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Red August
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <h3>Historical background</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Though_I_Am_Gone/MW3PTl1q">Though I Am Gone</a> and <a href="/facts/Victims_of_the_Cultural_Revolution/fJ4xb5Jo">Victims of the Cultural Revolution</a></p><p>On May 16, 1966, <a href="/facts/Mao_Zedong/tU9LMYH3">Mao Zedong</a> launched the Cultural Revolution in <a href="/facts/Mainland_China/HFXJcUky">mainland, China</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> On August 5, <a href="/facts/Bian_Zhongyun/tJ68Xmw8">Bian Zhongyun</a>, the first vice principal of the <a href="/facts/Experimental_High_School_Attached_to_Beijing_Normal_University/u8mCycxE">Experimental High School Attached to Beijing Normal University</a>, was beaten to death by a group of <a href="/facts/Red_Guards/aSc6fI2F">Red Guards</a>—mostly her students—and became the first education worker in Beijing killed by the Red Guards.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> </p><h3>Massacre in Beijing</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Massacres_during_the_Cultural_Revolution/trHd7t9E">Massacres during the Cultural Revolution</a></p><p> On August 18, 1966, Mao Zedong met with <a href="/facts/Song_Binbin/YNg2gVsn">Song Binbin</a>, a leader of the Red Guards, atop <a href="/facts/Tiananmen/WHxUwzqk">Tiananmen of Beijing</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> Mao asked Song Binbin whether the "Bin" in her <a href="/facts/Chinese_given_name/RJRRHfjg">given name</a> was the same Chinese character as that in <a href="/facts/Chengyu/1Y4z4b3N">Chinese Chengyu</a> "Wen Zhi Bin Bin (文质彬彬)"; upon receiving confirmation, Mao commented that, “Yao Wu Ma (要武嘛)”, meaning "be valiant" or "(you'd) better fight".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> After this meeting, the morale of the Red Guards was significantly boosted, triggering their massive slaughter in Beijing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> In particular, on August 25, 1966, thousands of Red Guards started a week-long massacre in Langan Market (榄杆市) of the <a href="/facts/Chongwen_District/VxBQhh9z">Chongwen District</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> At the same time, Red Guards launched a nationwide campaign to destroy the "<a href="/facts/Four_Olds/wYjC5UAC">Four Olds</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> In Beijing alone, a total of 4,922 historic sites were ruined, and the Red Guards burned 2.3 million books as well as 3.3 million paintings, art objects, and pieces of furniture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></p><p> On August 22, 1966, Mao approved a document from the <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(China)/1e0D70qJ">Ministry of Public Security</a>, ordering "do not use police force—no exception—to intervene or suppress the movement of revolutionary students".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> On the following day, Mao gave a talk at a Work Conference of the <a href="/facts/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party/874hRX2N">Central Committee of CCP</a>, publicly supporting the student movement and opposing any intervention to the "Cultural Revolution of students":<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></p><blockquote><p>In my view, Peking is not all that chaotic. The students held a meeting of 100,000 and then captured the murderers. This caused some panic. Peking is too gentle. Appeals have been issued, [but after all] there are very few hooligans. Stop interfering for the time being. It is still too early to say anything definite about the reorganization of the center of the [Youth] League; let us wait four months. Decisions taken hurriedly can do only harm. Work teams were dispatched in a hurry; the left was struggled against in a hurry; meetings of 100,000 were called in a hurry; appeals were issued in a hurry; opposition to the new municipal [party] committee of Peking was said, in a hurry, to be tantamount to an opposition to the [party] Center. Why is it impermissible to oppose? I have issued a big character poster myself, '<a href="/facts/Bombard_the_Headquarters/rmbLJQ3H">Bombard the Headquarters</a>!' Some problems have to be settled soon. For instance, the workers, peasants, and soldiers should not interfere with the students' great Cultural Revolution. Let the students go into the street. What is wrong with their writing big-character posters or going into the street? Let foreigners take pictures. They take shots to show aspects of our backward tendencies. But it does not matter. Let the imperialists make a scandal about us.</p></blockquote><p>On August 26, <a href="/facts/Xie_Fuzhi/vtDfG2Ny">Xie Fuzhi</a>, the Minister of <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(China)/1e0D70qJ">Ministry of Public Security</a>, also ordered to protect the Red Guards and not arrest them, claiming that it was <i>not</i> incorrect for the Red Guards to beat "bad people" and it was fine if the "bad people" were killed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> On the next day, <a href="/facts/Daxing_Massacre/hAk1DbA7">Daxing Massacre</a> broke out in the <a href="/facts/Daxing_District/CYw22Y2P">Daxing District of Beijing</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> And in his subsequent meetings with top public security officials from different provinces, Xie reiterated his point of view that the killings made by Red Guards were not public security issues and it would be a mistake if the public security was to arrest the Red Guards.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a> </p><h3>Government intervention</h3> <p>By the end of August 1966, the situation had grown out of control, forcing the Central Committee of CCP and the Chinese government to take multiple interventions, which gradually brought the massacres to an end.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a> On September 5, <i><a href="/facts/People%27s_Daily/m3atH1n2">People's Daily</a></i> published an article (<i>用文斗, 不用武斗</i>) calling for an end to the violent combat and massacres.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a> </p><p>Nevertheless, millions of Red Guards continued to arrive in Beijing to see Mao Zedong at Tiananmen Square on several occasions, including September 15, October 1 and so on.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="killings-and-death-toll">Killings and death toll</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Victims_of_the_Cultural_Revolution/fJ4xb5Jo">Victims of the Cultural Revolution</a></p> <h3>Methods of killing</h3> <p>During Red August, killing methods by the Red Guards included beating, torture, whipping, strangling, trampling, boiling, beheading and so on.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a> In particular, the method used to kill most infants and children was knocking them against the ground or slicing them in half.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a> </p> <h3>Death toll</h3> <ul><li>According to official statistics published in 1980, from August to September in 1966, a total of 1,772 people—including teachers and principals of many schools—were killed in Beijing by <a href="/facts/Red_Guards/aSc6fI2F">Red Guards</a>, while 33,695 homes were ransacked and 85,196 families were forced to leave Beijing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a></li> <li>During the <a href="/facts/Daxing_Massacre/hAk1DbA7">Daxing Massacre</a>, 325 people were killed from August 27 to September 1 in the <a href="/facts/Daxing_District/CYw22Y2P">Daxing District of Beijing</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a> Even though most researchers think that the number of deaths in Daxing Massacre was already included in the total death toll in Beijing (i.e., 1,772), some researchers disagree and argue that the number of deaths in rural districts such as <a href="/facts/Daxing_District/CYw22Y2P">Daxing</a> and <a href="/facts/Changping_District/FpqGvbK0">Changping</a> were not counted in the municipal data of Beijing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a> The oldest victim killed during the Daxing Massacre was 80 years old, while the youngest was only 38 days old; 22 families were wiped out.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a></li> <li>According to official statistics published in November 1985, the death toll during Red August was 10,275, while 92,000 homes were ransacked and 125,000 families were forced to leave Beijing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="aftermath-and-influence">Aftermath and influence</h2> <p>Red August of Beijing is regarded as the origin of <a href="/facts/Red_Terror_(China)/1EAQGgYk">Red Terror</a> in the Chinese Cultural Revolution, instigating Red Guards' movement in multiple cities including <a href="/facts/Shanghai/nYyuBo2S">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/facts/Guangzhou/9hxfmEjq">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/facts/Nanjing/WennCVWt">Nanjing</a> and <a href="/facts/Xiamen/h431LYgR">Xiamen</a>, where local political leaders, intellectuals, teachers and members of the <a href="/facts/Five_Black_Categories/P397QHWE">Five Black Categories</a> were persecuted and even killed by the Red Guards.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>In Beijing, Red Guards from Beijing No.6 High School established a private prison on campus, where they wrote "Long Live Red Terror!" on a wall using blood of the victims who they beat or even killed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a></li> <li>In Shanghai, local Red Guards ransacked 84,222 houses of "<a href="/facts/Bourgeoisie/Ho3RUrlA">bourgeois</a>" families, and 1,231 of them were the homes of intellectuals or teachers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a> On September 3, 1966, notable translator <a href="/facts/Fu_Lei/KIhT5vCj">Fu Lei</a> and his wife committed suicide after being tortured and humiliated by Red Guards since the end of August.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a> Red Guards from Beijing also travelled to Shanghai and participated in the local student movement, including <a href="/facts/Violent_struggle/6qc2SWJ1">violent struggles</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a> For example, on September 15, eleven Red Guards from <a href="/facts/Beijing_Foreign_Studies_University/dwyPKfcG">Beijing Foreign Studies University</a> went to Shanghai and teamed up with Red Guards from <a href="/facts/Shanghai_Foreign_Language_School/yycgG5BA">Shanghai Foreign Language School</a>, chanting "Long Live Red Terror" while persecuting 31 teachers in total.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a></li></ul> <p>There has been comparison between the date "18 August 1966", which was the key point during Red August, and the <i><a href="/facts/Kristallnacht/U9ovTHbK">Kristallnacht</a>,</i> which was the prelude of <a href="/facts/Nazi_Germany/8kRbqRpo">Nazi Germany</a>'s <a href="/facts/The_Holocaust/vGQsAb2y">Holocaust</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a> Moreover, Red August along with the subsequent massacres across China during the Cultural Revolution has also been compared to the <a href="/facts/Nanjing_Massacre/8g3dnRUH">Nanjing Massacre</a> conducted by the <a href="/facts/Armed_Forces_of_the_Empire_of_Japan/Ba8C4NaP">Japanese military</a> during the <a href="/facts/Second_Sino-Japanese_War/QgPmgfHa">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Red_Terror/7sQLIjYn">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Five_Black_Categories/P397QHWE">Five Black Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Four_Olds/wYjC5UAC">Four Olds</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes/fvwyhqpI">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_massacres_in_China/hG81JXJQ">List of massacres in China</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Daxing_Massacre/hAk1DbA7">Daxing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mao_Zedong%27s_cult_of_personality/hTVSXIQC">Mao Zedong's cult of personality</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Wang, Youqin (2001). "Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966" (PDF). The University of Chicago. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-17. <a href="/wiki/Wang_Youqin" target="_blank">/wiki/Wang_Youqin</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Phillips, Tom (2016-05-11). "The Cultural Revolution: all you need to know about China's political convulsion". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2019-12-08. Retrieved 2019-12-23. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/11/the-cultural-revolution-50-years-on-all-you-need-to-know-about-chinas-political-convulsion" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/11/the-cultural-revolution-50-years-on-all-you-need-to-know-about-chinas-political-convulsion</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Dong, Yifu (13 September 2016). "My Grandfather Survived China's Cultural Revolution. Why Does He Still Love Mao?". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 2019-12-24. Retrieved 2019-12-23. <a href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/09/13/china-communist-party-grandfather-survived-cultural-revolution-why-does-he-still-love-mao/" target="_blank">https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/09/13/china-communist-party-grandfather-survived-cultural-revolution-why-does-he-still-love-mao/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Wang, Youqin (2001). "Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966" (PDF). The University of Chicago. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-17. <a href="/wiki/Wang_Youqin" target="_blank">/wiki/Wang_Youqin</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Jian, Guo; Song, Yongyi; Zhou, Yuan (2006-07-17). Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Scarecrow Press. pp. xxi (Chronology). ISBN 978-0-8108-6491-7. Archived from the original on 2020-06-11. Retrieved 2020-07-10. <a href="978-0-8108-6491-7" target="_blank">978-0-8108-6491-7</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Song, Yongyi (2011-10-11). "文革中"非正常死亡"了多少人？ ---- 读苏扬的《文革中中国农村的集体屠杀》" [How many people "died unnaturally" during the Cultural Revolution?]. China News Digest (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2022-04-17. 有关北京市文革的受害者人数，目下最流行的大都引用文革初期北京市公安局对"红色恐怖"中死亡数的统计：1,772 人。另有33,695户被抄家，85,196个家庭被驱逐出北京。其实，1985年11月5日北京市核查工作会议的工作报告"加强领导，再接再厉，全面做好二期整党的核查工作"有过新的调查和统计。其中死亡数为10,275 （增长率580%）；被抄家为92,000户 (增长率273%)，被驱逐出北京的家庭为125,000 (增长率147%) 。从官方矛盾的陈述中可以清楚地看到：公开的数字被大大地缩小了。 <a href="/wiki/Song_Yongyi" target="_blank">/wiki/Song_Yongyi</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Song, Yongyi (2011-10-11). "文革中"非正常死亡"了多少人？ ---- 读苏扬的《文革中中国农村的集体屠杀》" [How many people "died unnaturally" during the Cultural Revolution?]. China News Digest (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2022-04-17. 有关北京市文革的受害者人数，目下最流行的大都引用文革初期北京市公安局对"红色恐怖"中死亡数的统计：1,772 人。另有33,695户被抄家，85,196个家庭被驱逐出北京。其实，1985年11月5日北京市核查工作会议的工作报告"加强领导，再接再厉，全面做好二期整党的核查工作"有过新的调查和统计。其中死亡数为10,275 （增长率580%）；被抄家为92,000户 (增长率273%)，被驱逐出北京的家庭为125,000 (增长率147%) 。从官方矛盾的陈述中可以清楚地看到：公开的数字被大大地缩小了。 <a href="/wiki/Song_Yongyi" target="_blank">/wiki/Song_Yongyi</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Peng, Xiaoming (2013-03-02). "记下老红卫兵的血债" [On the "bloody debt" of the "Old" Red Guards]. Beijing Spring (北京之春) (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2013-05-09. Retrieved 2019-12-10. 1966红八月打人死亡数为10,275人 ；被抄家为92,000户 ，被驱逐出北京的家庭为125,000户，《1985年11月5日北京市核查工作会议的工作报告"加强领导，再接再厉，全面做好二期整党的核查工作"》（《动向》2011年9月号） <a href="http://beijingspring.com/bj2/2010/170/201332200545.htm" target="_blank">http://beijingspring.com/bj2/2010/170/201332200545.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Sai, Hongqiu. "毛泽东大笑谈杀人" [Mao Zedong talked about killing people with laughter]. Boxun (in Chinese). 北京周末诗会. Archived from the original on 2019-12-10. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191210052515/https://blog.boxun.com/hero/201203/beijingzhoumoshihui/18_1.shtml" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20191210052515/https://blog.boxun.com/hero/201203/beijingzhoumoshihui/18_1.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Wang, Youqin. "Victim of the Cultural Revolution——An Investigative Account of Persecution, Imprisonment and Murder" (PDF). The University of Chicago (in Chinese). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-12. <a href="/wiki/Wang_Youqin" target="_blank">/wiki/Wang_Youqin</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Yu, Luowen. "文革时期北京大兴县大屠杀调查" [An investigation of the Daxing Massacre in Beijing during the Cultural Revolution]. Chinese University of Hong Kong (in Chinese). Lecture Room. 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