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Immanuel Ness
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<h2 id="published-work">Published work</h2> <p>Ness is editor-in-Chief of the <i><a href="/facts/Journal_of_Labor_and_Society/dDzakN9B">Journal of Labor and Society</a></i>, (<i>JLSO</i>), a quarterly peer-review social science publication founded in 1997 that examines global political economy, imperialism, workers and labor organisations, and assesses transformative social movements. JLSO editorial board includes scholars in academia and activists in labour movements throughout the world, including <a href="/facts/Marcel_van_der_Linden/28Rg4KXw">Marcel van der Linden</a>, <a href="/facts/Frances_Fox_Piven/uKlgbFJj">Frances Fox Piven</a>, <a href="/facts/Amiya_Kumar_Bagchi/NrNFS7hF">Amiya Kumar Bagchi</a> and <a href="/facts/Samir_Amin/uqIFgbP8">Samir Amin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Ness is general editor of the eight-volume <i>International</i> <i>Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest: 1500 to the Present</i>, <i>Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration</i>, and the <i>Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism</i>, published from 2009 to 2016. His research primarily concerns the situation and politics of the international working class and, more generally, "the global poor", low-wage migrant labour or contractual and informal workers, mainly in the <a href="/facts/Global_South/TtdsSbKh">Global South</a>. In 2013, he was a member of an eight-member delegation of the International Commission for Labor Rights investigation of worker repression in India’s auto industry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> Brill, Studies in Political Economy of Global Labor and Work,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Great Transition Initiative, Toward a Transformative Vision and Praxis, Planetizing the Labor Movement, April 2019,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> His works include <i>Migration as Economic Imperialism: How International Labour Mobility Undermines Economic Development in Poor Countries</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Organizing Insurgency: Workers Movements in the Global South,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Southern Insurgency: The Coming of the Global Working Class (Pluto 2015).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Immigrants, Unions and the New U.S. Labor Market, and <i>Guest Workers and U.S. Corporate Despotism</i> (University of Illinois Press 2011).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> His numerous editing projects include the <i>Encyclopedia of American Social Movements (Routledge).</i> The four volume work was recipient of the <a href="/facts/American_Library_Association/3jVtqULk">American Library Association</a>, Best Reference Source.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>This numerous edited volumes include: The Oxford Handbook of Economic Imperialism (2021) with Zak Cope,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Routledge Handbook of the Gig Economy 2022,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> <i>and The Oxford Handbook of Migration Crisis, with Cecilia Menjívar and Marie Ruiz,</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> <i>Choke Points: Logistics Workers Disrupting the Global Supply Chain with/ Jake</i> </p><p><i>Alimahomed-Wilson (Pluto Press 2018), Ours to Master and to Own: Workers Councils from the Commune to the Present</i> (Haymarket Books 2011/Neuer ISP Verlag 2013).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> The volume covers 22 case histories of <a href="/facts/Occupation_of_factories/1lEPo5gx">factory occupations</a> and workers' councils over the past 150 years. His publications appear in English, Spanish, German, Italian, French, Turkish, Chinese, and Japanese. Ness is general editor of <i>Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration</i> (Wiley Blackwell 2013), a 5-volume examination of human mobility from prehistory to the present.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h3>Practice and Theory</h3> <p>He was a trade union organizer in the U.S. and labour activist in the Global South from 1989 to 2021. During this period, he learned to advocate on behalf of disconnected jobless workers to organize their own association directly at New York State unemployed offices. In 1990, he co-founded the New York Unemployed Committee (1990–1993),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> which successfully organized jobless workers at New York State unemployment centers to press for federal unemployment benefit extensions through public protests and demonstrations directed at national and state elected officials, in many cases, often members of the <a href="/facts/Democratic_Party_(United_States)/MNe3nDrL">Democratic Party</a> who had surrendered to Republicans during the presidency of George H.W. Bush. Rallies were held in New York City, and with other jobless organizations in <a href="/facts/Washington,_D.C./enXPK156">Washington, DC</a>, and <a href="/facts/Kennebunkport,_Maine/YET53C1T">Kennebunkport, Maine</a> in August 1991.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="lower-east-side-community-labor-coalition">Lower East Side Community labor coalition</h2> <p>Ness' work is rooted in understanding production and manufacturing as essential to understanding the labour movement and capitalism. <a href="/facts/Fordism/V0yjpMXo">Fordism</a> is viewed as an exceptional period which is not the norm; rather the dispersal of industry has pushed the development of contractors and dispersed work sites. In this way, in 1998, he co-founded the Lower East Side Community Labor Coalition in New York City with members of progressive and leftist local groups, which mobilized low-wage workers with support of UNITE Local 169, a labor union in the neighborhood that was previously affiliated with the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> The campaign expanded into a successful effort to mobilise Mexican and Latino immigrant workers along with Mexican workers and the Mexican American Workers Association (AMAT), a workers' center in New York.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> He helped organise large Mayday demonstrations in New York City, centered around authentic-worker led mobilizations for immigrant rights from 1999 to 2001, often culminating in mass arrests of street theatre and protests by New York City police, setting a precedent of immigrant leadership and participation in the US organization of the annual worldwide labour holiday.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p><p> Ness has been a consistent advocate for opening admission to colleges and universities and lowering tuition and fees at City University of New York (CUNY).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> Following appointment as visiting professor at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Hyderabad/k16t6bL6">University of Hyderabad</a> in January 2016, Ness refused the academic position upon his arrival and actively joined a student strike, mass pickets, and demonstrations at an outdoor encampment to protest structural discrimination against Dalit students that was the cause of the suicide of <a href="/facts/Rohith_Vemula/fsrDpA8z">Rohit Vemula</a>, a graduate student. His refusal to serve as a visiting professor gained national attention in India. Yet Ness maintained, </p><blockquote><p>“In India, the major contradiction and division is the difference between permanent and contract, and it plays itself out in furthering the super exploitation of the labour force of this country.”<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p></blockquote><p>Ness was elected chair of the <a href="/facts/CUNY_School_of_Professional_Studies/WYXA3pI8">Professional Staff Congress City University of New York (PSC/CUNY) International Committee</a> in September 2016 and has been chair of the United States Peace Council in May 2018, advocating for working-class solidarity and against war and imperialism. In May 2021, as PS International Committee Chair, Ness sponsored the passage of a ‘No Cold War with China Resolution, now official policy of Professional Staff Congress, the faculty and staff union of City University of New York.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> In addition, Ness, helped shepherd a resolution condemning Israel for its intolerance and violence towards Palestinians.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p><h2 id="working-class-spontaneity-and-marxismleninism">Working class spontaneity and Marxism–Leninism</h2> <p>In 1990s, his research became more critical of traditional unions, and he began to participate in advancing rank-and-file self-activity outside of traditional structures through new forms of autonomist <a href="/facts/Marxism/sgnnLfax">Marxist</a> unions. His advocacy included solidarity efforts with new and independent unions that had few or limited links to trade union centers and affiliates. Much of his organizing, advocacy, and research since 2015 has focused on a rejection of utopian and idealist notions propounded by social democrats, anarchists, <a href="/facts/Western_Marxism/VmVjz8ye">Western Marxists</a>, and through applying an anti-imperialist state-centered Marxist approach rooted in unequal exchange between the rich countries of the Global North and poor countries of the Global South, which comprise 85% of the world’s population. Ness is formulating a reconceptualization of the centrality of the working class as a social force in building disciplined workers parties, accountable to mass workers and actually existing socialist states (AES).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <h3>As editor</h3> <ul><li><i>Ours to Master and to Own: Workers Councils from the Commune to the Present</i> (Haymarket Books 2011/Nuerer ISP Verlag 2011)</li> <li><i>Encyclopedia of American Social Movements</i> (2004, Sharpe Reference)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li><i>Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest: 1500 to the Present</i> (Wiley-Blackwell Publishers 2009)</li> <li><i>The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration</i> (Wiley-Blackwell Publishers 2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/New_Forms_of_Worker_Organization:_The_Syndicalist_and_Autonomist_Restoration_of_Class-Struggle_Unionism/4tG4E2ax">New Forms of Worker Organization: The Syndicalist and Autonomist Restoration of Class-Struggle Unionism</a></i> (2014, PM Press)</li> <li><i>The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism</i> ed. with Zak Cope (Palgrave Macmillan 2016)</li></ul> <h3>As author</h3> <ul><li><i>Migration as Economic Imperialism: How International Labour Mobility Undermines Economic Development in Poor Countries</i> (Polity 2023)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li> <li><i>Organizing Insurgency: Workers Movements in the Global South</i> (Pluto: 2021)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></li> <li><i>Southern Insurgency: The Coming of the Global Working Class</i> (Pluto 2015)</li> <li><i>Guest Workers and U.S. Corporate Despotism</i> (University of Illinois Press 2011)</li> <li><i>Immigrants, Unions and the New U.S. Labor Market</i> (Temple University Press 2005)</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7701-5903">Immanuel Ness</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Faculty Details". Brooklyn College-City University of New York. Retrieved 19 November 2012. <a href="https://www.brooklyn.edu/faculty-staff/immanuel-ness/" target="_blank">https://www.brooklyn.edu/faculty-staff/immanuel-ness/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Press Release. "Spitzer And Consul General Announce Settlement of Labor Abuse Cases Against Greengroceries". Attorney General Spitzer. Retrieved 23 November 2012. <a href="http://www.ag.ny.gov/press-release/spitzer-and-consul-general-announce-settlement-labor-abuse-cases-against" target="_blank">http://www.ag.ny.gov/press-release/spitzer-and-consul-general-announce-settlement-labor-abuse-cases-against</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Press Release. "Spitzer And Consul General Announce Settlement of Labor Abuse Cases Against Greengroceries". Attorney General Spitzer. Retrieved 23 November 2012. <a href="http://www.ag.ny.gov/press-release/spitzer-and-consul-general-announce-settlement-labor-abuse-cases-against" target="_blank">http://www.ag.ny.gov/press-release/spitzer-and-consul-general-announce-settlement-labor-abuse-cases-against</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Journal of Labor and Society". Working USA. doi:10.1111/(ISSN)1743-4580. <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1743-4580/homepage/EditorialBoard.html" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1743-4580/homepage/EditorialBoard.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>http://www.laborcommission.org/files/uploads/2FINAL_Merchants_of_Menace_lo_res.pdf [bare URL PDF] <a href="http://www.laborcommission.org/files/uploads/2FINAL_Merchants_of_Menace_lo_res.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.laborcommission.org/files/uploads/2FINAL_Merchants_of_Menace_lo_res.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Studies in Political Economy of Global Labor and Work". Brill. Retrieved 25 July 2023. <a href="https://brill.com/display/serial/PELW" target="_blank">https://brill.com/display/serial/PELW</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Planetizing the Labor Movement | Immanuel Ness". Great Transition Initiative. 17 April 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2023. <a href="https://greattransition.org/roundtable/workers-world-immanuel-ness" target="_blank">https://greattransition.org/roundtable/workers-world-immanuel-ness</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>www.politybooks.com https://www.politybooks.com/author-books?author_slug=immanuel-ness-2. Retrieved 25 July 2023. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) <a href="https://www.politybooks.com/author-books?author_slug=immanuel-ness-2" target="_blank">https://www.politybooks.com/author-books?author_slug=immanuel-ness-2</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Organizing Insurgency". Pluto Press. Retrieved 25 July 2023. <a href="https://www.plutobooks.com/9780745343594/organizing-insurgency" target="_blank">https://www.plutobooks.com/9780745343594/organizing-insurgency</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Southern Insurgency". Pluto Press. Retrieved 25 July 2023. <a href="https://www.plutobooks.com/9780745335995/southern-insurgency" target="_blank">https://www.plutobooks.com/9780745335995/southern-insurgency</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Ness, Immanuel (2011). Guest Workers and Resistance to U.S. Corporate Despotism. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-252-07817-0. <a href="978-0-252-07817-0" target="_blank">978-0-252-07817-0</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>The Oxford Handbook of Economic Imperialism. Oxford University Press. 14 February 2022. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/38857" target="_blank">https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/38857</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"The Oxford Handbook of Economic Imperialism". academic.oup.com. 14 February 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2023. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/38857" target="_blank">https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/38857</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"The Routledge Handbook of the Gig Economy". Routledge & CRC Press. Retrieved 25 July 2023. <a href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Routledge-Handbook-of-the-Gig-Economy/Ness/p/book/9780367752903" target="_blank">https://www.routledge.com/The-Routledge-Handbook-of-the-Gig-Economy/Ness/p/book/9780367752903</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>The Oxford Handbook of Migration Crises. Oxford University Press. 10 September 2018. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/27963" target="_blank">https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/27963</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Ness & Azzellini (2011). Ours to Master and to Own: Worker Control from the Commune to the Present. Chicago: Haymarket Books. p. 443. ISBN 9781608461196. <a href="9781608461196" target="_blank">9781608461196</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Azzellini & Ness (2012). Die endlich entdeckte politische Form (PDF). Köln: Neuer ISP Verlag. p. 448. ISBN 978-3-89 900-138-9. <a href="978-3-89 900-138-9" target="_blank">978-3-89 900-138-9</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Ness & Bellwood (2013). Ness, Immanuel (ed.). Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration (PDF). Oxford, UK: Wiley Blackwell. p. 3472. doi:10.1002/9781444351071. ISBN 9781444351071. <a href="9781444351071" target="_blank">9781444351071</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Brooks and Ness, New York Unemployed Committee (24 June 1991). "Unemployment Compensation – Burden on Jobless". US Senate, Committee on Finance. Retrieved 19 November 2012.[permanent dead link] <a href="http://www.finance.senate.gov/library/hearings/download/?id...a237" target="_blank">http://www.finance.senate.gov/library/hearings/download/?id...a237</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Dowd, Maureen (17 August 1991). "Bush Chides Protesters on Excesses". New York Times. Retrieved 19 November 2012. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/17/us/bush-chides-protesters-on-excesses.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/17/us/bush-chides-protesters-on-excesses.html</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Community Labor Coalition Scores Victory in New York". The Activist: Culture, Politics, Action. Retrieved 19 November 2012. 2001 Archives <a href="http://www.theactivist.org/archive/archives/sp00/activism/community_labor_coalition.html" target="_blank">http://www.theactivist.org/archive/archives/sp00/activism/community_labor_coalition.html</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Dominguez, Jerry. "Union Square Awards 2003". Retrieved 19 November 2012. <a href="http://www.unionsquareawards.org/social-justice-orgs/33-2003/233-mexican-american-workers-association" target="_blank">http://www.unionsquareawards.org/social-justice-orgs/33-2003/233-mexican-american-workers-association</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Wilson, David (May 2001). "Superbario Eludes NYC Police on Mayday" (PDF). Indypendent. 7: 5. Retrieved 19 November 2012.[permanent dead link] <a href="http://www.indypendent.org/sites/default/files/indypendent_issue_7.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.indypendent.org/sites/default/files/indypendent_issue_7.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Hartocollis, Anemona; Moynihan, Colin (20 December 2010). "With This Tuition Rise, Quieter CUNY Reaction". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 25 July 2023. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/20/nyregion/20cuny.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/20/nyregion/20cuny.html</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"The Labour Story that Big Media is Not Telling You". The Wire. Retrieved 25 July 2023. <a href="https://thewire.in/labour/labour-trade-unions-strike" target="_blank">https://thewire.in/labour/labour-trade-unions-strike</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>"A place so pure you could eat... someone alive". The Hindu. 22 February 2016. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 26 July 2023. <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/thread/article8268343.ece" target="_blank">https://www.thehindu.com/thread/article8268343.ece</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>刘小卓. "'No Cold War' with China, says educator union". global.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 26 July 2023. <a href="https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202105/28/WS60b054bfa31024ad0bac213a.html" target="_blank">https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202105/28/WS60b054bfa31024ad0bac213a.html</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>"#resolutions". cunystruggle.org. 2 September 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2023. <a href="https://cunystruggle.org/tag/resolutions/" target="_blank">https://cunystruggle.org/tag/resolutions/</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Ness, Immanuel (26 December 2022). "The Oxford Handbook of Economic Imperialism: Interview with Immanuel Ness". Anti-Imperialist Network. Retrieved 25 July 2023. <a href="https://anti-imperialist.net/2022/12/26/the-oxford-handbook-of-economic-imperialism-interview-with-immanuel-ness/" target="_blank">https://anti-imperialist.net/2022/12/26/the-oxford-handbook-of-economic-imperialism-interview-with-immanuel-ness/</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Keane, Ellen M. J. (2005). "Review of Encyclopedia of American Social Movements". Reference & User Services Quarterly. 44 (3): 258–259. ISSN 1094-9054. JSTOR 20864374. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>"Migration as Economic Imperialism: How International Labour Mobility Undermines Economic Development in Poor Countries | Wiley". Wiley.com. Retrieved 25 July 2023. <a href="https://www.wiley.com/en-ae/Migration+as+Economic+Imperialism%3A+How+International+Labour+Mobility+Undermines+Economic+Development+in+Poor+Countries-p-9781509554003" target="_blank">https://www.wiley.com/en-ae/Migration+as+Economic+Imperialism%3A+How+International+Labour+Mobility+Undermines+Economic+Development+in+Poor+Countries-p-9781509554003</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Ness, Immanuel (2021). Organizing Insurgency: Workers' Movements in the Global South. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-4359-4. JSTOR j.ctv1k531hp. <a href="978-0-7453-4359-4" target="_blank">978-0-7453-4359-4</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>