_Capstones/Dean_capstone03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Malzonen, Christopher Mario (1999). Tidal scour and its relation to erosion and sediment transport in Elkhorn Slough (MS thesis). San Jose State University. doi:10.31979/etd.zz9e-ww37. Retrieved 15 December 2019. <a href="http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/1826/" target="_blank">http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/1826/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Dean, Edwin Wendell (2003). Tidal Scour in Elkhorn Slough, California: A Bathymetric Analysis (PDF) (BS capstone project). California State University, Monterey Bay. Retrieved 15 December 2019 – via Seafloor Mapping Lab, CSU Monterey Bay. <a href="http://seafloor.otterlabs.org/publications/SFML_Capstones/Dean_capstone03.pdf" target="_blank">http://seafloor.otterlabs.org/publications/SFML_Capstones/Dean_capstone03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Dean, Edwin Wendell (2003). Tidal Scour in Elkhorn Slough, California: A Bathymetric Analysis (PDF) (BS capstone project). California State University, Monterey Bay. Retrieved 15 December 2019 – via Seafloor Mapping Lab, CSU Monterey Bay. <a href="http://seafloor.otterlabs.org/publications/SFML_Capstones/Dean_capstone03.pdf" target="_blank">http://seafloor.otterlabs.org/publications/SFML_Capstones/Dean_capstone03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Lewis, Keith; Carter, Lionel; Davey, Fred (1994). "The Opening of Cook Strait: Interglacial tidal scour and aligning basins at a subduction to transform plate edge". Marine Geology. 116 (3–4): 293–312. Bibcode:1994MGeol.116..293L. doi:10.1016/0025-3227(94)90047-7. Retrieved 15 December 2019. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223927351" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223927351</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Dean, Edwin Wendell (2003). Tidal Scour in Elkhorn Slough, California: A Bathymetric Analysis (PDF) (BS capstone project). California State University, Monterey Bay. Retrieved 15 December 2019 – via Seafloor Mapping Lab, CSU Monterey Bay. <a href="http://seafloor.otterlabs.org/publications/SFML_Capstones/Dean_capstone03.pdf" target="_blank">http://seafloor.otterlabs.org/publications/SFML_Capstones/Dean_capstone03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Shaw, John; Todd, Brian; Li, Michael; Wu, Yongsheng (2012). "Anatomy of the tidal scour system at Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy, Canada". Marine Geology. 323–325: 123–134. Bibcode:2012MGeol.323..123S. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2012.07.007. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>McMullen, Katherine; Poppe, Lawrence; Parker, Castle (2015). "Character, distribution, and ecological significance of storm wave-induced scour in Rhode Island Sound, USA". Geo-Marine Letters. 35 (2): 135–144. Bibcode:2015GML....35..135M. doi:10.1007/s00367-014-0392-0. hdl:1912/7246. S2CID 53695218. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Malzonen, Christopher Mario (1999). Tidal scour and its relation to erosion and sediment transport in Elkhorn Slough (MS thesis). San Jose State University. doi:10.31979/etd.zz9e-ww37. Retrieved 15 December 2019. <a href="http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/1826/" target="_blank">http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/1826/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Dean, Edwin Wendell (2003). Tidal Scour in Elkhorn Slough, California: A Bathymetric Analysis (PDF) (BS capstone project). California State University, Monterey Bay. Retrieved 15 December 2019 – via Seafloor Mapping Lab, CSU Monterey Bay. <a href="http://seafloor.otterlabs.org/publications/SFML_Capstones/Dean_capstone03.pdf" target="_blank">http://seafloor.otterlabs.org/publications/SFML_Capstones/Dean_capstone03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"Caspian terns: the world's biggest tern nests at Elkhorn Slough!". Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR). 2001. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2019. (dead link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180826124413/http://www.elkhornslough.org/sloughlife/birds/caspian_tern.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180826124413/http://www.elkhornslough.org/sloughlife/birds/caspian_tern.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Dean, Edwin Wendell (2003). Tidal Scour in Elkhorn Slough, California: A Bathymetric Analysis (PDF) (BS capstone project). California State University, Monterey Bay. Retrieved 15 December 2019 – via Seafloor Mapping Lab, CSU Monterey Bay. <a href="http://seafloor.otterlabs.org/publications/SFML_Capstones/Dean_capstone03.pdf" target="_blank">http://seafloor.otterlabs.org/publications/SFML_Capstones/Dean_capstone03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Silberstein 1989 M, Campbell E. 1989. Elkhorn Slough. Monterey, CA: Monterey Bay Aquarium. 64 p. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>