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Shuttle Loop
open-in-new
<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The first installation of a Shuttle Loop dates back to 1977 when King Kobra opened at <a href="/facts/Kings_Dominion/oDFVrp8X">Kings Dominion</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Two other rides were also installed that year: White Lightnin' at <a href="/facts/Carowinds/SD1LKukJ">Carowinds</a> and Tidal Wave at <a href="/facts/California%27s_Great_America/lnV2kcR7">Marriott's Great America (California)</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> Tidal Wave at <a href="/facts/Six_Flags_Great_America/4rrqTHUc">Marriott's Great America (Illinois)</a> opened in 1978 and was the last to feature the weight drop launch system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Also that year, <a href="/facts/Knott%27s_Berry_Farm/Gcbjp4jd">Knott's Berry Farm</a> opened <a href="/facts/Montezooma%27s_Revenge/RWnwkA2S">Montezooma's Revenge</a> and <a href="/facts/Six_Flags_AstroWorld/aJ8wAwpb">Six Flags AstroWorld</a> opened Greezed Lightnin' as the first installations to feature the flywheel launch system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> A number of installations followed across the world. </p><p>Twenty-two theme parks have operated Shuttle Loops, with half of the twelve original installations being relocated at some time. As of September 2013<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shuttle_Loop&action=edit">[update]</a>, only five installations are operating, with another one in storage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> The remaining Shuttle Loops were either demolished or used for replacement parts on other installations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="notable-installations">Notable installations</h2> <ul><li>The original King Kobra from <a href="/facts/Kings_Dominion/oDFVrp8X">Kings Dominion</a> is the most traveled shuttle loop, having operated at <a href="/facts/Kings_Dominion/oDFVrp8X">Kings Dominion</a>, Jolly Roger Amusement Park, <a href="/facts/Alton_Towers/7SHxMWK3">Alton Towers</a> and <a href="/facts/Hopi_Hari/KRkpGNIk">Hopi Hari</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Montezooma%27s_Revenge/RWnwkA2S">Montezooma's Revenge</a> at <a href="/facts/Knott%27s_Berry_Farm/Gcbjp4jd">Knott's Berry Farm</a> is the longest running shuttle loop that is still in its original location. All of the shuttle loops that were installed before it have either been moved or destroyed. Following the closure of Kentucky Kingdom's Greezed Lightnin' in 2009, "Zooma" became the only operating shuttle loop in the United States until Indiana Beach's Shuttle Loop (previously stored at Niagara Amusement Park & Splash World).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> The ride was closed in 2022 for a major refurbishment and was originally set for a 2023 opening.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> As of February 2024<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shuttle_Loop&action=edit">[update]</a>, the project was halted due to unknown construction issues and the ride is currently standing with its loop and launch track removed. It is currently set for a 2025 reopening.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Shuttle_Loop_(Nagashima_Spa_Land)/KpSnTeEN">Shuttle Loop</a> at <a href="/facts/Nagashima_Spa_Land/6eGTvmB0">Nagashima Spa Land</a> is the only remaining Shuttle Loop operating in Asia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li>The first European Shuttle Loop, Sirocco, was installed in 1982 at <a href="/facts/Walibi_Belgium/0hVR85pR">Walibi Wavre</a> in <a href="/facts/Belgium/YKuMXP5j">Belgium</a>. In 1999, the ride was partially enclosed to reduce noise and was renamed Turbine. Turbine closed in 2008 and reopened in 2013 with a new train from <a href="/facts/Gerstlauer/Yqav5hXo">Gerstlauer</a> and a new name, Psyké Underground. The ride is now completely enclosed making it the first indoor shuttle loop. In late 2024 or early 2025 the ride will be closed and will be reopened late 2025 with the new theming with the log flume and the new coaster speed boats. They already have changed the train and are working on the new zone Dock World. The ride will be renamed back to Turbine and it will stay completely enclosed.</li> <li>The shuttle loop, Greezed Lightnin', that operated at <a href="/facts/Kentucky_Kingdom/w7AwGe5L">Kentucky Kingdom</a> from 2003 to 2009 was composed of the two Tidal Wave Shuttle Loops from the Marriott's Great America parks in California and Illinois.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li>The final new installation was Shuttle Loop at Oyama Yuenchi in 1990.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kennywood/AAVPY6dt">Kennywood</a> in <a href="/facts/Pittsburgh/42yPHyS0">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/facts/Pennsylvania/HGqC5bBm">PA</a> included Laser Loop, a shuttle loop coaster opened in 1980 before being closed and relocated in 1990. It is currently stored at Indiana Beach awaiting reconstruction.</li></ul> <h2 id="ride">Ride</h2> <h3>Experience</h3> <p>The train is launched out of the <a href="/facts/Station_(roller_coaster)/0ePB7bXE">station</a> at a speed of between 53 and 60 miles per hour (85 and 97 km/h) before passing through a <a href="/facts/Vertical_loop/jPXqQRVn">vertical loop</a> and up a 138-foot-tall spike (42 m). Once the momentum of the train runs out on the 70° spike, the train begins to traverse the track backwards, returning through the loop. The train then passes back through the station and goes up another 70° steep spike, which stands at 105 feet (32 m), until it stalls again and rolls forward back into the <a href="/facts/Brake_run/0K138xsd">brake run</a> and station.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h3>Mechanics</h3> <p>Anton Schwarzkopf designed the Shuttle Loop in the late 1970s. He filed a patent for the concept in 1978 which was approved the following year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> The patent describes two launch systems, both of which were implemented in various roller coasters:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Weight drop – a number of the early installations in 1977 and 1978 featured a weight drop launch system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> This system involved a catch car attaching itself to the train, which was attached to the weight via a cable. When the launch was triggered, the 40-tonne (39-long-ton; 44-short-ton) weight was dropped down a shaft pulling the cable and catch car which in turn pushed the train down the launch track.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li> <li>Flywheel - from 1978, all of the new installations featured a <a href="/facts/Flywheel/x6yw1efR">flywheel</a> launch system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> This system consists of a 6-tonne (5.9-long-ton; 6.6-short-ton) <a href="/facts/Flywheel/x6yw1efR">flywheel</a> which is spun at over 1000 <a href="/facts/Revolutions_per_minute/fdNmLToF">revolutions per minute</a>. This flywheel engages a drive system, through a system of multiple clutches, that is attached to a cable that in-turn propels the train forward.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li></ul> <p><a href="/facts/Gerstlauer/Yqav5hXo">Gerstlauer</a> completed an upgrade of Walibi Belgium's installation for the 2013 season. As part of the upgrade Gerstlauer replaced the existing flywheel launch system with a new <a href="/facts/Linear_induction_motor/qR2R9DJ2">linear induction motor</a> (LIM) launch system. The company also added a new train. The ride was then completely enclosed and relaunched as Psyké Underground. The flywheel launch system is now displayed in the queue of the ride.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="installations">Installations</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>Park</th><th>Opened</th><th>Closed</th><th>Status</th><th>Length</th><th>Height</th><th>Speed</th><th>Launch</th><th></th></tr><tr><td>Golden LoopWhite Lightnin'</td><td><a href="/facts/Gold_Reef_City/3X6jWuyH">Gold Reef City</a><a href="/facts/Carowinds/SD1LKukJ">Carowinds</a></td><td>19891977</td><td>1988</td><td>OperatingRelocated to Gold Reef City</td><td>863 ft or 263 m</td><td>138 ft or 42 m</td><td>57 mph or 92 km/h</td><td>Weight Drop</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Greased Lightnin'Tidal Wave</td><td><a href="/facts/Six_Flags_Discovery_Kingdom/aeh4qts4">Six Flags Discovery Kingdom</a><a href="/facts/California%27s_Great_America/lnV2kcR7">California's Great America</a></td><td>20031977</td><td>20062002</td><td>RemovedRelocated to Six Flags Discovery Kingdom</td><td>863 ft or 263 m</td><td>138 ft or 42 m</td><td>57 mph or 92 km/h</td><td>Weight Drop</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Greezed Lightnin'ViperTidal Wave</td><td><a href="/facts/Kentucky_Kingdom/w7AwGe5L">Kentucky Kingdom</a><a href="/facts/Six_Flags_Over_Georgia/sCXXetrl">Six Flags Over Georgia</a><a href="/facts/Six_Flags_Great_America/4rrqTHUc">Six Flags Great America</a></td><td>200319951978</td><td>2009<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a>20011991</td><td>Removed<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a>Relocated to Kentucky KingdomRelocated to Six Flags Over Georgia</td><td>863 ft or 263 m</td><td>138 ft or 42 m</td><td>57 mph or 92 km/h</td><td>Weight Drop</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>KatapulThunder LooperKing KobraKing Kobra</td><td><a href="/facts/Hopi_Hari/KRkpGNIk">Hopi Hari</a><a href="/facts/Alton_Towers/7SHxMWK3">Alton Towers</a><a href="/facts/Jolly_Roger_Amusement_Park/uodQYseN">Jolly Roger Amusement Park</a><a href="/facts/Kings_Dominion/oDFVrp8X">Kings Dominion</a></td><td>1999199019871977</td><td>199619891986</td><td>OperatingRelocated to Hopi HariRelocated to Alton TowersRelocated to Jolly Roger Amusement Park</td><td>722 ft or 220 m</td><td>138 ft or 42 m</td><td>53 mph or 85 km/h</td><td>Weight Drop</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/MonteZOOMa:_The_Forbidden_Fortress/RWnwkA2S">MonteZOOMa: The Forbidden Fortress</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Knott%27s_Berry_Farm/Gcbjp4jd">Knott's Berry Farm</a></td><td>1978</td><td></td><td>Undergoing Refurbishment</td><td>800 ft or 240 m</td><td>148 ft or 45 m</td><td>55 mph or 89 km/h</td><td>Flywheel</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Shuttle_Loop_(Nagashima_Spa_Land)/KpSnTeEN">Shuttle Loop</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Nagashima_Spa_Land/6eGTvmB0">Nagashima Spa Land</a></td><td>1980</td><td></td><td>Operating</td><td>863 ft or 263 m</td><td>138 ft or 42 m</td><td>57 mph or 92 km/h</td><td>Flywheel</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Shuttle Loop</td><td><a href="/facts/Toshimaen/IVyIWzg3">Toshimaen</a></td><td>1980</td><td>2008</td><td>Removed<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></td><td>863 ft or 263 m</td><td>138 ft or 42 m</td><td>57 mph or 92 km/h</td><td>Flywheel</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Shuttle Loop</td><td>Ōyama Yūenchi</td><td>1980</td><td>2005</td><td>Removed</td><td>Unknown</td><td>Unknown</td><td>Unknown</td><td>Flywheel</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Shuttle Loop</td><td><a href="/facts/Yokohama_Dreamland/UknSwL1B">Yokohama Dreamland</a></td><td>1979</td><td>2002</td><td>Removed</td><td>920 ft or 280 m</td><td>138 ft or 42 m</td><td>56 mph or 90 km/h</td><td>Flywheel</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Psyké UndergroundTurbineSirocco</td><td><a href="/facts/Walibi_Belgium/0hVR85pR">Walibi Belgium</a></td><td>201319991982</td><td>20081998</td><td>Operating</td><td>722 ft or 220 m</td><td>138 ft or 42 m</td><td>53 mph or 85 km/h</td><td>LIMFlywheelFlywheel</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Unknown<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a>Greezed Lightnin'</td><td><a href="/facts/Joyland_Amusement_Park/va3CPNx5">Joyland Amusement Park</a><a href="/facts/Six_Flags_AstroWorld/aJ8wAwpb">Six Flags AstroWorld</a></td><td>201220061978</td><td>20122005</td><td>ScrappedOwnership transferred to <a href="/facts/Cliff%27s_Amusement_Park/TpMvorUr">Cliff's Amusement Park</a>Relocated to Joyland Amusement Park</td><td>849 ft or 259 m</td><td>138 ft or 42 m</td><td>60 mph or 97 km/h</td><td>Flywheel</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Cascabel_(roller_coaster)/Yevg1Man">Unknown</a>UnknownCascabel 2.0CascabelLaser Loop</td><td><a href="/facts/Indiana_Beach/EdC7obE6">Indiana Beach</a><a href="/facts/Niagara_Amusement_Park_%26_Splash_World/ocDgfdCV">Niagara Amusement Park & Splash World</a><a href="/facts/La_Feria_Chapultepec_Magico/9dKqYSFe">La Feria Chapultepec Magico</a><a href="/facts/Kennywood/AAVPY6dt">Kennywood</a></td><td>TBA202219941980</td><td>202420191990</td><td>In StorageRelocated to Indiana BeachRelocated to Niagara Amusement ParkRelocated to La Feria Chapultepec Mágico</td><td>876 ft or 267 m</td><td>139 ft or 42 m</td><td>54 mph or 87 km/h</td><td>FlyWheel</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="incidents">Incidents</h2> <p>On August 27, 1997, the Sirocco at Walibi Wavre failed to launch at the correct speed. The train went to the loop very slowly and up the spike, to roll backwards. During the backwards passage of the loop, the train halted at the uppermost point, causing the train to get stuck hanging upside-down. The passengers were hanging heads-down for one hour and twenty minutes, only held in place with lap bar restraints. The train was pulled back further down the track with help of the local fire station brigade.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> </p><p>A 20-year-old woman died on September 1, 2001, one day after riding Montezooma's Revenge, the Shuttle Loop at Knott's Berry Farm. She suffered a ruptured middle cerebral artery, and an autopsy revealed a pre-existing condition. The ride was closed for several days while an investigation was conducted. Though state investigators concluded that the ride did not contribute to her death, a wrongful death lawsuit was later filed by her family in 2002.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> The lawsuit was dismissed in 2006.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US4165695">US 4165695</a> Amusement ride with vertical track loop</li> <li><a href="http://www.rcdb.com/8192.htm">Shuttle Loop</a> at the <a href="/facts/Roller_Coaster_DataBase/FeIJbQyh">Roller Coaster DataBase</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Scheinin, Lisa (1993). "Who's Who & What's What (Part II)". RollerCoaster! Magazine. 15 (2). Chicago, Illinois: American Coaster Enthusiasts: 33. ISSN 0896-7261. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Marden, Duane. "King Kobra (Kings Dominion)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/637.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/637.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Marden, Duane. "King Kobra (Jolly Roger Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/638.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/638.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Marden, Duane. "White Lightnin' (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/667.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/667.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Marden, Duane. "Greased Lightnin' (California's Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/75.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/75.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Marden, Duane. "Tidal Wave (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/38.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/38.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Marden, Duane. "Roller Coaster Search Results (Shuttle Loop)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/http://www.rcdb.com/r.htm?ot=2&mo=8192&order=18.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/http://www.rcdb.com/r.htm?ot=2&mo=8192&order=18.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Marden, Duane. "Roller Coaster Search Results (Shuttle Loop)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/http://www.rcdb.com/r.htm?ot=2&mo=8192&order=18.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/http://www.rcdb.com/r.htm?ot=2&mo=8192&order=18.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Marden, Duane. "Montezooma's Revenge (Knott's Berry Farm)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/292.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/292.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Marden, Duane. "Greezed Lightnin' (Six Flags AstroWorld)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/55.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/55.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Marden, Duane. "Montezooma's Revenge (Knott's Berry Farm)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/292.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/292.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Marden, Duane. "Golden Loop (Gold Reef City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/1168.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/1168.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Marden, Duane. "Katapul (Hopi Hari)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/1152.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/1152.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Marden, Duane. "Shuttle Loop (Nagashima Spa Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/1177.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/1177.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Marden, Duane. "unknown (Cliff's Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/10698.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/10698.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Marden, Duane. "Greezed Lightnin' (Kentucky Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/2216.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/2216.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Marden, Duane. "Shuttle Loop (Oyama Yuenchi)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/2876.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/2876.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Marden, Duane. "Greased Lightnin' (Six Flags Discovery Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/2379.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/2379.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Marden, Duane. "Shuttle Loop (Toshimaen)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/1205.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/1205.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Marden, Duane. "Shuttle Loop (Yokohama Dreamland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/1294.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/1294.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Marden, Duane. "Katapul (Hopi Hari)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/1152.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/1152.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Marden, Duane. "Roller Coaster Search Results". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/http://rcdb.com/r.htm?ot=2&mo=8192&page=1&order=-10.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/http://rcdb.com/r.htm?ot=2&mo=8192&page=1&order=-10.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>"Unknown, Indiana Beach". Roller Coaster Database. <a href="https://rcdb.com/21874.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/21874.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>MacDonald, Brady (May 16, 2023). "Knott's Berry Farm delays relaunch of Montezooma coaster". Orange County Register. Retrieved August 19, 2024. <a href="https://www.ocregister.com/2023/05/16/knotts-berry-farm-delays-relaunch-of-montezooma-coaster/" target="_blank">https://www.ocregister.com/2023/05/16/knotts-berry-farm-delays-relaunch-of-montezooma-coaster/</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Marden, Duane. "Roller Coaster Search Results". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/http://rcdb.com/r.htm?ot=2&mo=8192&page=1&order=-10.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/http://rcdb.com/r.htm?ot=2&mo=8192&page=1&order=-10.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Marden, Duane. "Greezed Lightnin' (Kentucky Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/2216.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/2216.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Marden, Duane. "Shuttle Loop (Oyama Yuenchi)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/2876.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/2876.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>"Shuttle Loop 1". Schwarzkopf Coaster Net. 1 November 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2012. <a href="http://schwarzkopf.coaster.net/ESshuttlelooptyp1GF.htm" target="_blank">http://schwarzkopf.coaster.net/ESshuttlelooptyp1GF.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>"Shuttle Loop 2". Schwarzkopf Coaster Net. 1 November 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2012. <a href="http://schwarzkopf.coaster.net/ESshuttlelooptyp2GF.htm" target="_blank">http://schwarzkopf.coaster.net/ESshuttlelooptyp2GF.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>US patent 4165695, Schwarzkopf, Anton, "Amusement ride with vertical track loop", issued August 28, 1979, assigned to Husar, Francis S. and Reece, Randolph A. <a href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US4165695" target="_blank">https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US4165695</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>"Shuttle Loop 1". Schwarzkopf Coaster Net. 1 November 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2012. <a href="http://schwarzkopf.coaster.net/ESshuttlelooptyp1GF.htm" target="_blank">http://schwarzkopf.coaster.net/ESshuttlelooptyp1GF.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>"Shuttle Loop 2". Schwarzkopf Coaster Net. 1 November 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2012. <a href="http://schwarzkopf.coaster.net/ESshuttlelooptyp2GF.htm" target="_blank">http://schwarzkopf.coaster.net/ESshuttlelooptyp2GF.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>US patent 4165695, Schwarzkopf, Anton, "Amusement ride with vertical track loop", issued August 28, 1979, assigned to Husar, Francis S. and Reece, Randolph A. <a href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US4165695" target="_blank">https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US4165695</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Marden, Duane. "Roller Coaster Search Results (Shuttle Loop)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/http://www.rcdb.com/r.htm?ot=2&mo=8192&order=18.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/http://www.rcdb.com/r.htm?ot=2&mo=8192&order=18.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Weisenberger, Nick (2013). Coasters 101: An Engineer's Guide to Roller Coaster Design. Nick Weisenberger. pp. 49–50. ISBN 9781468013559. OCLC 927712635. <a href="9781468013559" target="_blank">9781468013559</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Marden, Duane. "Shuttle Loop". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/8192.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/8192.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Marden, Duane. "Roller Coaster Search Results (Shuttle Loop)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/http://www.rcdb.com/r.htm?ot=2&mo=8192&order=18.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/http://www.rcdb.com/r.htm?ot=2&mo=8192&order=18.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Marden, Duane. "Shuttle Loop". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/8192.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/8192.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Marden, Duane. "Psyké Underground (Walibi Belgium)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/921.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/921.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Geering, Philipp (16 May 2013). "Psyké Underground – The new Sirocco / Turbine at Walibi Belgium". Walibi Belgium (Interview). Wavre, Walloon Brabant. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 29 June 2013. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SL7X3t2swcA" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SL7X3t2swcA</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>"Psyké Underground". Park World Magazine: 10. September 2013. <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Marden, Duane. "White Lightnin' (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/667.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/667.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Marden, Duane. "Golden Loop (Gold Reef City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/1168.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/1168.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Marden, Duane. "Greased Lightnin' (California's Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/75.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/75.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Marden, Duane. "Greased Lightnin' (Six Flags Discovery Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/2379.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/2379.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Ceased operation in 2009 before removal in 2013. <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>The track was used as replacement parts for the Kentucky Kingdom installation during the 2005/2006 off season. <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Marden, Duane. "Greezed Lightnin' (Kentucky Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/2216.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/2216.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Marden, Duane. "Tidal Wave (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/38.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/38.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Marden, Duane. "Greezed Lightnin' (Kentucky Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/2216.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/2216.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Marden, Duane. "Viper (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/39.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/39.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Marden, Duane. "King Kobra (Kings Dominion)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/637.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/637.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Marden, Duane. "King Kobra (Jolly Roger Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/638.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/638.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Marden, Duane. "Katapul (Hopi Hari)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/1152.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/1152.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Marden, Duane. "Thunderlooper (Alton Towers)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/798.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/798.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>Marden, Duane. "Montezooma's Revenge (Knott's Berry Farm)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/292.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/292.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Marden, Duane. "Shuttle Loop (Nagashima Spa Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/1177.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/1177.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Was set to be relocated to Attractiepark Rotterdam in 2018, but was later cancelled. <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Marden, Duane. "Shuttle Loop (Toshimaen)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/1205.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/1205.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>Marden, Duane. "Shuttle Loop (Oyama Yuenchi)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/2876.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/2876.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Marden, Duane. "Shuttle Loop (Yokohama Dreamland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/1294.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/1294.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>"話題の絶叫機登場 西独製を三精が横浜ドリームに導入 日本初、往復宙返り" [Hot thrill ride debut,Sansei delivers BRD product to Yokohama Dream,Japan's first shuttle and loop] (PDF) (in Japanese). Game Machine. April 1, 1979. Retrieved 2021-10-30. <a href="https://onitama.tv/gamemachine/pdf/19790401p.pdf" target="_blank">https://onitama.tv/gamemachine/pdf/19790401p.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>Marden, Duane. "Psyké Underground (Walibi Belgium)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/921.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/921.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>Coaster has been in storage near MacKenzie Park (track) and Larson Manufacturing (trains, flywheel and hardware) since 2006. <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>"Historic Greezed Lightnin' moving to Cliffs Amusement Park". Amusement Today. 4 May 2012. Retrieved January 20, 2014. <a href="http://www.amusementtoday.com/historic-greezed-lightnin-moving-to-cliffs-amusement-park/" target="_blank">http://www.amusementtoday.com/historic-greezed-lightnin-moving-to-cliffs-amusement-park/</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>"Map coordinates 33.610636,-101.834203". Google Maps. Retrieved January 22, 2014. <a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=33.610636,-101.834203&spn=0.003192,0.002951&t=h&q=unknown%4033.610636,-101.834203/" target="_blank">https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=33.610636,-101.834203&spn=0.003192,0.002951&t=h&q=unknown%4033.610636,-101.834203/</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>Marden, Duane. "Greezed Lightnin' (Six Flags AstroWorld)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/55.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/55.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:68"><p>Marden, Duane. "unknown (Joyland Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/3514.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/3514.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:69"><p>Rides4u.com http://www.rides4u.com/view/2056 <a href="http://www.rides4u.com/view/2056" target="_blank">http://www.rides4u.com/view/2056</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:70"><p>Marden, Duane. "Unknown (Niagara Amusement Park & Splash World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/19900.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/19900.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:71"><p>Marden, Duane. "Cascabel (La Feria Chapultepec Magico)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/353.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/353.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:72"><p>Marden, Duane. "Laser Loop (Kennywood)". Roller Coaster DataBase. <a href="https://rcdb.com/352.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/352.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:73"><p>"Unknown, Indiana Beach". Roller Coaster Database. <a href="https://rcdb.com/21874.htm" target="_blank">https://rcdb.com/21874.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:74"><p>"Recherche". <a href="http://archives.lesoir.be/walibi-les-tests-incriminent-un-incident-et-l-inertie-s_t-19970828-Z0E4MA.html" target="_blank">http://archives.lesoir.be/walibi-les-tests-incriminent-un-incident-et-l-inertie-s_t-19970828-Z0E4MA.html</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:75"><p>StarParc, Walibi Belgium – Incident Sirocco 27 août 1997 – Archive, archived from the original on 2021-12-21, retrieved 2019-01-19 <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-c1iZuUWxA" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-c1iZuUWxA</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:76"><p>Anton, Mike (8 August 2002). "Knott's Sued in Death of Woman". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 9 October 2010. <a href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-aug-08-me-knotts8-story.html" target="_blank">https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-aug-08-me-knotts8-story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:77"><p>"Court upholds dismissal of coaster lawsuit". Orange County Register. 24 February 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2010. <a href="http://www.ocregister.com/articles/million-64765-percent-court.html" target="_blank">http://www.ocregister.com/articles/million-64765-percent-court.html</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>