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Ralph Metcalfe
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<h2 id="track-and-field-career">Track and field career</h2> <p>Born in <a href="/facts/Atlanta/8hPVGb78">Atlanta</a>, Georgia, Metcalfe grew up in Chicago and graduated high school from <a href="/facts/Tilden_High_School_(Chicago)/GhLtL66I">Tilden Tech</a> in 1930.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p><p>He accepted a track <a href="/facts/Athletic_scholarship/UD9Qnm2o">scholarship</a> to <a href="/facts/Marquette_University/huBBf51C">Marquette University</a> in <a href="/facts/Milwaukee/Ucx5PVHn">Milwaukee</a>, <a href="/facts/Wisconsin/XvyqH6vN">Wisconsin</a>, and equaled the record of 10.3 seconds in the 100 m on a number of occasions, as well as equaling the <a href="/facts/200_metres/lFJN1IKK">200 m</a> record of 20.6 seconds. He became the first man to win the <a href="/facts/NCAA/nLkY4pm1">NCAA</a> 200 m title three times consecutively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p><p>At the <a href="/facts/Athletics_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics/13VzpG10">1932 Summer Olympics</a> in Los Angeles, he virtually dead-heated with his rival <a href="/facts/Eddie_Tolan/VsXY5y5A">Eddie Tolan</a>, with the gold medal awarded to Tolan only after extended study of the photograph; both recorded a time of 10.38 seconds in the <a href="/facts/Athletics_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_100_metres/Lmh2rxYg">100 meters</a>. Metcalfe also earned a bronze medal at these games, in the <a href="/facts/Athletics_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_200_metres/JHL3abQt">200 meters</a>. </p><p>He competed again at the <a href="/facts/Athletics_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics/g3xD6NQN">1936 Summer Olympics</a> in Berlin, and again took silver in the <a href="/facts/Athletics_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_100_metres/PP2ul70W">100 meters</a>, this time behind four-time gold medalist Owens. They won <a href="/facts/Olympic_Gold_Medal/KNdclHgp">gold</a> in the <a href="/facts/Athletics_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metres_relay/FUbMx7xu">4×100 meter relay</a> with <a href="/facts/Foy_Draper/zQAgNqy2">Foy Draper</a> and <a href="/facts/Frank_Wykoff/tPxCIgGo">Frank Wykoff</a>; the U.S. won by 1.1 seconds over runner-up Italy, and Germany took bronze. Fierce rivals on the track, Metcalfe and Owens became lifelong friends.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h3>Olympic controversies</h3> <h4>1932</h4> <p>Metcalfe was convinced to the end of his life that the 100 m should have been awarded as a tie between him and Eddie Tolan: "I have never been convinced I was defeated. It should have been a tie"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> Film evidence and that of observers of the race seem to support Metcalfe's verdict. The <a href="/facts/USA_Track_and_Field/cjFxsCcG">AAU</a> later changed their rules to have the winner being the first athlete to cross the line not merely breast the tape. It was the latter that Tolan was judged to have done first. The AAU went further and awarded the race as a tie but the <a href="/facts/International_Olympic_Committee/yX4MhHXk">International Olympic Committee</a> has never agreed to this change. They maintain the result stands because the judges decided in line with the rules at the time that Eddie Tolan's entire torso had passed the finish line on the ground before Metcalfe's.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> In addition, even though credited with same time as Tolan, 10.3 s, a time that equaled the then world record, Metcalfe's time was never ratified as a world record. </p><p>In the 200 m, Metcalfe was embroiled in further controversy. Observers at the time claimed the marking for his starting holes were 3–4 feet behind where they should have been. Others claimed this discrepancy was the result of an optical illusion because George Simpson in the lane outside cut his holes on the outside of his lane whilst Metcalfe used the inside of his. In any case, Metcalfe was offered a re-run but refused because he feared the United States would not be able to repeat its 1–2–3.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h4>1936</h4> <p>In the sprint relay, Metcalfe became involved in a controversy not of his own making. Originally the United States chose for the relay the athletes who had come 4th to 7th in the trials. Two of these athletes, <a href="/facts/Sam_Stoller/IdPHstVb">Sam Stoller</a> and <a href="/facts/Marty_Glickman/G0Anjjhk">Marty Glickman</a>, were replaced with Metcalfe and Jesse Owens allegedly because the former were Jewish. Metcalfe and Owens were undoubtedly the superior sprinters but they had not done the relay baton practice and the switch went against established practice.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>Whilst all world attention was on <a href="/facts/Jesse_Owens/kCswtIeD">Jesse Owens</a> winning the gold in the 100m it is often ignored that Metcalfe won the silver in an equally outstanding performance. </p> <h3>United States Championships</h3> <p>Metcalfe was United States Champion at 100 m between 1932 and 1934 (and was 2nd in 1935–36) and at 200 m between 1932 and 1936.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>In all he won 16 national titles at the AAU Championships, NCAA Championships and Final Olympic Trials.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h3>World records</h3> <p>Metcalfe 16 times broke or equaled world record times at various distances. However, only 5 of these were ever officially ratified by the athletics governing body, the <a href="/facts/IAAF/A6QS4NWJ">IAAF</a>. The ratified times were:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>equaled the world record for 100 m of 10.3 s on: <ul><li>August 12, 1933 in Budapest, Hungary.</li> <li>September 15, 1934 in Nishinomiya, Japan.</li> <li>September 23, 1934 in Darien, Japan.</li></ul></li> <li>equaled the world record for 200 m (straight course) of 20.6 s on August 12, 1933 in Budapest, Hungary.</li> <li>broke the world record for the 4 × 100 m relay with 39.8 s on August 9, 1936 (United States 1936 Olympics team of <a href="/facts/Jesse_Owens/kCswtIeD">Jesse Owens</a>-Metcalfe-<a href="/facts/Foy_Draper/zQAgNqy2">Foy Draper</a>-<a href="/facts/Frank_Wykoff/tPxCIgGo">Frank Wykoff</a>).</li></ul> <h2 id="military-and-political-career">Military and political career</h2> <p>After earning his bachelor's degree at Marquette in 1936, Metcalfe completed a master's degree at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Southern_California/N0v9R5gs">University of Southern California</a> in Los Angeles in 1939. Metcalfe taught political science and coached track at <a href="/facts/Xavier_University_of_Louisiana/KlgH6emI">Xavier University</a> in <a href="/facts/New_Orleans/IgCn61KH">New Orleans</a>, recruiting athletes to the university like <a href="/facts/Jimmie_McDaniel/bncM01uI">Jimmie McDaniel</a> and <a href="/facts/Herb_Douglas/agavcuJs">Herb Douglas</a>. He served in the <a href="/facts/Transportation_Corps/UDzfxBfz">transportation corps</a> of <a href="/facts/United_States_Army/WACWBEK9">U.S. Army</a> in <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a>, rising to the rank of <a href="/facts/First_lieutenant/WDzyneoc">first lieutenant</a> and awarded the <a href="/facts/Legion_of_Merit/oWMILHmb">Legion of Merit</a> medal. After the war, he moved back to Chicago and later headed the state's athletic commission. </p><p>In 1955, Metcalfe won the first of four elections as an <a href="/facts/Chicago_City_Council/uQp7eFQ1">alderman</a> representing the <a href="/facts/South_Side_(Chicago)/dvcRKegk">South Side</a> of Chicago. He ran for an open seat in Congress in <a href="/facts/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1970/ffoMcmqE">1970</a> as a Democrat and was easily elected from Illinois' first district. The seat had been filled for 28 years by <a href="/facts/William_L._Dawson_(politician)/hBLFdAK2">William L. Dawson</a>, who was retiring at age 84 due to poor health and then died less than a week after the 1970 election. Metcalfe was a co-founder of the <a href="/facts/Congressional_Black_Caucus/geKw9IxK">Congressional Black Caucus</a> (CBC) in 1971 and later was noted for breaking ranks with Chicago mayor <a href="/facts/Richard_J._Daley/tn9YHVYI">Richard Daley</a> after incidents of police brutality. </p> <h2 id="death">Death</h2> <p>While running for re-election in <a href="/facts/1978_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections/jz8YMSjb">1978</a>, Metcalfe died from a heart attack at his South Side apartment on October 10, at the age of 68. He had previously had a heart attack in 1967.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="personal-life">Personal life</h2> <p>Metcalfe married Gertrude Eva Pemberton on June 9, 1937, at St. Peter the Apostle Catholic Church in Dallas, Texas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> They divorced in Los Angeles, California in 1943. Metcalfe married Madalynne Fay Young in 1947,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> and they had one son, Ralph Metcalfe Jr., a <a href="/facts/Blues/f2WSr9QQ">blues</a> music historian.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>Metcalfe was a member of <a href="/facts/Alpha_Phi_Alpha/LKe9YooE">Alpha Phi Alpha</a> <a href="/facts/Fraternities_and_sororities_in_North_America/rmJgMCDN">fraternity</a>, <a href="/facts/Alpha_Sigma_Nu/XyQlXKUV">Alpha Sigma Nu</a> honor society, the <a href="/facts/Knights_of_Peter_Claver/Yy6EB8dB">Knights of Peter Claver</a>, and Corpus Christi Catholic Church in Chicago's <a href="/facts/Douglas,_Chicago/dRcV7sXN">Bronzeville</a> neighborhood.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> He had converted to <a href="/facts/Catholic_Church/rJ4F4gqH">Catholicism</a> in 1932, while an undergraduate at Marquette.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="legacy">Legacy</h2> <p>A federal office building in Chicago (at 77 W. Jackson Blvd.) was named for Metcalfe upon its completion in 1991.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>Metcalfe was inducted into the <a href="/facts/National_Track_and_Field_Hall_of_Fame/NPJsb0Fx">National Track and Field Hall of Fame</a> in 1975 and named a member of the President's Commission on Olympic Sports. </p><p>In 2016, the 1936 Olympic journey of the eighteen Black American athletes, including interviews with Metcalfe's son, was documented in the film <i><a href="/facts/Olympic_Pride,_American_Prejudice/gfH1J9Y5">Olympic Pride, American Prejudice</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="electoral-history">Electoral history</h2> <a href="/facts/Illinois%27s_1st_congressional_district/5jqJdvGW">Illinois's 1st congressional district</a> Democratic primary, 1970<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Party</th><th scope="col">Candidate</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Democratic_Party_(United_States)/MNe3nDrL">Democratic</a></td><td>Ralph H. Metcalfe </td><td>42,575 </td><td>71.05 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Democratic_Party_(United_States)/MNe3nDrL">Democratic</a></td><td>A. A. Rayner, Jr.</td><td>17,346</td><td>28.95</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3">Total votes</th><td>59,921 </td><td>100.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> Illinois's 1st congressional district general election, 1970<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Party</th><th scope="col">Candidate</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Democratic_Party_(United_States)/MNe3nDrL">Democratic</a></td><td>Ralph H. Metcalfe </td><td>93,272 </td><td>90.96 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Republican_Party_(United_States)/XXM1EVPr">Republican</a></td><td>Janet Roberts Jennings</td><td>9,267</td><td>9.04</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3">Total votes</th><td>102,539 </td><td>100.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> Illinois's 1st congressional district Democratic primary, 1972<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Party</th><th scope="col">Candidate</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Democratic_Party_(United_States)/MNe3nDrL">Democratic</a></td><td>Ralph H. Metcalfe (incumbent) </td><td>61,927 </td><td>99.99 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Write-in_candidate/rkjHLH4g">Write-in</a></td><td>9</td><td>0.01</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3">Total votes</th><td>61,936 </td><td>100.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> Illinois's 1st congressional district general election, 1972<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Party</th><th scope="col">Candidate</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Democratic_Party_(United_States)/MNe3nDrL">Democratic</a></td><td>Ralph H. Metcalfe (incumbent) </td><td>136,755 </td><td>91.39 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Republican_Party_(United_States)/XXM1EVPr">Republican</a></td><td>Louis H. Coggs</td><td>12,877</td><td>8.61</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Write-in_candidate/rkjHLH4g">Write-in</a></td><td>2</td><td>0.00</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3">Total votes</th><td>149,634 </td><td>100.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> Illinois's 1st congressional district Democratic primary, 1974<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Party</th><th scope="col">Candidate</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Democratic_Party_(United_States)/MNe3nDrL">Democratic</a></td><td>Ralph H. Metcalfe (incumbent) </td><td>45,789 </td><td>100.0 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="3">Total votes</th><td>45,789 </td><td>100.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> Illinois's 1st congressional district general election, 1974<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Party</th><th scope="col">Candidate</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Democratic_Party_(United_States)/MNe3nDrL">Democratic</a></td><td>Ralph H. Metcalfe (incumbent) </td><td>75,206 </td><td>93.74 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Republican_Party_(United_States)/XXM1EVPr">Republican</a></td><td>Oscar H. Haynes</td><td>4,399</td><td>5.48</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)/6db5hs8r">Socialist Workers</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Willie_Mae_Reid/9Tbuf4j1">Willie Mae Reid</a></td><td>620</td><td>0.77</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3">Total votes</th><td>80,225 </td><td>100.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> Illinois's 1st congressional district Democratic primary, 1976<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Party</th><th scope="col">Candidate</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Democratic_Party_(United_States)/MNe3nDrL">Democratic</a></td><td>Ralph H. Metcalfe (incumbent) </td><td>56,101 </td><td>71.81 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Democratic_Party_(United_States)/MNe3nDrL">Democratic</a></td><td>Erwin A. France</td><td>22,028</td><td>28.19</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3">Total votes</th><td>78,129 </td><td>100.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> Illinois's 1st congressional district general election, 1976<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Party</th><th scope="col">Candidate</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Democratic_Party_(United_States)/MNe3nDrL">Democratic</a></td><td>Ralph H. Metcalfe (incumbent) </td><td>126,632 </td><td>92.30 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Republican_Party_(United_States)/XXM1EVPr">Republican</a></td><td>A. A. Rayner, Jr.</td><td>10,147</td><td>7.40</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Workers%27_Party/XmG5ecLm">Workers' Party</a></td><td>Debra Simonsen</td><td>211</td><td>0.15</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)/6db5hs8r">Socialist Workers</a></td><td>Andrew C. Pulley</td><td>198</td><td>0.14</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Write-in_candidate/rkjHLH4g">Write-in</a></td><td>5</td><td>0.00</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3">Total votes</th><td>137,193 </td><td>100.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> Illinois's 1st congressional district Democratic primary, 1978<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Party</th><th scope="col">Candidate</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Democratic_Party_(United_States)/MNe3nDrL">Democratic</a></td><td>Ralph H. Metcalfe (incumbent) </td><td>26,814 </td><td>100.0 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="3">Total votes</th><td>26,814 </td><td>100.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives/K57HfQxM">List of African-American United States representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1950%E2%80%9399)/vR0Vg2r1">List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99)</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ralph Metcalfe. <ul><li>United States Congress. <a href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000675">"Ralph Metcalfe (id: M000675)"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress/1cJ5cXGr">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/M/METCALFE,-Ralph-Harold-(M000675)/">U.S. House of Representatives history: Ralph Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/me/ralph-metcalfe-1.html">Ralph Metcalfe</a> at <a href="/facts/Sports_Reference/dE2x9aLq">Olympics at Sports-Reference.com</a> (archived) – Olympic results</li> <li><a href="http://www.usatf.org/HallOfFame/TF/showBio.asp?HOFIDs=108">National Track and Field Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.gshf.org">Georgia Sports Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.gomarquette.com/hallfame/marq-hallfame.html#Metcalfe">Marquette University Athletics Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="http://cdm16280.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/collection/p128701coll5/searchterm/Ralph%20Metcalfe/order/title">Marquette University, Raynor Memorial Libraries</a> – digital archives – Ralph Metcalfe</li> <li><a href="http://metcalfecollection.org/index.html">Metcalfe Collection.org</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Bochat, Rel (October 11, 1978). "Marquette track got Metcalfe off 'n' running". Milwaukee Sentinel. p. 1, part 2. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rHlQAAAAIBAJ&pg=1973%2C1979762" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rHlQAAAAIBAJ&pg=1973%2C1979762</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Kuechle, Oliver E. (March 21, 1933). "Ralph Metcalfe set high school records right and left". Milwaukee Journal. p. 4, part 2. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9J9QAAAAIBAJ&pg=4998%2C1261744" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9J9QAAAAIBAJ&pg=4998%2C1261744</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>2006 NCAA Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championships Results and Records . NCAA (2006). Retrieved on May 11, 2022. <a href="http://web1.ncaa.org/web_files/stats/track_outdoor_champs_records/2006/MD1.pdf" target="_blank">http://web1.ncaa.org/web_files/stats/track_outdoor_champs_records/2006/MD1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Muwakki, Salim (October 18, 1999). "A Father's Life: Ralph Metcalfe Sr". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 24, 2014. <a href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/1999/10/18/a-fathers-life/" target="_blank">https://www.chicagotribune.com/1999/10/18/a-fathers-life/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Duncanson, Neil, "The Fastest Men on Earth", Andre Deutsch, 2011 <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Henderson, Jon (June 26, 2012). "Great Olympic Moments: Tolan beats Metcalfe after dead heat at 1932 Games". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120718202909/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/olympicsvideo/great-olympic-moments/9346834/Eddie-Tolan-beats-Ralph-Metcalfe-in-Olympics-100-metres-1932-LA.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120718202909/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/olympicsvideo/great-olympic-moments/9346834/Eddie-Tolan-beats-Ralph-Metcalfe-in-Olympics-100-metres-1932-LA.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Henderson, Jon (June 26, 2012). "Great Olympic Moments: Tolan beats Metcalfe after dead heat at 1932 Games". The Telegraph. 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