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Constantius Chlorus
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<h2 id="life">Life</h2> <h3>Early career</h3> <p>Constantius's birthday was 31 March; the year is unknown, but his career and the age of his eldest son imply a date no later than c. 250.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Constantius was of <a href="/facts/Thraco-Roman/4A20pgva">Thracian</a> origin, as his grandson, emperor <a href="/facts/Julian_(emperor)/4ecggf42">Julian</a>, explicitly wrote that their family came from "the <a href="/facts/Moesi/wvosNYB1">Mysians</a> on the very banks of the Danube" and referred to them as <a href="/facts/Thracians/JrSuD03j">Thracians</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> He was born in <a href="/facts/Naissus/N96bKLAx">Naissus</a>, then in <a href="/facts/Moesia_Superior/bw41LUd4">Moesia Superior</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> a <a href="/facts/Roman_province/lcMVp672">Roman province</a> on the south bank of the <a href="/facts/Middle_Danube/8lMeM9xg">Middle Danube</a> later known as <a href="/facts/Dacia_Ripensis/7FDvCBdV">Dacia Ripensis</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> and was considered to be hailing from the region of <a href="/facts/Illyria/ugbD1GVj">Illyricum</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> According to the unreliable <i><a href="/facts/Historia_Augusta/DkN67QSX">Historia Augusta</a></i> he was the son of Eutropius, a <a href="/facts/Nobility/WLPIA8GT">nobleman</a> from the province of <a href="/facts/Moesia_Superior/bw41LUd4">Moesia Superior</a>, and <a href="/facts/Claudia_(mother_of_Constantius)/7sY7sURp">Claudia</a>, a niece of the emperors <a href="/facts/Claudius_Gothicus/JtMwjrNl">Claudius Gothicus</a> and <a href="/facts/Quintillus/oP62vLsR">Quintillus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> The same source also gives Claudius the nomina "<a href="/facts/Flavia_gens/eh41BoJ6">Flavius</a> <a href="/facts/Valeria_gens/PU17CNnJ">Valerius</a>" to strengthen his connection to Constantius.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Modern historians suspect this maternal connection to be a genealogical <a href="/facts/Lie/mfQgWIjd">fabrication</a> created by his son <a href="/facts/Constantine_I_(emperor)/jW1q8TPp">Constantine I</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> and that his family was of humble origins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Constantine probably sought to dissociate his father's background from the memory of Maximian.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <p>Constantius was a member of the <i><a href="/facts/Protectores_Augusti_Nostri/UK8m8hRe">Protectores Augusti Nostri</a></i> under the emperor <a href="/facts/Aurelian/cVWGJJeP">Aurelian</a> and fought in the east against the secessionist <a href="/facts/Palmyrene_Empire/LLduYyEE">Palmyrene Empire</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> While the claim that he had been made a <i><a href="/facts/Dux/1tbxLKjq">dux</a></i> under the emperor <a href="/facts/Marcus_Aurelius_Probus/ttbcs7bR">Probus</a> is probably a fabrication,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> he certainly attained the rank of <i><a href="/facts/Tribunus/VgoaY9lR">tribunus</a></i> within the army, and during the reign of <a href="/facts/Carus/X8S3Lotg">Carus</a> he was raised to the position of <i><a href="/facts/Praeses/7fIPP2F7">praeses</a></i>, or governor, of the province of <a href="/facts/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)/AKJoXutl">Dalmatia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> It has been conjectured that he switched allegiances to support the claims of the future emperor <a href="/facts/Diocletian/l4Inf5wa">Diocletian</a> just before Diocletian defeated <a href="/facts/Carinus/GzYQLVYG">Carinus</a>, the son of Carus, at the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_the_Margus/VFhoJ9vG">Battle of the Margus</a> in July 285.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>In 286, Diocletian elevated a military colleague, <a href="/facts/Maximian/Bfhf6oCY">Maximian</a>, to the throne as co-emperor of the western provinces,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> while Diocletian took over the eastern provinces, beginning the process that would eventually see the division of the <a href="/facts/Roman_Empire/l4E1aUuV">Roman Empire</a> into two halves, a <a href="/facts/Western_Roman_Empire/PkeT92o9">Western</a> and an <a href="/facts/Byzantine_Empire/njEELXWF">Eastern</a> portion. By 288, his period as governor now over, Constantius had been made <a href="/facts/Praetorian_prefect/Udpno0BP">praetorian prefect</a> in the west under Maximian.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> Throughout 287 and into 288, Constantius, under the command of Maximian, was involved in a war against the <a href="/facts/Alamanni/46vLyWu5">Alamanni</a>, carrying out attacks on the territory of the <a href="/facts/Barbarian/k61mm4mC">barbarian</a> tribes across the <a href="/facts/Rhine/MgJ88oaz">Rhine</a> and <a href="/facts/Danube/8lMeM9xg">Danube</a> rivers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> To consolidate the ties between himself and Emperor Maximian, Constantius married the emperor's daughter, <a href="/facts/Flavia_Maximiana_Theodora/RelaGLzz">Theodora</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p> <h3>Elevation as Caesar</h3> <p>By 293, <a href="/facts/Diocletian/l4Inf5wa">Diocletian</a>, conscious of the ambitions of his co-emperor for his new son-in-law, allowed Maximian to promote Constantius in a new power sharing arrangement known as the <a href="/facts/Tetrarchy/f8hqndby">Tetrarchy</a>. The eastern and western provinces would each be ruled by an <a href="/facts/Augustus_(honorific)/1mHIqsde"><i>augustus</i></a>, supported by a <a href="/facts/Caesar_(title)/75YBKUXu"><i>caesar</i></a>. Both <i>caesares</i> had the right of succession once the ruling <i>augustus</i> died.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p><p>At <a href="/facts/Mediolanum/5G32kf8B">Mediolanum</a> (<a href="/facts/Milan/0xrtbPdt">Milan</a>) on 1 March 293, Constantius was formally appointed as Maximian's <i>caesar</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> He adopted Diocletian's <i><a href="/facts/Roman_naming_conventions/zR1VTy5v">nomen</a></i> (family name) "Valerius", and, being equated with Maximian, also took on "Herculius".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> His given command consisted of <a href="/facts/Gaul/fSpNpRqy">Gaul</a>, <a href="/facts/Roman_Britain/1Ez37u7L">Britannia</a> and possibly <a href="/facts/Hispania/EYd2cv27">Hispania</a>. <a href="/facts/Diocletian/l4Inf5wa">Diocletian</a>, the eastern <i>augustus</i>, in order to keep the balance of power in the <i>imperium</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> elevated <a href="/facts/Galerius/gCyV36Ij">Galerius</a> as his <i>caesar</i>, possibly on 21 May 293 at <a href="/facts/Philippopolis_(Thrace)/buT5mJ1j">Philippopolis</a> (<a href="/facts/Plovdiv/28MKHt8X">Plovdiv</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> Constantius was the more senior of the two <i>caesares</i>, and on official documents he always took precedence, being mentioned before Galerius.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> Constantius's capital was to be located at <a href="/facts/Augusta_Treverorum/NwSlV35F">Augusta Treverorum</a> (<a href="/facts/Trier/vzsWUI3X">Trier</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p><p>Constantius's first task on becoming <i>caesar</i> was to deal with the <a href="/facts/Roman_usurper/QERHdhrv">Roman usurper</a> <a href="/facts/Carausius/XuhtV51Y">Carausius</a> who had declared himself emperor in Britannia and northern Gaul in 286.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> In late 293, Constantius defeated the forces of Carausius in Gaul, capturing Bononia (<a href="/facts/Boulogne-sur-Mer/jmQ3W7kJ">Boulogne-sur-Mer</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> Carausius was then assassinated by his <i><a href="/facts/Rationalis/GM0peKFX">rationalis</a></i> (finance officer) <a href="/facts/Allectus/lFzT7Jjj">Allectus</a>, who assumed command of the British provinces until his death in 296.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p><p>Constantius spent the next two years neutralising the threat of the <a href="/facts/Franks/RHyCqfkd">Franks</a> who were the allies of Allectus,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> as northern Gaul remained under the control of the British usurper until at least 295.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> He also battled against the <a href="/facts/Alamanni/46vLyWu5">Alamanni</a>, achieving some victories at the mouth of the <a href="/facts/Rhine/MgJ88oaz">Rhine</a> in 295.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> Administrative concerns meant he made at least one trip to Italy during this time as well.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> Only when he felt ready (and only when Maximian finally came to relieve him at the Rhine frontier)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> did he assemble two invasion fleets with the intent of crossing the <a href="/facts/English_Channel/UPjaSEXf">English Channel</a>. The first was entrusted to <a href="/facts/Julius_Asclepiodotus/QvqIP9K1">Julius Asclepiodotus</a>, Constantius's long-serving <a href="/facts/Praetorian_prefect/Udpno0BP">Praetorian prefect</a>, who sailed from the mouth of the <a href="/facts/Seine/Chd1gSKo">Seine</a>, while the other, under the command of Constantius himself, was launched from his base at Bononia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> The fleet under Asclepiodotus landed near the <a href="/facts/Isle_of_Wight/3mWfGanJ">Isle of Wight</a>, and his army encountered the forces of Allectus, resulting in the defeat and death of the usurper.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> Constantius in the meantime occupied <a href="/facts/Londinium/4RhdQbNu">Londinium</a> (<a href="/facts/London/KozCCsy9">London</a>),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> saving the city from an attack by <a href="/facts/Franks/RHyCqfkd">Frankish</a> mercenaries who were now roaming the province without a paymaster. Constantius massacred all of them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p> <p>Constantius remained in Britannia for a few months, replaced most of Allectus's officers, and the British provinces were probably at this time subdivided along the lines of Diocletian's other administrative reforms of the Empire.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> The result was the division of <a href="/facts/Britannia_Superior/wevveKfG">Britannia Superior</a> into <a href="/facts/Maxima_Caesariensis/D60HL8ux">Maxima Caesariensis</a> and <a href="/facts/Britannia_Prima/bxmoALCF">Britannia Prima</a>, while <a href="/facts/Flavia_Caesariensis/wdX9v79A">Flavia Caesariensis</a> and <a href="/facts/Britannia_Secunda/lAUwajGW">Britannia Secunda</a> were carved out of <a href="/facts/Britannia_Inferior/sLwHETzy">Britannia Inferior</a>. He also restored <a href="/facts/Hadrian%27s_Wall/tsvxXKxH">Hadrian's Wall</a> and its forts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p><p>Later in 298, Constantius fought in the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Lingones/q6eLoFuI">Battle of Lingones</a> (<a href="/facts/Langres/59cAjeaV">Langres</a>) against the <a href="/facts/Alemanni/46vLyWu5">Alemanni</a>. He was shut up in the city, but was relieved by his army after six hours and defeated the enemy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> He <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Vindonissa/Ut1M9124">defeated them again at Vindonissa</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> thereby strengthening the defences of the <a href="/facts/Rhine/MgJ88oaz">Rhine</a> frontier. In 300, he fought against the <a href="/facts/Franks/RHyCqfkd">Franks</a> on the Rhine frontier,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> and as part of his overall strategy to buttress the frontier, Constantius settled the Franks in the deserted parts of <a href="/facts/Gaul/fSpNpRqy">Gaul</a> to repopulate the devastated areas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> Nevertheless, over the next three years the Rhine frontier continued to occupy Constantius's attention.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> </p><p>From 303 – the beginning of the <a href="/facts/Diocletianic_Persecution/ysQ8yY31">Diocletianic Persecution</a> – Constantius began to enforce the imperial edicts dealing with the <a href="/facts/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire/38BXgDmr">persecution of Christians</a>, which ordered the destruction of <a href="/facts/Church_(building)/gtw3YSsd">churches</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> The campaign was avidly pursued by <a href="/facts/Galerius/gCyV36Ij">Galerius</a>, who noticed that Constantius was well-disposed towards the <a href="/facts/Christians/15hE11VR">Christians</a>, and who saw it as a method of advancing his career prospects with the aging Diocletian.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> Of the four Tetrarchs, Constantius made the least effort to implement the decrees in the western provinces that were under his direct authority,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> limiting himself to knocking down a handful of churches.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Eusebius/JvkeIKcS">Eusebius</a> denied that Constantius destroyed Christian buildings, but <a href="/facts/Lactantius/DlIVAtPx">Lactantius</a> records that he did.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> </p> <h3>Accession as Augustus and death</h3> <p>Between 303 and 305, Galerius began maneuvering to ensure that he would be in a position to take power from Constantius after the death of Diocletian.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> In 304, Maximian met with Galerius, probably to discuss the succession issue and Constantius either was not invited or could not make it due to the situation on the Rhine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> Although prior to 303 there appeared to be tacit agreement among the Tetrarchs that Constantius's son <a href="/facts/Constantine_I/jW1q8TPp">Constantine</a> and Maximian's son <a href="/facts/Maxentius/BG0hzPLG">Maxentius</a> were to be promoted to the rank of <i>caesar</i> once Diocletian and Maximian had resigned the purple,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> by the end of 304 Galerius had convinced Diocletian (who in turn convinced Maximian) to appoint Galerius's nominees <a href="/facts/Severus_II/yLfCsQhH">Severus</a> and <a href="/facts/Maximinus_Daza/SHkNXQnA">Maximinus</a> as <i>caesares</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> </p><p>Diocletian and Maximian stepped down as co-emperors on 1 May 305, possibly due to Diocletian's poor health.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> Before the assembled armies at Mediolanum, Maximian removed his purple cloak and handed it to Severus, the new <i>caesar</i>, and proclaimed Constantius as <i>augustus</i>. The same scene played out at <a href="/facts/Nicomedia/YqNU3mxd">Nicomedia</a> (<a href="/facts/%C4%B0zmit/DYG8z54T">İzmit</a>) under the authority of Diocletian.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> Constantius, notionally the senior emperor, ruled the western provinces, while Galerius took the eastern provinces. Constantine, disappointed in his hopes to become a <i>caesar</i>, fled the court of Galerius after Constantius had asked Galerius to release his son as Constantius was ill.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> Constantine joined his father's court at the coast of Gaul, just as he was preparing to campaign in Britain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> </p><p>In 305, Constantius crossed over into Britain, travelled to the far north of the island and launched a military expedition against the <a href="/facts/Picts/Y2M50Ulj">Picts</a>, claiming a victory against them and the title <i>Britannicus Maximus II</i> by 7 January 306.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> After retiring to <a href="/facts/Eboracum/C8VFPRlT">Eboracum</a> (<a href="/facts/York/yzCEPtHz">York</a>) for the winter, Constantius had planned to continue the campaign, but on 25 July 306 he died.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> As he was dying, Constantius recommended his son to the army as his successor;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> consequently, <a href="/facts/Constantine_the_Great/jW1q8TPp">Constantine</a> was declared emperor by the legions at York.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="family">Family</h2> <p>Constantius was either married to, or was in concubinage with, <a href="/facts/Helena_of_Constantinople/robIFYKB">Helena</a>, who was probably from <a href="/facts/Nicomedia/YqNU3mxd">Nicomedia</a> in Asia Minor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> They had one son, the future emperor <a href="/facts/Constantine_the_Great/jW1q8TPp">Constantine the Great</a>. </p><p>In 289, political developments forced him to divorce <a href="/facts/Helena_(empress)/robIFYKB">Helena</a>. He married <a href="/facts/Flavia_Maximiana_Theodora/RelaGLzz">Theodora</a>, <a href="/facts/Maximian/Bfhf6oCY">Maximian</a>'s daughter. They had six children:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Flavius_Dalmatius/DqYrjeFY">Flavius Dalmatius</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Julius_Constantius/Y30zz11Y">Julius Constantius</a></li> <li>Flavius Hannibalianus</li> <li><a href="/facts/Flavia_Julia_Constantia/sH0sqaes">Flavia Julia Constantia</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Anastasia_(sister_of_Constantine_I)/8db57oD0">Anastasia</a>, married to <a href="/facts/Bassianus_(executed_by_Constantine)/QtvBfMT3">Bassianus</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Eutropia_(sister_of_Constantine_I)/YsYjbptI">Eutropia</a></li></ul> <p>The name of Anastasia (<a href="/facts/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language/StKuT1sY">Koinē Greek</a>: Ἀναστασία, romanized: <i>Anastasía</i>, <a href="/facts/Literal_translation/0cF1oFRh">lit.</a> 'resurrection') may indicate a sympathy with Christian or Jewish culture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> </p> <h3>Family tree</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Constantinian_dynasty/4ACsrp6W">Constantinian dynasty</a></p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Family of Constantius Chlorus</th></tr><tr><td><p>Emperors are shown with a rounded-corner border with their dates as <a href="/facts/Augusti/1mHIqsde">Augusti</a>, names with a thicker border appear in both sections</p><p>1: Constantine's parents and half-siblings</p><table><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><ul><li><a href="/facts/Maximian/Bfhf6oCY">Maximian</a></li><li>286–305</li><li><i>adoptive father</i></li></ul></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I/robIFYKB">Helena</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><ul><li>Constantius Chlorus</li><li>250–306</li></ul></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Flavia_Maximiana_Theodora/RelaGLzz">Flavia Maximiana Theodora</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><ul><li>Constantine I</li><li>306–337</li></ul></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Flavius_Dalmatius/DqYrjeFY">Flavius Dalmatius</a></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Hannibalianus</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Flavia_Julia_Constantia/sH0sqaes">Flavia Julia Constantia</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><ul><li><a href="/facts/Licinius/726hJYdG">Licinius</a></li><li>308–324</li></ul></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Anastasia_(sister_of_Constantine_I)/8db57oD0">Anastasia</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Bassianus_(executed_by_Constantine)/QtvBfMT3">Bassianus</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Galla_(wife_of_Julius_Constantius)/XdWGJnJx">Galla</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Julius_Constantius/Y30zz11Y">Julius Constantius</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Basilina/dwjJ6vLW">Basilina</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Licinius_II/Bqmhmp3W">Licinius II</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Eutropia_(sister_of_Constantine_I)/YsYjbptI">Eutropia</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Virius Nepotianus</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Hannibalianus/ktdH3BwM">Hannibalianus</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Constantina/BfDzJwyA">Constantina</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Constantius_Gallus/1kEK22bl">Constantius Gallus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><ul><li><a href="/facts/Julian_(emperor)/4ecggf42">Julian</a></li><li>360–363</li></ul></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Helena_(wife_of_Julian)/AdtlDNz0">Helena</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nepotianus/r0MnUQaR">Nepotianus</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr></tbody></table><p>2: Constantine's children</p><table><tbody><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Minervina/DscHoj4u">Minervina</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><ul><li>Constantine I</li><li>306–337</li></ul></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Fausta/JlWrlUr9">Fausta</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Crispus/VAbFIzuX">Crispus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><ul><li><a href="/facts/Constantine_II_(emperor)/FwUu1CSS">Constantine II</a></li><li>337–340</li></ul></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><ul><li><a href="/facts/Constans/Q1GzfjqH">Constans</a></li><li>337–350</li></ul></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Hannibalianus/ktdH3BwM">Hannibalianus</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Constantina/BfDzJwyA">Constantina</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Constantius_Gallus/1kEK22bl">Constantius Gallus</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Faustina_(wife_of_Constantius_II)/3ysMKNrF">Faustina</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><ul><li><a href="/facts/Constantius_II/jKXch2Wa">Constantius II</a></li><li>337–361</li></ul></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Helena_(wife_of_Julian)/AdtlDNz0">Helena</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><ul><li><a href="/facts/Julian_(emperor)/4ecggf42">Julian</a></li><li>360–363</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><ul><li><a href="/facts/Gratian/mqdtfhbF">Gratian</a></li><li>367–383</li></ul></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Constantia_(wife_of_Gratian)/eQ8IR6XN">Constantia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th><ul><li>v</li><li>t</li><li>e</li></ul>CONSTANTINIAN DYNASTY detailed family tree</th></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Afranius_Hannibalianus/wW6NToNv">Afranius Hannibalianus</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Eutropia/uHMzt7mf">Eutropia</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Maximian/Bfhf6oCY">Maximian</a>Western emperor</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Flavia_Maximiana_Theodora/RelaGLzz">Theodora</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Constantius I ChlorusWestern emperor250-305-306</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Helena_(mother_of_Constantine)/robIFYKB">Helena</a>250–330</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Maxentius/BG0hzPLG">Maxentius</a>Western emperor</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Flavia_Julia_Constantia/sH0sqaes">Constantia</a>293–330∞ <a href="/facts/Licinius/726hJYdG">Licinius</a>250-308-324-325</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Flavius_Dalmatius/DqYrjeFY">Flavius Dalmatius</a>censor</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">1.<a href="/facts/Galla_(wife_of_Julius_Constantius)/XdWGJnJx">Galla</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Julius_Constantius/Y30zz11Y">Julius Constantius</a>d. 337∞ 2.Basilina</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Anastasia_(4th_century)/8db57oD0">Anastasia</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Eutropia</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Fausta/JlWrlUr9">Fausta</a>289–326</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Constantine_The_Great/jW1q8TPp">Constantine I</a> the Great272-306-337</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Minervina/DscHoj4u">Minervina</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Dalmatius/J0S943rD">Dalmatius</a>caesar</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Hannibalianus/ktdH3BwM">Hannibalianus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">(1) <a href="/facts/Constantius_Gallus/1kEK22bl">Constantius Gallus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">(2) <a href="/facts/Julian_the_Apostate/4ecggf42">Julian</a>331-360-363</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Helena_(wife_of_Julian)/AdtlDNz0">Helena</a>d. 360</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Constantina/BfDzJwyA">Constantina</a>∞ 1.<a href="/facts/Hannibalianus/ktdH3BwM">Hannibalianus</a>2.<a href="/facts/Constantius_Gallus/1kEK22bl">Constantius Gallus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Constantius_II/jKXch2Wa">Constantius II</a>317-337-361∞ <a href="/facts/Faustina_(wife_of_Constantius_II)/3ysMKNrF">Faustina</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Constantine_II_(emperor)/FwUu1CSS">Constantine II</a>Western emperor316-337-340</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Constans_I/Q1GzfjqH">Constans I</a>Western emperor320-337-350</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">(daughter)∞ Justus</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Crispus/VAbFIzuX">Crispus</a>d. 326</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Jovian_(Emperor)/e0sC2ces">Jovian</a>331-363-364</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Marina_Severa/PjljC1VC">Marina Severa</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Valentinian_I/48ukbyEa">Valentinian I</a>Western emperor<a href="/facts/Valentinianic_dynasty/zgc5abuP">VALENTINIANIC DYNASTY</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Justina_(empress)/MNuNjtdY">Justina</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Constantia_(wife_of_Gratian)/eQ8IR6XN">Constantia</a>361–383</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Gratian/mqdtfhbF">Gratian</a>Western emperor359-367-383</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Galla_(wife_of_Theodosius_I)/XxIMqnWl">Galla</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Theodosius_I/3vN2WcdH">Theodosius I</a>Eastern emperor<a href="/facts/Theodosian_dynasty/ajPATmeY">THEODOSIAN DYNASTY</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="legend">Legend</h2> <h3>Christian legends</h3> <p>As the father of Constantine, a number of Christian legends have grown up around Constantius. Eusebius's <i>Life of Constantine</i> claims that Constantius was himself a Christian, although he pretended to be a pagan, and while Caesar under Diocletian, took no part in the Emperor's persecutions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> It was claimed that his first wife, <a href="/facts/Helena_of_Constantinople/robIFYKB">Helena</a>, found the <a href="/facts/True_Cross/5lrep3nz">True Cross</a>. </p> <h3>British legends</h3> <p>Constantius's activities in Britain were remembered in <a href="/facts/Welsh_legends/3sJWRF2m">medieval Welsh legend</a>, which frequently confused his family with that of <a href="/facts/Magnus_Maximus/DJuup5gB">Magnus Maximus</a>, who also was said to have wed a <a href="/facts/Saint_Elen/z7dv4Kgb">Saint Elen</a> and sired a son named Constantine while in Britain. <a href="/facts/Henry_of_Huntingdon/TLdvC8WR">Henry of Huntingdon</a>'s <i>History of the English</i> identified Constantius's wife Helen as British<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth/yMVqeVR3">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a> repeated the claim in his 1136 <i><a href="/facts/Historia_Regum_Britanniae/BU5ldaDX">History of the Kings of Britain</a></i>. Geoffrey related that Constantius was sent to Britain by the <a href="/facts/Roman_Senate/NXK83zU9">Senate</a> after <a href="/facts/Julius_Asclepiodotus/QvqIP9K1">Asclepiodotus</a> (here a British king) was overthrown by <a href="/facts/King_Cole/F7FEEtqf">Coel</a> of <a href="/facts/Camulodunum/fou7znIo">Colchester</a>. Coel submitted to Constantius and agreed to pay tribute to Rome, but died only eight days later. Constantius married his daughter Helena and became <a href="/facts/King_of_Britain/hLC5tHrf">king of Britain</a>. He and Helena had a son, Constantine, who succeeded to the throne of Britain when his father died at <a href="/facts/Eboracum/C8VFPRlT">York</a> eleven years later.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> These accounts have no historical validity: Constantius had divorced Helena before he went to Britain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> </p><p>Similarly, the <i><a href="/facts/Historia_Brittonum/JBWRR2gR">History of the Britons</a></i> traditionally ascribed to <a href="/facts/Nennius/6Hfz6TWo">Nennius</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> claims the inscribed tomb of "Constantius the Emperor" was still present in the 9th century in the Roman fort of <a href="/facts/Segontium/0lWvIzvF">Segontium</a> (near present-day <a href="/facts/Caernarfon/WznRnNIR">Caernarfon</a>, in <a href="/facts/North_Wales/71KFFTgs">North Wales</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> David Nash Ford credited the monument to Constantine, the supposed son of Magnus Maximus and Elen, who was said to have ruled over the area prior to the <a href="/facts/Irish_invasions_of_Wales/hb4fBpDc">Irish invasions</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="sources">Sources</h2> <h3>Ancient sources</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Aurelius_Victor/Lu6Vepd5">Aurelius Victor</a>, <a href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm"><i>Epitome de Caesaribus</i></a></li> <li><a href="https://archive.org/details/aurelius-victor-h.-w.-bird-de-caesaribus-1994-liverpool/mode/2up"><i>Liber de Caesaribus of Sextus Aurelius Victor</i></a>. Translated by Bird, H. W. Liverpool University Press. 1994.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zosimus_(historian)/RAMJg0zv">Zosimus</a>, <a href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus02_book2.htm"><i>Historia Nova</i></a></li></ul> <h3>Modern sources</h3> <ul><li>Barnes, Timothy David (1981). <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7459753"><i>Constantine and Eusebius</i></a>. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-674-16530-6. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7459753">7459753</a>.</li> <li>Birley, Anthony (2005), <i>The Roman Government in Britain</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-925237-4</li> <li>DiMaio, Robert, "<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220321061813/http://www.roman-emperors.org/chlorus.htm">Constantius I Chlorus (305–306 A.D.)</a>", <i>De Imperatoribus Romanis</i>, 1996.</li> <li><a href="/facts/A._H._M._Jones/0duzqvE1">Jones, A.H.M.</a>; <a href="/facts/John_Robert_Martindale/MxSj6Xjk">J.R. Martindale</a> & <a href="/facts/John_Morris_(historian)/dDhknRsS">J. Morris</a> (1971). <a href="https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I/page/227/mode/1up">"Fl. Val. Constantius 12"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Prosopography_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire/NFqyeQwB">Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire</a></i>. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-521-07233-6.</li> <li>Kuhoff, Wolfgang (2001). <i>Diokletian und die Epoche der Tetrarchie. Das römische Reich zwischen Krisenbewältigung und Neuaufbau (284–313 n. Chr.)</i>. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.</li> <li>Murray, Alexander (1999). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jBZ2M2qYcoMC"><i>From Roman to Merovingian Gaul: A Reader</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1442604131.</li> <li>Odahl, Charles (2010). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=770uCgAAQBAJ"><i>Constantine and the Christian Empire</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1136961281.</li> <li>Potter, David Stone, <i>The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180–395</i>, Routledge, 2004</li> <li><a href="/facts/Otto_Seeck/gdIwjyw8">Seeck, Otto</a>, "Constantius 1", <i><a href="/facts/Realencyclop%C3%A4die_der_classischen_Altertumswissenschaft/pU2vFUJ1">Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft</a></i>, volume 7 (IV.1), Metzlerscher Verlag (Stuttgart, 1900), columns 1040–1043.</li> <li>Southern, Pat. <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i>, Routledge, 2001</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Constantius I. <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>After his re-conquering of Roman Britain, he was given the title 'Redditor Lucis Aeternae', meaning 'The Restorer of Ethernal Light'.Bond, Sarah; Nicholson, Oliver (2018), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.), "Constantius I" (PDF), The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8, retrieved 25 August 2020, the nickname Chlorus (Green) is not older than the 6th century <a href="978-0-19-866277-8" target="_blank">978-0-19-866277-8</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>W.S. Hanson "Roman campaigns north of the Forth-Clyde isthmus: the evidence of the temporary camps" Archived 5 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_109/109_140_150.pdf" target="_blank">http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_109/109_140_150.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Davis, Raymond (22 December 2015). Constantius I, Flavius Valerius, Roman emperor. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1790. ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5. <a href="978-0-19-938113-5" target="_blank">978-0-19-938113-5</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 4, 35. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670. ISBN 0-674-28066-0. <a href="0-674-28066-0" target="_blank">0-674-28066-0</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Julian the Apostate, The Works of the Emperor Julian, Vol. 2, trans. Wilmer Cave Wright, Harvard University Press, 1913, pp. 329, 366. "I mean the Mysians on the very banks of the Danube, from whom my own family is derived..." and "though my family is Thracian, I am a Greek in my habits." <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Gregory, Timothy E. (1991), Kazhdan, Alexander P. (ed.), "Constantius Chlorus", Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, pp. 524–525, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6 <a href="978-0-19-504652-6" target="_blank">978-0-19-504652-6</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Barnes 1981, p. 3. - Barnes, Timothy David (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-16530-6. OCLC 7459753. <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7459753" target="_blank">https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7459753</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Bird 1994, p. 43: Aurelius Victor, Liber de Caesaribus 39 - Liber de Caesaribus of Sextus Aurelius Victor. Translated by Bird, H. W. Liverpool University Press. 1994. <a href="https://archive.org/details/aurelius-victor-h.-w.-bird-de-caesaribus-1994-liverpool/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/aurelius-victor-h.-w.-bird-de-caesaribus-1994-liverpool/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Odahl 2010, p. 40. - Odahl, Charles (2010). Constantine and the Christian Empire. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136961281. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=770uCgAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=770uCgAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Historia Augusta, Life of Claudius 13. LacusCurtius. <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" target="_blank">/wiki/Historia_Augusta</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Historia Augusta, Life of Claudius 1 (note 1). LacusCurtius. <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" target="_blank">/wiki/Historia_Augusta</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Southern, p. 172 <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Jones, Martindale & Morris, p. 227. - Jones, A.H.M.; J.R. Martindale & J. Morris (1971). "Fl. Val. Constantius 12". Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-07233-6. <a href="https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I/page/227/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I/page/227/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Gregory, Timothy E. (1991), Kazhdan, Alexander P. (ed.), "Constantius Chlorus", Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, pp. 524–525, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6 <a href="978-0-19-504652-6" target="_blank">978-0-19-504652-6</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>His family probably adopted the name "Flavius" after being granted citizenship by one of these emperors, as it was common for "new Romans" to adopt the names of their former masters.[7] <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Bond, Sarah; Nicholson, Oliver (2018), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.), "Constantius I" (PDF), The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8, retrieved 25 August 2020 <a href="978-0-19-866277-8" target="_blank">978-0-19-866277-8</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Potter, p. 288 <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Jones, Martindale & Morris, p. 228. - Jones, A.H.M.; J.R. Martindale & J. Morris (1971). "Fl. Val. Constantius 12". Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-07233-6. <a href="https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I/page/227/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I/page/227/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Historia Augusta, Life of Probus 22:3. LacusCurtius. <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" target="_blank">/wiki/Historia_Augusta</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Odahl, Charles Matson. Constantine and the Christian Empire. New York: Routledge, 2004. p. 16 <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Potter, p. 280 <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Southern, p. 142 <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>DiMaio, Constantine I Chlorus <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Southern, p. 142 <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Potter, p. 288 <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Southern, p. 145 <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Birley, p. 382 <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Southern, p. 147 <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Southern, p. 145 <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Potter, p. 288 <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Southern, p. 147 <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Woolf, Greg (2003), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.), The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Roman World, Cambridge University Press, p. 224, ISBN 9780521827751 <a href="9780521827751" target="_blank">9780521827751</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Potter, p. 288 <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Birley, p. 385 <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Schmitz, Leonhard (1867). "Allectus". In William Smith (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Schmitz" target="_blank">/wiki/Leonhard_Schmitz</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Southern, pg. 149 <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Birley, p. 387 <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Birley, pp. 385–386 <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Southern, pg. 149 <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Southern, p. 150 <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Birley, p. 388 <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Aurelius Victor, Liber de Caesaribus, 39 <a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" target="_blank">/wiki/Aurelius_Victor</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Potter, p. 292 <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Southern, p. 150 <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Birley, p. 393 <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Birley, p. 405 <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Eutropius, Breviarum 9.23[usurped] <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031222152525/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans9.html#23" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20031222152525/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans9.html#23</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>UNRV History: Battle of the Third Century AD <a href="http://www.unrv.com/military/battles-of-the-third-century.php" target="_blank">http://www.unrv.com/military/battles-of-the-third-century.php</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Southern, pg. 152 <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Birley, p. 373 <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Southern, pg. 152 <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Bond, Sarah; Nicholson, Oliver (2018), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.), "Constantius I" (PDF), The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8, retrieved 25 August 2020 <a href="978-0-19-866277-8" target="_blank">978-0-19-866277-8</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Potter, p. 338 <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Potter, p. 339; Southern, p. 168 <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>DiMaio, Constantine I Chlorus <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>Bond, Sarah; Nicholson, Oliver (2018), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.), "Constantius I" (PDF), The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8, retrieved 25 August 2020 <a href="978-0-19-866277-8" target="_blank">978-0-19-866277-8</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Potter, p. 344 <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Southern, pg. 152 <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Potter, p. 340 <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>Southern, pg. 152 <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>DiMaio, Constantine I Chlorus <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Potter, p. 342 <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>Southern, p. 169 <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>Southern, p. 170; Eutropius, Breviarum 10.1[usurped]; Aurelius Victor, Epitome de Caesaribus 39; Zosimus, Historia Nova 2 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031019084032/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans10.html#1" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20031019084032/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans10.html#1</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>Birley, p. 406 <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>Consularia Constantinopolitana 306, in Monumenta Germaniae Historica ant. 11: Chronica Minora Vol. 1 (Theodor Mommsen ed., 1892) p. 231. ISBN 978-0656631308 <a href="/wiki/Monumenta_Germaniae_Historica" target="_blank">/wiki/Monumenta_Germaniae_Historica</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>Potter, pg. 346 <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:68"><p>Eutropius, Breviarum 10.1–2[usurped] <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031019084032/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans10.html#1" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20031019084032/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans10.html#1</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:69"><p>Eutropius, Breviarum 9.22[usurped]; Zosimus, Historia Nova 2; Exerpta Valesiana 1.2 <a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" target="_blank">/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:70"><p>Jones, Martindale & Morris, p. 228. - Jones, A.H.M.; J.R. Martindale & J. Morris (1971). "Fl. Val. Constantius 12". Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-07233-6. <a href="https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I/page/227/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I/page/227/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:71"><p>Gregory, Timothy E. (1991), Kazhdan, Alexander P. (ed.), "Constantius Chlorus", Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, pp. 524–525, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6 <a href="978-0-19-504652-6" target="_blank">978-0-19-504652-6</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:72"><p>Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.13–18 <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" target="_blank">/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:73"><p>Henry of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum 1.37 <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Huntingdon" target="_blank">/wiki/Henry_of_Huntingdon</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:74"><p>Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia Regum Britanniae 5.6 <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" target="_blank">/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:75"><p>Barnes 1981, pp. 3–4. - Barnes, Timothy David (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-16530-6. OCLC 7459753. <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7459753" target="_blank">https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7459753</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:76"><p>Nennius (attrib.). Theodor Mommsen (ed.). Historia Brittonum. Composed after AD 830. (in Latin) Hosted at Latin Wikisource. <a href="/wiki/Nennius" target="_blank">/wiki/Nennius</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:77"><p>Newman, John Henry & al. Lives of the English Saints: St. German, Bishop of Auxerre, Ch. X: "Britain in 429, A. D.", p. 92. Archived 21 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine James Toovey (London), 1844. <a href="http://www.mocavo.co.uk/Lives-of-the-English-Saints-St-Gilbert-Prior-of-Sempringham-Volume-3/527392/459" target="_blank">http://www.mocavo.co.uk/Lives-of-the-English-Saints-St-Gilbert-Prior-of-Sempringham-Volume-3/527392/459</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:78"><p>Ford, David Nash. "The 28 Cities of Britain Archived 2016-04-15 at the Wayback Machine" at Britannia. 2000. <a href="http://www.britannia.com/history/ebk/articles/nenniuscities.html" target="_blank">http://www.britannia.com/history/ebk/articles/nenniuscities.html</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>