Continental climate

<h2 id="kppen-climate-classification">Köppen climate classification</h2>
<p class="note">See also: List of cities with continental climate</p>
<p>Continental climate has at least one month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) and at least one month averaging above 10 °C (50 °F).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a>
</p>

<ul><li><i>Dfa</i> = Hot-summer <a href="/facts/Humid_continental_climate/m5J175oK">humid continental climate</a>; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (27 °F)), at least one month's average temperature above 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).</li>
<li><i>Dfb</i> = Warm-summer <a href="/facts/Humid_continental_climate/m5J175oK">humid continental climate</a>; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (27 °F)), all months with average temperatures below 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).</li>
<li><i>Dfc</i> = <a href="/facts/Subarctic_climate/xW83IXdL">Subarctic climate</a>; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (27 °F)) and one–three months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).</li>
<li><i>Dfd</i> = Extremely cold subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below −38 °C (−36.4 °F) and one–three months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).</li></ul>

<ul><li><i>Dwa</i> = <a href="/facts/Monsoon/0a2o484v">Monsoon</a>-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (27 °F)), at least one month's average temperature above 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.</li>
<li><i>Dwb</i> = Monsoon-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (27 °F)), all months with average temperatures below 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.</li>
<li><i>Dwc</i> = Monsoon-influenced subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (27 °F)) and one–three months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.</li>
<li><i>Dwd</i> = Monsoon-influenced extremely cold subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below −38 °C (−36.4 °F) and one–three months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.</li></ul>

<ul><li><i>Dsa</i> = <a href="/facts/Mediterranean_climate/gGsJAKE5">Mediterranean</a>-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (27 °F)), average temperature of the warmest month above 22 °C (71.6 °F) and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 in).</li>
<li><i>Dsb</i> = Mediterranean-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (27 °F)), average temperature of the warmest month below 22 °C (71.6 °F) and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 in).</li>
<li><i>Dsc</i> = Mediterranean-influenced subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (27 °F)) and one–three months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 in).</li>
<li><i>Dsd</i> = Mediterranean-influenced extremely cold subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below −38 °C (−36.4 °F) and one–three months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 in).</li></ul>
<h2 id="seasons">Seasons</h2>

<p>Annual precipitation in this zone is usually between 600 millimetres (24 in) and 1,200 millimetres (47 in),  The timing of intermediate spring-like or autumn-like temperatures in this zone vary depending on latitude and/or elevation. For example, spring may arrive as soon as March (in <a href="/facts/Northern_hemisphere/EFwyqL25">Northern hemisphere</a>, September in <a href="/facts/Southern_hemisphere/QfJ4z9L5">Southern hemisphere</a>) in the southern (in Northern hemisphere, northern in Southern hemisphere),  parts of this zone or as late as May (November) in the north (south). Summers are warm or hot while winters are below freezing and sustain lots of frost.
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<h2 id="climatology">Climatology</h2>
<p>Continental climates exist where cold air masses infiltrate during the winter from shorter days and warm air masses form in summer under conditions of high sun and longer days. Places with continental climates are as a rule either far from any moderating effect of oceans or are so situated that prevailing winds tend to head offshore.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Such regions get quite warm in the summer, achieving temperatures characteristic of tropical climates but are colder than any other climates of similar latitude in the winter.
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<h2 id="neighbouring-climates">Neighbouring climates</h2>

<p>In the Köppen climate system, these climates grade off toward <a href="/facts/Temperate_climate/6WPypCzC">temperate climates</a> equator-ward where winters are less severe and <a href="/facts/Semi-arid_climate/XnSYao1E">semi-arid climates</a> or <a href="/facts/Arid_climate/orfIQqrB">arid climates</a> where precipitation becomes inadequate for tall-grass <a href="/facts/Prairie/nJNHWdGs">prairies</a> and shrublands. In Europe these climates may grade off into <a href="/facts/Oceanic_climate/xUD1y78o">oceanic climates</a> (Cfb) or <a href="/facts/Subpolar_oceanic_climate/xUD1y78o">subpolar oceanic climates</a> (Cfc) in which the influence of cool oceanic air masses is more marked toward the west. In western and eastern Asia, and the central United States these climates grade off toward <a href="/facts/Humid_subtropical_climate/vr1kMhwS">humid subtropical climates</a> (Cfa/Cwa), <a href="/facts/Subtropical_highland_climate/xUD1y78o">subtropical highland climates</a> (Cwb), or <a href="/facts/Mediterranean_climate/gGsJAKE5">Mediterranean climates</a> (Csa/Csb) to the south.
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<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Hemiboreal/PH9yXPmq">Hemiboreal climate</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Humid_continental_climate/m5J175oK">Humid continental climate</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Microthermal/m4kBzodt">Microthermal climate</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Subarctic_climate/xW83IXdL">Subarctic climate</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li> Media related to Continental climate at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>"Continental Climate". Encyclopedia of the Atmospheric Environment. Manchester Metropolitan University. Archived from the original on 2009-04-27. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090427192955/http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/climate/older/Continental_Climate.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090427192955/http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/climate/older/Continental_Climate.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>"Continental Climate". Encyclopedia of the Atmospheric Environment. Manchester Metropolitan University. Archived from the original on 2009-04-27. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090427192955/http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/climate/older/Continental_Climate.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090427192955/http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/climate/older/Continental_Climate.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>Senker, Cath (3 May 2018). Temperate Climates. Raintree Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 9781474738408. Retrieved 23 June 2023. <a href="9781474738408" target="_blank">9781474738408</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:4"><p>"Weather & Climate Change: Climates around the world". Education Scotland. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414115206/http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/weatherandclimatechange/climate/worldclimates/temperate.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160414115206/http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/weatherandclimatechange/climate/worldclimates/temperate.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:5"><p>Peel, M. C.; Finlayson B. L. & McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11 (5): 1633–1644. Bibcode:2007HESS...11.1633P. doi:10.5194/Hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606. <a href="https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:6"><p>Kottek, Markus; Grieser, Jürgen; Beck, Christoph; Rudolf, Bruno; Rubel, Franz (2006). "World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated" (PDF). Meteorologische Zeitschrift. 15 (3): 259–263. Bibcode:2006MetZe..15..259K. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130. <a href="https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/files/40083/metz_Vol_15_No_3_p259-263_World_Map_of_the_Koppen_Geiger_climate_classification_updated_55034.pdf" target="_blank">https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/files/40083/metz_Vol_15_No_3_p259-263_World_Map_of_the_Koppen_Geiger_climate_classification_updated_55034.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:7"><p>"What Is a Continental Climate?". WorldAtlas. 2019-05-21. Retrieved 2022-04-04. <a href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-continental-climate.html" target="_blank">https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-continental-climate.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
</ol>

Continental climate open-in-new

Continental climate