Ontology-based data integration

<h2 id="background">Background</h2>
Data from multiple sources are characterized by multiple types of heterogeneity. The following hierarchy is often used:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>

<ul><li>Syntactic heterogeneity: is a result of differences in representation format of data</li>
<li>Schematic or structural heterogeneity: the native model or structure to store data differ in data sources leading to structural heterogeneity. Schematic heterogeneity that particularly appears in structured databases is also an aspect of structural heterogeneity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Semantic_heterogeneity/eMTqBHgT">Semantic heterogeneity</a>: differences in interpretation of the 'meaning' of data are source of semantic heterogeneity</li>
<li>System heterogeneity: use of different <a href="/facts/Operating_system/8XTuvMh2">operating system</a>, hardware platforms lead to system heterogeneity</li></ul>
<a href="/facts/Ontology_(information_science)/SQlhl6lp">Ontologies</a>, as formal models of representation with explicitly defined concepts and named relationships linking them, are used to address the issue of <a href="/facts/Semantic_heterogeneity/eMTqBHgT">semantic heterogeneity</a> in data sources. In domains like <a href="/facts/Bioinformatics/D5x2L8ee">bioinformatics</a> and <a href="/facts/Biomedicine/DWFT3MFG">biomedicine</a>, the rapid development, adoption and public availability of ontologies <a href="http://www.bioontology.org/repositories.html#obo">[1]</a> has made it possible for the <a href="/facts/Data_integration/BU47JR28">data integration</a> community to leverage them for <a href="/facts/Semantic_integration/IGcgnczH">semantic integration</a> of data and information.

<h2 id="the-role-of-ontologies">The role of ontologies</h2>
Ontologies enable the unambiguous identification of entities in heterogeneous information systems and assertion of applicable named relationships that connect these entities together. Specifically, ontologies play the following roles:

Content Explication
<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> The ontology enables accurate interpretation of data from multiple sources through the explicit definition of terms and relationships in the ontology.
Query Model
<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> In some systems like SIMS,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> the query is formulated using the ontology as a global query schema.
Verification
<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> The ontology verifies the mappings used to integrate data from multiple sources. These mappings may either be user specified or generated by a system.
<h2 id="approaches-using-ontologies-for-data-integration">Approaches using ontologies for data integration</h2>
There are three main architectures that are implemented in ontology‑based data integration applications,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> namely, 

Single ontology approach
A single ontology is used as a global reference model in the system. This is the simplest approach as it can be simulated by other approaches.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> SIMS<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> a prominent example of this approach. The Structured Knowledge Source Integration component of <a href="/facts/Cyc/JyTurpR6">Research Cyc</a> is another prominent example of this approach.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> (Title = Harnessing Cyc to Answer Clinical Researchers' Ad Hoc Queries). The Gellish Taxonomic Dictionary-Ontology follows this approach as well.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>
Multiple ontologies
Multiple ontologies, each modeling an individual data source, are used in combination for integration. Though, this approach is more flexible than the single ontology approach, it requires creation of mappings between the multiple ontologies. Ontology mapping is a challenging issue and is focus of large number of research efforts in <a href="/facts/Computer_science/lN3pEyPz">computer science</a> <a href="http://www.ontologymatching.org/">[2]</a>. The OBSERVER system<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> is an example of this approach.
Hybrid approaches
The hybrid approach involves the use of multiple ontologies that subscribe to a common, top-level vocabulary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> The top-level vocabulary defines the basic terms of the domain. Thus, the hybrid approach makes it easier to use multiple ontologies for integration in presence of the common vocabulary.
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Data_mapping/1kTMajeS">Data mapping</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Enterprise_application_integration/EaXMz4mI">Enterprise application integration</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Enterprise_information_integration/qVYgsd2y">Enterprise information integration</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Ontology_mapping_(disambiguation)/apQQgpFR">Ontology mapping</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Schema_matching/BfE0ESmb">Schema matching</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li>Chicco, D; Masseroli, M (2016). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TCBB.2015.2459694">"Ontology-based prediction and prioritization of gene functional annotations"</a>. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics. 13 (2): 248–260. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTCBB.2015.2459694">10.1109/TCBB.2015.2459694</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27045825">27045825</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2795344">2795344</a>.</li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="http://sid.cps.unizar.es/OBSERVER/">OBSERVER home page</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.cyc.com/content/semantic-knowledge-source-integration">Cyc Semantic Knowledge Source Integration (SKSI)</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">H. Wache; T. Vögele; U. Visser; H. Stuckenschmidt; G. Schuster; H. Neumann; S. Hübner (2001). Ontology-Based Integration of Information A Survey of Existing Approaches. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.142.4390. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Maurizio Lenzerini (2002). Data Integration: A Theoretical Perspective (PDF). pp. 243–246. <a href="http://www.dis.uniroma1.it/~lenzerin/homepagine/talks/TutorialPODS02.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.dis.uniroma1.it/~lenzerin/homepagine/talks/TutorialPODS02.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">A.P. Sheth (1999). "Changing Focus on Interoperability in Information Systems: From System, Syntax, Structure to Semantics". Interoperating Geographic Information Systems. M. F. Goodchild, M. J. Egenhofer, R. Fegeas, and C. A. Kottman (eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers (PDF). pp. 5–30. <a href="http://lsdis.cs.uga.edu/library/download/S98-changing.pdf" target="_blank">http://lsdis.cs.uga.edu/library/download/S98-changing.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">AHM02 Tutorial 5: Data Integration and Mediation; Contributors: B. Ludaescher, I. Altintas, A. Gupta, M. Martone, R. Marciano, X. Qian <a href="http://daks.ucdavis.edu/~ludaesch/Paper/AHM02/tutorial5.html" target="_blank">http://daks.ucdavis.edu/~ludaesch/Paper/AHM02/tutorial5.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"AHM02 Tutorial 5: Data Integration and Mediation". users.sdsc.edu. Retrieved 2017-11-23. <a href="http://users.sdsc.edu/~ludaesch/Paper/AHM02/tutorial5.html" target="_blank">http://users.sdsc.edu/~ludaesch/Paper/AHM02/tutorial5.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">A.P. Sheth (1999). "Changing Focus on Interoperability in Information Systems: From System, Syntax, Structure to Semantics". Interoperating Geographic Information Systems. M. F. Goodchild, M. J. Egenhofer, R. Fegeas, and C. A. Kottman (eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers (PDF). pp. 5–30. <a href="http://lsdis.cs.uga.edu/library/download/S98-changing.pdf" target="_blank">http://lsdis.cs.uga.edu/library/download/S98-changing.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">H. Wache; T. Vögele; U. Visser; H. Stuckenschmidt; G. Schuster; H. Neumann; S. Hübner (2001). Ontology-Based Integration of Information A Survey of Existing Approaches. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.142.4390. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">H. Wache; T. Vögele; U. Visser; H. Stuckenschmidt; G. Schuster; H. Neumann; S. Hübner (2001). Ontology-Based Integration of Information A Survey of Existing Approaches. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.142.4390. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Y. Arens; C. Hsu; C.A. Knoblock (1996). Query Processing in sims information mediator (PDF). <a href="http://www.isi.edu/integration/papers/arens98-agents.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.isi.edu/integration/papers/arens98-agents.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">H. Wache; T. Vögele; U. Visser; H. Stuckenschmidt; G. Schuster; H. Neumann; S. Hübner (2001). Ontology-Based Integration of Information A Survey of Existing Approaches. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.142.4390. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">H. Wache; T. Vögele; U. Visser; H. Stuckenschmidt; G. Schuster; H. Neumann; S. Hübner (2001). Ontology-Based Integration of Information A Survey of Existing Approaches. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.142.4390. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">H. Wache; T. Vögele; U. Visser; H. Stuckenschmidt; G. Schuster; H. Neumann; S. Hübner (2001). Ontology-Based Integration of Information A Survey of Existing Approaches. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.142.4390. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Y. Arens; C. Hsu; C.A. Knoblock (1996). Query Processing in sims information mediator (PDF). <a href="http://www.isi.edu/integration/papers/arens98-agents.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.isi.edu/integration/papers/arens98-agents.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"Semantic Knowledge Source Integration | Cycorp". www.cyc.com. Archived from the original on 2014-05-17. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517151759/http://www.cyc.com/content/semantic-knowledge-source-integration" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140517151759/http://www.cyc.com/content/semantic-knowledge-source-integration</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"Harnessing Cyc to Answer Clinical Researchers' Ad Hoc Queries | Lenat | AI Magazine". Archived from the original on 2010-12-31. Retrieved 2014-05-15. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101231150233/http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/viewArticle/2299" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20101231150233/http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/viewArticle/2299</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"Home". gellish.net. <a href="https://www.gellish.net/" target="_blank">https://www.gellish.net/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">E. Mena; V. Kashyap; A. Sheth; A. Illarramendi (1996). OBSERVER: An Approach for Query Processing in Global Information Systems based on Interoperation across Pre-existing Ontologies (PDF). <a href="http://dit.unitn.it/~p2p/RelatedWork/Matching/MKSI96.pdf" target="_blank">http://dit.unitn.it/~p2p/RelatedWork/Matching/MKSI96.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Cheng Hian Goh (1997). Representing and Reasoning about Semantic Conflicts in Heterogeneous Information Systems (PDF). <a href="http://context2.mit.edu/coin/publications/goh-thesis/goh-thesis.pdf" target="_blank">http://context2.mit.edu/coin/publications/goh-thesis/goh-thesis.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Ontology-based data integration open-in-new

Ontology-based data integration