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Australian funnel-web spider
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<h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>Spiders in the family Atracidae are medium to large in size, with body lengths ranging from 1 to 5 cm (0.39 to 1.97 in), with one exceptional specimen reaching 8 cm (3.1 in).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> They have a hairless carapace covering the front part of their bodies. Some atracids have relatively long <a href="/facts/Spinneret_(spider)/x8mdkzaN">spinnerets</a>; this is especially true of the Sydney funnel-web spider (<i>A. robustus</i>). Males have a large mating spur projecting from the middle of their second pair of legs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Like other <a href="/facts/Mygalomorphae/mNTpLFo8">Mygalomorphae</a> – an <a href="/facts/Infraorder/GKLJvIpt">infraorder</a> of <a href="/facts/Spider/aqpU7eg3">spiders</a> that includes the tropical <a href="/facts/Tarantula/8hVzxLhF">tarantulas</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> – these spiders have <a href="/facts/Fang/IbsA3uNY">fangs</a> that point straight down the body and do not point towards each other (cf. <a href="/facts/Araneomorphae/tN5eRbnK">Araneomorphae</a>). They have ample venom glands that lie entirely within their <a href="/facts/Chelicerae/TAkw3S2g">chelicerae</a>. Their fangs are large and powerful, capable of penetrating fingernails and soft shoes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>Australian funnel-web spiders make their burrows in moist, cool, sheltered habitats – under rocks, in and under rotting logs, and some in rough-barked trees (occasionally meters above ground). They are commonly found in suburban rockeries and shrubberies, rarely in lawns or other open terrain. A burrow characteristically has irregular silk trip-lines radiating from the entrance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Unlike some related <a href="/facts/Trapdoor_spider/Vf29NAlJ">trapdoor spiders</a>, they do not build lids to their burrows. </p> <h2 id="distribution">Distribution</h2> <p>The primary range of the Australian funnel-web spiders is the eastern coast of Australia, with specimens found in <a href="/facts/New_South_Wales/aW7eJXSS">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/facts/South_Australia/R7UdxV97">South Australia</a>, <a href="/facts/Victoria_(Australia)/76P2nqtz">Victoria</a>, <a href="/facts/Tasmania/q3dubPTt">Tasmania</a> and <a href="/facts/Queensland/lXBlIeY3">Queensland</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> The only Australian states or territories without members of this family are Western Australia<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> and the Northern Territory. </p> <h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <p>The first atracid spider to be described was <i><a href="/facts/Hadronyche_cerberea/4NbWSPhl">Hadronyche cerberea</a></i>, by <a href="/facts/Carl_Ludwig_Koch/DuAdgX5L">Carl Ludwig Koch</a> in 1873. <a href="/facts/Octavius_Pickard-Cambridge/gK3ygB78">Octavius Pickard-Cambridge</a> described another atracid species, <i>A. robustus</i>, four years later. For a considerable time, confusion existed as to the limits of the genera <i>Hadronyche</i> and <i>Atrax</i>, not helped by the destruction of the type specimens of <i>Hadronyche cerberea</i> during World War II. In 1980, <a href="/facts/Robert_J._Raven/LE1v5F0s">Robert J. Raven</a> merged the two genera under <i>Atrax</i>. In 1988, <a href="/facts/Michael_R._Gray/rJGQqBxa">Michael R. Gray</a> separated them again, and in 2010, added a third genus, <i><a href="/facts/Illawarra_wisharti/dbWNvWQN">Illawarra</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>The family placement of the group has varied. In 1892, <a href="/facts/Eug%C3%A8ne_Simon/KtDmBIGI">Eugène Simon</a> placed <i>Atrax</i> and <i>Hadronyche</i> in the family <a href="/facts/Dipluridae/9l34AS4f">Dipluridae</a>. In 1901, <a href="/facts/Henry_Roughton_Hogg/txUuIwdW">Henry R. Hogg</a> considered them to be sufficiently distinctive to form a separate group, which he called "Atraceae"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> – the basis of the modern family name Atracidae. When in the 1980s, Raven elevated part of Simon's Dipluridae to the family <a href="/facts/Hexathelidae/G8SXM630">Hexathelidae</a>, he included the atracine group. <a href="/facts/Molecular_phylogenetics/FysplHP5">Molecular phylogenetic studies</a> consistently threw doubt on the <a href="/facts/Monophyly/pD8Yrrn6">monophyly</a> of the Hexathelidae.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> In 2018, the group was restored to a full family as Atracidae. The following <a href="/facts/Cladogram/fWFYhUFo">cladogram</a> shows the relationship found between Atracidae and related taxa. Its sister taxon is <a href="/facts/Actinopodidae/6NGU0340">Actinopodidae</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>Dipluridae</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Hexathelidae/G8SXM630">Hexathelidae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Porrhothelidae/SAG4tJ1x">Porrhothelidae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Macrothelidae/G0oU2vXW">Macrothelidae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Calisoga/WfoW0AjF">Calisoga</a></i> (Nemesiidae)</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Hebestatis/8mRIoSzD">Hebestatis</a></i> (Halonoproctidae)</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>Atracidae</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Actinopodidae/6NGU0340">Actinopodidae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Genera</h3> <p>As of April 2019<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_funnel-web_spider&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/facts/World_Spider_Catalog/LIuBPBwK">World Spider Catalog</a> accepts the following genera:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Atrax/Nk06JEwo">Atrax</a></i> O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1877 — Australia</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Hadronyche/H33m4WMs">Hadronyche</a></i> L. Koch, 1873 — Australia</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Illawarra_wisharti/dbWNvWQN">Illawarra</a></i> Gray, 2010 — Australia</li></ul> <h2 id="medical-significance">Medical significance</h2> <p>Australian funnel-web spiders are one of the most medically significant groups of spiders in the world and are regarded by some to be the most deadly, both in terms of clinical cases and venom toxicity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Six species have caused severe injuries to human victims: the Sydney funnel-web spider (<i><a href="/facts/Sydney_funnel-web_spider/LsupqJS5">Atrax robustus</a></i>), the northern tree-dwelling funnel-web spider (<i><a href="/facts/Hadronyche_formidabilis/bF0cprmD">Hadronyche formidabilis</a></i>), the southern tree-dwelling funnel-web spider (<i><a href="/facts/Hadronyche_cerberea/4NbWSPhl">H. cerberea</a></i>),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> the Blue Mountains funnel-web spider (<i><a href="/facts/Hadronyche_versuta/tDY6ctjx">H. versuta</a></i>), the Darling Downs funnel-web spider (<i><a href="/facts/Hadronyche_infensa/5CeyHdhb">H. infensa</a></i>), and the Port Macquarie funnel-web spider (<i><a href="/facts/Hadronyche_macquariensis/23m2r7S6">H. macquariensis</a></i>). </p><p>Examination of <a href="/facts/Spider_bite/2xkvvbWR">bite</a> records has implicated wandering males in most, if not all, fatal Australian funnel-web spider bites to humans. Adult males, recognised by the modified terminal segment of the <a href="/facts/Pedipalp/mdd5FmrQ">palp</a>, tend to wander during the warmer months of the year, looking for receptive females for mating.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> They are attracted to water, hence are often found in swimming pools, into which they often fall while wandering. The spiders can survive immersion in water for several hours and can deliver a bite when removed from the water.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> They also show up in garages and yards in suburban Sydney. Contrary to a commonly held belief, Australian funnel-web spiders are not able to jump, although they can run quickly.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p><p>While some very venomous spiders do not always inject venom when they bite, these spiders most often do. The volume of venom delivered to large animals is often small, possibly due to the angle of the fangs, which are not horizontally opposed, and because contact is often brief before the spider is brushed off. About 10 to 25% of bites are claimed to produce significant toxicity,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> but the likelihood cannot be predicted and all bites should be treated as potentially life-threatening. </p><p>Bites from Sydney funnel-web spiders have caused 13 documented deaths (seven in children).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> In all cases where the sex of the biting spider could be determined, it was found to be the male of the species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> One member of the genus <i>Hadronyche</i>, the northern tree-dwelling funnel-web spider, has also been claimed to cause fatal envenomation,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> but to date, this lacks the support of a specific medical report. Assays of venom from several <i>Hadronyche</i> species have shown it to be similar to <i>Atrax</i> venom. </p><p>In 2021 researchers from the <a href="/facts/University_of_Queensland/Umrq4nJ7">University of Queensland</a> announced that the venom from funnel-web spiders found on <a href="/facts/Fraser_Island/o4aYNL96">Fraser Island</a> contains the molecule <a href="/facts/Hi1a/E0a2xuE2">Hi1a</a> that could block the cell death message after a heart attack, protecting the heart after major injury and potentially preventing or minimising muscle damage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p> <h3>Toxins</h3> <p>Many different <a href="/facts/Toxin/11oUNk7n">toxins</a> are found in the venom of <i>Atrax</i> and <i>Hadronyche</i> spiders. Collectively, these <a href="/facts/Spider_toxin/Y8nM9R2t">spider toxins</a> are given the name atracotoxins (ACTX), as all these spiders belong to the family Atracidae. The first toxins isolated were the <a href="/facts/Delta_atracotoxin/1gXw026p">δ-ACTX toxins</a> present in the venom of both <i>A. robustus</i> (δ-ACTX-Ar1, formerly known as <a href="/facts/Robustoxin/1gXw026p">robustoxin</a> or atracotoxin) and <i>H. versuta</i> (δ-ACTX-Hv1a, formerly known as <a href="/facts/Versutoxin/oLSq91u0">versutoxin</a>). Both of these toxins produce the same effects in monkeys as those seen in humans, suggesting that they are responsible for the physiological effects seen with crude venom.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p> <p>These toxins are thought to induce spontaneous, repetitive firing and prolongation of action potentials, resulting in continuous acetylcholine neurotransmitter release from somatic and autonomic <a href="/facts/Presynaptic/vdMRJCUn">presynaptic</a> nerve endings. This leads to slower <a href="/facts/Voltage-gated_sodium_channel/pXb4n2Vz">voltage-gated sodium channel</a> inactivation and a hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage-dependence of activation. This in turn inhibits neurally mediated transmitter release, resulting in a surge of endogenous <a href="/facts/Acetylcholine/v1d3wRUd">acetylcholine</a>, <a href="/facts/Noradrenaline/AjTIC9ox">noradrenaline</a>, and <a href="/facts/Adrenaline/k7vvMI7E">adrenaline</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p><p>Although extremely toxic to primates, the venom appears to be fairly harmless to many other animals. These animals may be resistant to the venom's effects due to the presence of <a href="/facts/Immunoglobulin_G/cKzc83tk">IgG</a>, and possibly cross-linked IgG and <a href="/facts/IgM/23PjpgIQ">IgM</a> inactivating factors in their <a href="/facts/Blood_plasma/oHuwwugG">blood plasma</a> that bind to the toxins responsible and neutralise them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p><p>The female's venom was thought to be only about a sixth as potent to humans as that of the male's.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> The bite of a female or juvenile may still be serious, but considerable variability occurs in venom toxicity between species, together with assumed degrees of inefficiency in the method of venom delivery. </p> <h3>Symptoms</h3> <p>Envenomation symptoms observed following bites by these spiders are very similar. The bite is initially very painful, due to the size of the fangs penetrating the skin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> Puncture marks and local bleeding are also usually visible. If substantial envenomation occurs, symptoms generally occur within minutes and progress rapidly. </p><p>Early symptoms of systemic envenomation include <a href="/facts/Goose_bumps/HHEXUolS">goose bumps</a>, <a href="/facts/Perspiration/c5zARtaT">sweating</a>, <a href="/facts/Paresthesia/hRBAxluk">tingling around the mouth and tongue</a>, <a href="/facts/Fasciculation/zUfJuPMQ">twitching</a> (initially facial and <a href="/facts/Intercostal_muscle/SFCkv3vD">intercostal</a>), salivation, <a href="/facts/Lacrimation/qtYNpb7g">watery eyes</a>, <a href="/facts/Tachycardia/ycmyzP7q">elevated heart rate</a>, and <a href="/facts/Hypertension/wlAvBfcf">elevated blood pressure</a>. As systemic envenomation progresses, symptoms include <a href="/facts/Nausea/dyhkcbeD">nausea</a>, <a href="/facts/Vomiting/R2vQkHqV">vomiting</a>, <a href="/facts/Dyspnoea/1jBfFzxU">shortness of breath</a> (caused by airway obstruction), <a href="/facts/Psychomotor_agitation/n1vWk6RD">agitation</a>, <a href="/facts/Confusion/Pcvw6deb">confusion</a>, writhing, grimacing, <a href="/facts/Muscle_spasm/62EfFXKP">muscle spasms</a>, <a href="/facts/Pulmonary_oedema/sVS5UDxl">pulmonary oedema</a> (of <a href="/facts/Neurogenic/CDxRKU2U">neurogenic</a> or hypertensive origin), <a href="/facts/Metabolic_acidosis/sSKCKBHA">metabolic acidosis</a>, and extreme hypertension. The final stages of severe envenomation include <a href="/facts/Mydriasis/19r5uMvC">dilation of the pupils</a> (often <a href="/facts/Blown_pupil/19r5uMvC">fixed</a>), uncontrolled generalised muscle twitching, <a href="/facts/Unconsciousness/SS240v32">unconsciousness</a>, elevated <a href="/facts/Intracranial_pressure/GVyhAWpH">intracranial pressure</a>, and death. Death generally is a result of progressive <a href="/facts/Hypotension/BhrdVVRS">hypotension</a> or possibly elevated intracranial pressure consequent on <a href="/facts/Cerebral_oedema/UDlqKHrV">cerebral oedema</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p><p>The onset of severe envenomation can be rapid. In one prospective study, the median time to onset of envenomation was 28 minutes, with only two cases having onset after two hours (both had pressure immobilisation bandages applied).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> Death may occur within a period ranging from 15 minutes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> (this occurred when a small child was bitten) to three days. </p> <h3>Treatment</h3> <p>Owing to the severity of symptoms, and the speed with which they progress, in areas where these spiders are known to live, all bites from large, black spiders should be treated as though they were caused by Australian funnel-web spiders. First-aid<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> treatment for a suspected Australian funnel-web spider bite consists of immediately applying a <a href="/facts/Pressure_immobilisation_technique/keBvRDE3">pressure immobilization</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> bandage; a technique which consists of wrapping the bitten limb with a crepe bandage, as well as applying a <a href="/facts/Splint_(medicine)/4y5QL014">splint</a> to limit movement of the limb. This technique was originally developed for <a href="/facts/Snakebite/jb4rUou8">snakebites</a>, but has also been shown to be effective at slowing venom movement and preventing systemic envenomation in case of an Australian funnel-web spider bite. Some evidence suggests that periods of prolonged localisation may slowly inactivate the venom.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p><p>Further supportive care may be necessary, but the mainstay of treatment is antivenom. Venom from the male Sydney funnel-web spider (<i>A. robustus</i>) is used in producing the antivenom, but it appears to be effective against the venom of all species of atracids.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> Australian funnel-web spider antivenom has also been shown, <i>in vitro</i>, to reverse the effects of eastern <a href="/facts/Mouse_spider/BAldXwu3">mouse spider</a> (<i>Missulena bradleyi</i>) venom.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> </p><p>Before the introduction of antivenom, envenomation resulted in significant morbidity and mortality.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> The purified rabbit <a href="/facts/Immunoglobulin_G/cKzc83tk">IgG</a> antivenom was developed in 1981 through a team effort led by Dr. <a href="/facts/Struan_Sutherland/kdeac9ox">Struan Sutherland</a>, head of immunology at the <a href="/facts/CSL_Limited/KBN62Tpq">Australian Commonwealth Serum Laboratories</a> in <a href="/facts/Melbourne/EHY9YxI0">Melbourne</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> The antivenom is fast-acting and highly and globally effective.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> Antivenom therapy has shortened the course of envenomation effects; prior to its availability, the average length of hospital treatment for severe bites was about 14 days. Today, antivenom-treated patients are commonly discharged from hospital within one to three days.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> No deaths are known since it became available.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Australasian funnel-web spider. <a href="/facts/Wikispecies/b2GhA7Le">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i>Hadronyche</i>. <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031208183121/http://www.arachnology.org/Arachnology/Pages/Araneae.html">Arachnology Home Pages: Araneae</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060415075002/http://www.arachnology.org/Arachnology/Pages/Atrax.html">Arachnology Home Pages: Atrax</a></li> <li><a href="http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog81-87/index.html">Platnick, N.I. 2003. World Spider Catalog</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050515232341/http://www.amonline.net.au/factsheets/funnelweb.htm">Funnel-web spider info</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.deh.gov.au/cgi-bin/species-bank/sbank-treatment.pl?id=75618">Information, distribution and pictures of <i>A. robustus</i></a></li> <li><a href="http://ednieuw.home.xs4all.nl/australian/Mygalomorphae/Mygalomorphae.htm">Australian Mygalomorphae or primitive spiders</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Family Atracidae Hogg, 1901", World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 2018-05-14 <a href="http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/family/124" target="_blank">http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/family/124</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Family Atracidae Hogg, 1901", World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 2018-05-14 <a href="http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/family/124" target="_blank">http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/family/124</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Gray, Michael R. (24 November 2010). "A revision of the Australian funnel-web spiders (Hexathelidae: Atracinae)". Records of the Australian Museum. 62 (3): 285–392. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1556. ISSN 0067-1975. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3853%2Fj.0067-1975.62.2010.1556" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3853%2Fj.0067-1975.62.2010.1556</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Family Atracidae Hogg, 1901", World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 2018-05-14 <a href="http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/family/124" target="_blank">http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/family/124</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Funnel-web Spiders". Australian Museum. Sydney. Retrieved 24 January 2012. <a href="http://australianmuseum.net.au/Funnel-web-Spiders-Group" target="_blank">http://australianmuseum.net.au/Funnel-web-Spiders-Group</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Press Release: MEGASPIDER – "What nightmares are made of!"". Australian Reptile Park. 12 November 2021. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021. <a href="https://us14.campaign-archive.com/?u=3cb5d1db2eba822be67e2c3fb&id=dde2d75c2f" target="_blank">https://us14.campaign-archive.com/?u=3cb5d1db2eba822be67e2c3fb&id=dde2d75c2f</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Gray, Michael R. (24 November 2010). "A revision of the Australian funnel-web spiders (Hexathelidae: Atracinae)". Records of the Australian Museum. 62 (3): 285–392. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1556. ISSN 0067-1975. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3853%2Fj.0067-1975.62.2010.1556" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3853%2Fj.0067-1975.62.2010.1556</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Mygalomorph tarantulas are a different family from the original 'tarantula', an araneomorph lycosid from Europe. —Rod and Ken Preston-Mafham. Spiders of the World. Blandford Press, 1989, England, p. 47 <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Funnel-web Fangs National Geographic. Retrieved 4 May 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528170428/http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/media/funnel-web-fangs/?ar_a=1" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130528170428/http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/media/funnel-web-fangs/?ar_a=1</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Gray, Michael R. (24 November 2010). "A revision of the Australian funnel-web spiders (Hexathelidae: Atracinae)". Records of the Australian Museum. 62 (3): 285–392. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1556. ISSN 0067-1975. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3853%2Fj.0067-1975.62.2010.1556" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3853%2Fj.0067-1975.62.2010.1556</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Gray, Michael R. (24 November 2010). "A revision of the Australian funnel-web spiders (Hexathelidae: Atracinae)". Records of the Australian Museum. 62 (3): 285–392. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1556. ISSN 0067-1975. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3853%2Fj.0067-1975.62.2010.1556" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3853%2Fj.0067-1975.62.2010.1556</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Fact sheet: Funnel-web spider CSIRO Note: Though formerly well resourced in entomology, CSIRO acknowledges on this site that it currently does no research into Australian funnel-web spiders. <a href="http://www.csiro.au/resources/Funnelweb-Spider-Facts.html" target="_blank">http://www.csiro.au/resources/Funnelweb-Spider-Facts.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Raymond Mascord Australian Spiders in Colour Reed Press NSW, 1991, p. 14 <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Gray, Michael R. (24 November 2010). "A revision of the Australian funnel-web spiders (Hexathelidae: Atracinae)". Records of the Australian Museum. 62 (3): 285–392. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1556. 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