Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Imidazoline receptor
open-in-new
<h2 id="classes">Classes</h2> <p>As of 2017, there are three known subtypes of imidazoline receptors: I1, I2, and I3. </p> <h3>I1 receptor</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/NISCH/H8TSN1Mh">Nischarin, gene symbol NISCH</a></p> <p>The I1 receptor appears to be a <a href="/facts/G_protein-coupled_receptor/0arUMkQc">G protein-coupled receptor</a> that is localized on the plasma membrane.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> It may be coupled to <a href="/facts/Phospholipase_A2/ubWX9kQq">PLA2</a> signalling and thus prostaglandin synthesis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> In addition, activation inhibits the <a href="/facts/Sodium-hydrogen_antiporter/eea96gU6">sodium-hydrogen antiporter</a> and enzymes of <a href="/facts/Catecholamine_synthesis/hHFrCMgM">catecholamine synthesis</a> are induced, suggesting that the I1 receptor may belong to the <a href="/facts/Neurocytokine_receptor/4wVuJDmm">neurocytokine receptor</a> family, since its signaling pathways are similar to those of <a href="/facts/Interleukin/a8qBzb0E">interleukins</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> It is found in the neurons of the <a href="/facts/Reticular_formation/p3sssWXm">reticular formation</a>, the dorsomedial medulla oblongata, adrenal medulla, renal epithelium, pancreatic islets, platelets, and the prostate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> They are notably not expressed in the <a href="/facts/Cerebral_cortex/GpXosGHP">cerebral cortex</a> or <a href="/facts/Locus_coeruleus/tIYVuhGt">locus coeruleus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>Animal research suggests that much of the antihypertensive action of <a href="/facts/Imidazoline/jAxW0zFs">imidazoline</a> drugs such as <a href="/facts/Clonidine/xPebaeST">clonidine</a> is mediated by the I1 receptor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> In addition, I1 receptor activation is used in <a href="/facts/Ophthalmology/024hdTWF">ophthalmology</a> to reduce intraocular pressure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Other putative functions include promoting Na+ excretion and promoting neural activity during <a href="/facts/Hypoxia_(medical)/JWV04G89">hypoxia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h3>I2 receptor</h3> <p>The I2 receptor binding sites have been defined as being selective binding sites inhibited by the antagonist <a href="/facts/Idazoxan/KfJywqDw">idazoxan</a> that are not blocked by <a href="/facts/Catecholamines/hHFrCMgM">catecholamines</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> The major binding site is located on the outer mitochondrial membrane, and is proposed to be an <a href="/facts/Allosteric_regulation/alMRuyt9">allosteric</a> site on <a href="/facts/Monoamine_oxidase/4bJuxUFy">monoamine oxidase</a>, while another binding site has been found to be brain <a href="/facts/Creatine_kinase/kYtNQKjy">creatine kinase</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Other known binding sites have yet to be characterized as of 2017<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imidazoline_receptor&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p><p>Preliminary research in rodents suggests that I2 receptor agonists may be effective in chronic, but not acute pain, including <a href="/facts/Fibromyalgia/aNSBfaJJ">fibromyalgia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> I2 receptor activation has also been shown to <a href="/facts/Hypothermia/lIYDCIAv">decrease body temperature</a>, potentially mediating neuroprotective effects seen in rats.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p><p>The only known antagonist for the receptor is <a href="/facts/Idazoxan/KfJywqDw">idazoxan</a>, which is non-selective.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p> <h3>I3 receptor</h3> <p>The I3 receptor regulates <a href="/facts/Insulin/oXG0myt1">insulin</a> secretion from pancreatic <a href="/facts/Beta_cell/MXcTmlDL">beta cells</a>. It may be associated with <a href="/facts/ATP-sensitive_potassium_channel/1ly0xoCE">ATP-sensitive K+</a> (KATP) channels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="ligands">Ligands</h2> <h3>I1 receptors</h3> <h4>Agonists</h4> <ul><li>AGN 192403<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Moxonidine/XqLAYjj9">Moxonidine</a>[<i>inconsistent</i>]</li></ul> <h4>Antagonists</h4> <h3>I2 receptors</h3> <h4>Agonists</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/CR-4056/skvYmtVp">CR-4056</a></li> <li>Phenyzoline (2-(2-phenylethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li>RS 45041-90<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li> <li>Tracizoline<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></li></ul> <h4>Antagonists</h4> <ul><li>BU 224 (disputed)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>I3 receptors</h3> <p>No selective ligands are known as of 2017. </p> <h3>Nonselective ligands</h3> <h4>Agonists</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Agmatine/se9wPund">Agmatine</a> (putative <a href="/facts/Endogenous_ligand/44QLL4eU">endogenous ligand</a> at I1; also interacts with NMDA, <a href="/facts/Nicotinic/k2s2pPHr">nicotinic</a>, and α2 adrenoceptors)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Apraclonidine/nl5gKtoF">Apraclonidine</a> (<a href="/facts/%CE%912_adrenoceptor/QmUrvvYn">α2 adrenoceptor</a> agonist)</li> <li>2-BFI (I2 agonist, <a href="/facts/NMDA_antagonist/4VJvEpdK">NMDA antagonist</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cimetidine/MX2vzIVg">Cimetidine</a> (I1 agonist, <a href="/facts/H2_receptor/VshlTrU4">H2 receptor</a> antagonist)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Clonidine/xPebaeST">Clonidine</a> (I1 agonist, <a href="/facts/%CE%912_adrenoceptor/QmUrvvYn">α2 adrenoceptor</a> agonist)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li> <li>LNP-509</li> <li>LNP-911<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></li> <li>7-Me-marsanidine</li> <li><a href="/facts/Dimethyltryptamine/oIPCXryU">Dimethyltryptamine</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine/m5fmVR1h">mCPP</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Moxonidine/XqLAYjj9">Moxonidine</a>[<i>inconsistent</i>]</li> <li><a href="/facts/Oxymetazoline/74hVTwQz">Oxymetazoline</a> (I1 agonist, α1 adrenoceptor agonist, α2 partial agonist)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rilmenidine/jhzycFpj">Rilmenidine</a></li> <li>S-23515</li> <li>S-23757</li> <li><a href="/facts/Tizanidine/2ny5FuRt">Tizanidine</a></li></ul> <h4>Antagonists</h4> <ul><li>BU99006 (alkylating agent, inactivates I2 receptors)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Efaroxan/88IxyvAT">Efaroxan</a> (I1, α2 adrenoceptor antagonist)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Idazoxan/KfJywqDw">Idazoxan</a> (I1, I2 antagonist, α2 adrenoceptor antagonist)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Imidazoline/jAxW0zFs">Imidazoline</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Imidazoline+Receptors">Imidazoline+Receptors</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/facts/Medical_Subject_Headings/C57g2JuF">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li> <li><a href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=imidazoline+receptor+2">imidazoline receptor 2</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/facts/Medical_Subject_Headings/C57g2JuF">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li> <li><a href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=imidazoline+I1+receptors">imidazoline I1 receptors</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/facts/Medical_Subject_Headings/C57g2JuF">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Head GA, Mayorov DN (January 2006). "Imidazoline receptors, novel agents and therapeutic potential". Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem. 4 (1): 17–32. doi:10.2174/187152506775268758. PMID 16529547. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013. <a href="https://archive.today/20130414080524/http://www.bentham-direct.org/pages/content.php?CHAMC/2006/00000004/00000001/003AE.SGM" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130414080524/http://www.bentham-direct.org/pages/content.php?CHAMC/2006/00000004/00000001/003AE.SGM</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Hamilton CA, Yakubu MA, Howie CA, Reid JL (1992). "Do Centrally-Acting Antihypertensive Drugs Act at Non-Adrenergic as well as Alpha-2 Adrenoceptor Sites?". Clinical and Experimental Hypertension Part A Theory and Practice. 14 (5): 815–835. doi:10.3109/10641969209036221. PMID 1327589. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10641969209036221" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10641969209036221</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Hamilton CA, Yakubu MA, Jardine E, Reid JL (1991). "Imidazole binding sites in rabbit kidney and forebrain membranes". J Auton Pharmacol. 11 (5): 277–83. doi:10.1111/j.1474-8673.1991.tb00325.x. PMID 1939285. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1474-8673.1991.tb00325.x" target="_blank">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1474-8673.1991.tb00325.x</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Regunathan, S; Reis, D J (April 1996). "Imidazoline Receptors and Their Endogenous Ligands". Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 36 (1): 511–544. doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.36.040196.002455. PMID 8725400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Kawamura, Kazunori; Shimoda, Yoko; Kumata, Katsushi; Fujinaga, Masayuki; Yui, Joji; Yamasaki, Tomoteru; Xie, Lin; Hatori, Akiko; Wakizaka, Hidekatsu; Kurihara, Yusuke; Ogawa, Masanao; Nengaki, Nobuki; Zhang, Ming-Rong (April 2015). "In vivo evaluation of a new 18F-labeled PET ligand, [18F]FEBU, for the imaging of I2-imidazoline receptors". Nuclear Medicine and Biology. 42 (4): 406–412. doi:10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.12.014. PMID 25583220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>GARCIA-SEVILLA, JESUS A.; ESCRIBA, PABLO V.; GUIMON, JOSE (June 1999). "Imidazoline Receptors and Human Brain Disorders". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 881 (1 IMIDAZOLINE R): 392–409. Bibcode:1999NYASA.881..392G. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09388.x. PMID 10415944. S2CID 10081479. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Head, G.; Mayorov, D. (1 January 2006). "Imidazoline Receptors, Novel Agents and Therapeutic Potential". Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 4 (1): 17–32. doi:10.2174/187152506775268758. PMID 16529547. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Ernsberger, P; Graves, ME; Graff, LM; Zakieh, N; Nguyen, P; Collins, LA; Westbrooks, KL; Johnson, GG (12 July 1995). "I1-imidazoline receptors. Definition, characterization, distribution, and transmembrane signaling". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 763: 22–42. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb32388.x. PMID 7677333. S2CID 85739305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Ernsberger, P; Graves, ME; Graff, LM; Zakieh, N; Nguyen, P; Collins, LA; Westbrooks, KL; Johnson, GG (12 July 1995). "I1-imidazoline receptors. Definition, characterization, distribution, and transmembrane signaling". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 763: 22–42. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb32388.x. PMID 7677333. S2CID 85739305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Ernsberger P (June 1999). "The I1-imidazoline receptor and its cellular signaling pathways". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 881 (1): 35–53. Bibcode:1999NYASA.881...35E. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09339.x. PMID 10415895. S2CID 30065467. Archived from the original on 2009-01-08. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108161223/http://www.annalsnyas.org/cgi/content/abstract/881/1/35" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090108161223/http://www.annalsnyas.org/cgi/content/abstract/881/1/35</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Ernsberger P (June 1999). "The I1-imidazoline receptor and its cellular signaling pathways". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 881 (1): 35–53. Bibcode:1999NYASA.881...35E. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09339.x. PMID 10415895. S2CID 30065467. Archived from the original on 2009-01-08. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108161223/http://www.annalsnyas.org/cgi/content/abstract/881/1/35" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090108161223/http://www.annalsnyas.org/cgi/content/abstract/881/1/35</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Ernsberger, P; Graves, ME; Graff, LM; Zakieh, N; Nguyen, P; Collins, LA; Westbrooks, KL; Johnson, GG (12 July 1995). "I1-imidazoline receptors. Definition, characterization, distribution, and transmembrane signaling". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 763: 22–42. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb32388.x. PMID 7677333. S2CID 85739305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Ernsberger, P; Graves, ME; Graff, LM; Zakieh, N; Nguyen, P; Collins, LA; Westbrooks, KL; Johnson, GG (12 July 1995). "I1-imidazoline receptors. Definition, characterization, distribution, and transmembrane signaling". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 763: 22–42. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb32388.x. PMID 7677333. S2CID 85739305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Ernsberger, P; Graves, ME; Graff, LM; Zakieh, N; Nguyen, P; Collins, LA; Westbrooks, KL; Johnson, GG (12 July 1995). "I1-imidazoline receptors. Definition, characterization, distribution, and transmembrane signaling". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 763: 22–42. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb32388.x. PMID 7677333. S2CID 85739305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Bousquet, P (June 2000). "Identification and characterization of I1 imidazoline receptors: their role in blood pressure regulation". American Journal of Hypertension. 13 (6 Pt 2): 84S – 88S. doi:10.1016/S0895-7061(00)00223-5. PMID 10921526. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0895-7061%2800%2900223-5" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0895-7061%2800%2900223-5</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Bousquet, P (November 2001). "I1 receptors, cardiovascular function, and metabolism". American Journal of Hypertension. 14 (11 Pt 2): 317S – 321S. doi:10.1016/S0895-7061(01)02238-5. PMID 11721890. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0895-7061%2801%2902238-5" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0895-7061%2801%2902238-5</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Ernsberger, P; Graves, ME; Graff, LM; Zakieh, N; Nguyen, P; Collins, LA; Westbrooks, KL; Johnson, GG (12 July 1995). "I1-imidazoline receptors. Definition, characterization, distribution, and transmembrane signaling". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 763: 22–42. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb32388.x. PMID 7677333. S2CID 85739305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Ernsberger, P; Graves, ME; Graff, LM; Zakieh, N; Nguyen, P; Collins, LA; Westbrooks, KL; Johnson, GG (12 July 1995). "I1-imidazoline receptors. Definition, characterization, distribution, and transmembrane signaling". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 763: 22–42. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb32388.x. PMID 7677333. S2CID 85739305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Li, JX (16 March 2017). "Imidazoline I2 receptors: An update". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 178: 48–56. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.03.009. PMC 5600648. PMID 28322973. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5600648" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5600648</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Li, JX (16 March 2017). "Imidazoline I2 receptors: An update". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 178: 48–56. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.03.009. PMC 5600648. PMID 28322973. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5600648" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5600648</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Ernsberger, P; Graves, ME; Graff, LM; Zakieh, N; Nguyen, P; Collins, LA; Westbrooks, KL; Johnson, GG (12 July 1995). "I1-imidazoline receptors. Definition, characterization, distribution, and transmembrane signaling". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 763: 22–42. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb32388.x. PMID 7677333. S2CID 85739305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Li, JX (16 March 2017). "Imidazoline I2 receptors: An update". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 178: 48–56. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.03.009. PMC 5600648. PMID 28322973. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5600648" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5600648</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>McDonald, GR; Olivieri, A; Ramsay, RR; Holt, A (December 2010). "On the formation and nature of the imidazoline I2 binding site on human monoamine oxidase-B". Pharmacological Research. 62 (6): 475–88. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2010.09.001. PMID 20832472. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Li, JX (16 March 2017). "Imidazoline I2 receptors: An update". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 178: 48–56. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.03.009. PMC 5600648. PMID 28322973. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5600648" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5600648</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Li, JX (16 March 2017). "Imidazoline I2 receptors: An update". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 178: 48–56. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.03.009. PMC 5600648. PMID 28322973. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5600648" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5600648</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Li, JX (16 March 2017). "Imidazoline I2 receptors: An update". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 178: 48–56. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.03.009. PMC 5600648. PMID 28322973. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5600648" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5600648</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Ernsberger, P; Graves, ME; Graff, LM; Zakieh, N; Nguyen, P; Collins, LA; Westbrooks, KL; Johnson, GG (12 July 1995). "I1-imidazoline receptors. Definition, characterization, distribution, and transmembrane signaling". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 763: 22–42. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb32388.x. PMID 7677333. S2CID 85739305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Morgan, NG; Chan, SL (September 2001). "Imidazoline binding sites in the endocrine pancreas: can they fulfil their potential as targets for the development of new insulin secretagogues?". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 7 (14): 1413–31. doi:10.2174/1381612013397366. PMID 11472276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Sánchez-Blázquez, P; Boronat, MA; Olmos, G; García-Sevilla, JA; Garzón, J (May 2000). "Activation of I(2)-imidazoline receptors enhances supraspinal morphine analgesia in mice: a model to detect agonist and antagonist activities at these receptors". British Journal of Pharmacology. 130 (1): 146–52. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0703294. PMC 1572044. PMID 10781010. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1572044" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1572044</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Qiu, Y; He, XH; Zhang, Y; Li, JX (13 October 2014). "Discriminative stimulus effects of the novel imidazoline I₂ receptor ligand CR4056 in rats". Scientific Reports. 4: 6605. Bibcode:2014NatSR...4E6605Q. doi:10.1038/srep06605. PMC 4194429. PMID 25308382. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4194429" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4194429</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Qiu, Y; He, XH; Zhang, Y; Li, JX (13 October 2014). "Discriminative stimulus effects of the novel imidazoline I₂ receptor ligand CR4056 in rats". Scientific Reports. 4: 6605. Bibcode:2014NatSR...4E6605Q. doi:10.1038/srep06605. PMC 4194429. PMID 25308382. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4194429" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4194429</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Qiu, Y; He, XH; Zhang, Y; Li, JX (13 October 2014). "Discriminative stimulus effects of the novel imidazoline I₂ receptor ligand CR4056 in rats". Scientific Reports. 4: 6605. Bibcode:2014NatSR...4E6605Q. doi:10.1038/srep06605. PMC 4194429. PMID 25308382. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4194429" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4194429</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Li, JX (16 March 2017). "Imidazoline I2 receptors: An update". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 178: 48–56. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.03.009. PMC 5600648. PMID 28322973. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5600648" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5600648</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Ernsberger, P; Graves, ME; Graff, LM; Zakieh, N; Nguyen, P; Collins, LA; Westbrooks, KL; Johnson, GG (12 July 1995). "I1-imidazoline receptors. Definition, characterization, distribution, and transmembrane signaling". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 763: 22–42. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb32388.x. PMID 7677333. S2CID 85739305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Han, Z; et al. (2013). "Fast, non-competitive and reversible inhibition of NMDA-activated currents by 2-BFI confers neuroprotection". PLOS ONE. 8 (5): e64894. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...864894H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064894. PMC 3669129. PMID 23741413. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3669129" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3669129</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Li, JX (16 March 2017). "Imidazoline I2 receptors: An update". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 178: 48–56. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.03.009. PMC 5600648. PMID 28322973. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5600648" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5600648</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Ernsberger, P; Graves, ME; Graff, LM; Zakieh, N; Nguyen, P; Collins, LA; Westbrooks, KL; Johnson, GG (12 July 1995). "I1-imidazoline receptors. Definition, characterization, distribution, and transmembrane signaling". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 763: 22–42. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb32388.x. PMID 7677333. S2CID 85739305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Reis DJ, Piletz JE (November 1997). "The imidazoline receptor in control of blood pressure by clonidine and allied drugs" (PDF). Am. J. Physiol. 273 (5 Pt 2): R1569–71. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1997.273.5.R1569. PMID 9374795.[permanent dead link] <a href="http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/273/5/R1569.full.pdf" target="_blank">http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/273/5/R1569.full.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Bousquet P (2002). "I1 imidazoline receptors: From the pharmacological basis to the therapeutic application" (PDF). Journal für Hypertonie. 6 (4): 6–9. <a href="http://www.kup.at/kup/pdf/HypSH-4-2002-6.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.kup.at/kup/pdf/HypSH-4-2002-6.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Ray, Thomas S. (2010-02-02). Manzoni, Olivier Jacques (ed.). "Psychedelics and the Human Receptorome". PLOS ONE. 5 (2): e9019. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...5.9019R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009019. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2814854. PMID 20126400. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2814854" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2814854</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Ernsberger, P; Graves, ME; Graff, LM; Zakieh, N; Nguyen, P; Collins, LA; Westbrooks, KL; Johnson, GG (12 July 1995). "I1-imidazoline receptors. Definition, characterization, distribution, and transmembrane signaling". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 763: 22–42. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb32388.x. PMID 7677333. S2CID 85739305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Li, JX (16 March 2017). "Imidazoline I2 receptors: An update". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 178: 48–56. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.03.009. PMC 5600648. PMID 28322973. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5600648" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5600648</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Ernsberger, P; Graves, ME; Graff, LM; Zakieh, N; Nguyen, P; Collins, LA; Westbrooks, KL; Johnson, GG (12 July 1995). "I1-imidazoline receptors. Definition, characterization, distribution, and transmembrane signaling". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 763: 22–42. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb32388.x. PMID 7677333. S2CID 85739305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>