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Carnarvon Tablet
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<h2 id="discovery">Discovery</h2> <p>It was found in 1908 by <a href="/facts/George_Herbert%2c_5th_Earl_of_Carnarvon/GLL5rG1e">Lord Carnarvon</a> on two wooden tablets covered <a href="/facts/Stucco/KUymM5ur">stucco</a> in fine plaster.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> It was discovered amongst pottery debris on a ledge close to the entrance of a tomb near the mouth of the <a href="/facts/Deir_el-Bahari/0FjRhwSA">Deir el-Bahari</a> valley.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Howard_Carter/Ee4z4GuM">Howard Carter</a> believed this tomb to date from the <a href="/facts/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt/jhcIl1As">Seventeenth Dynasty</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> But actually it is now believed that the tablet goes back to the <a href="/facts/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt/aT7N6fPT">Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> -- only a little later.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>On the reverse side of tablet no. 1 is inscribed the beginning of <i><a href="/facts/The_Maxims_of_Ptahhotep/yunWvW3j">The Maxims of Ptahhotep</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> On the obverse side of this tablet is a description of Kamose's victory over the Hyksos. </p><p>The tablet is believed to be a schoolboy's exercise, but the text proved to be very important. </p><p>As early as 1916, Sir Alan Gardiner assumed that the First Carnarvon Tablet must be a copy of some commemorative stela of pharaoh Kamose. Less than 20 years later, his thesis was confirmed when French Egyptologists Lacau and Chévrier were working on the Third Pylon of Karnak and made the important discovery of two stela fragments. The smallest of them was found in 1932. And in 1935, the larger fragment appeared. </p><p>Thus, it emerged that the text was copied from Kamose's stelas in <a href="/facts/Karnak/WereaCCV">Karnak</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> These newer stelae were published in 1939.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>On tablet no. 2 there is a heavily damaged inscription.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="contents">Contents</h2> <p>In the inscription, Kamose exclaims (in a translation by <a href="/facts/James_B._Pritchard/LFJ4zozG">James B. Pritchard</a>): </p> <blockquote><p>Let me understand what this strength of mine is for! (One) prince is in <a href="/facts/Avaris/NJVPRclv">Avaris</a>, another is in Ethiopia, and (here) I sit associated with an Asiatic and a Negro! Each man has his slice of this Egypt, dividing up the land with me. I cannot pass by him as far as <a href="/facts/Memphis%2c_Egypt/g8BoleBx">Memphis</a>, the waters of Egypt, (but), behold, he has <a href="/facts/Hermopolis/9fJ8wxVJ">Hermopolis</a>. No man can settle down, being despoiled by the imposts of the Asiatics. I will grapple with him, that I may cut open his belly! My wish is to save Egypt and to smite the Asiatics!<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></p></blockquote> <p>Sir <a href="/facts/Alan_Gardiner/U2mbEGyS">Alan Gardiner</a> provides the following alternative translation, noting the control of <a href="/facts/Upper_Egypt/D5NeTQhE">Upper Egypt</a> by the <a href="/facts/Kerma_culture/Uvf49v2B">Kerma culture</a> of <a href="/facts/Nubia/Hmc5JIHK">Nubia</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>I should like to know what serves this strength of mine, when a chieftain in Avaris, and another in <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Kush/8BorCh8R">Kush</a>, and I sit united with an Asiatic and a Nubian, each in possession of his slice of Egypt, and I cannot pass by him as far as Memphis... No man can settle down, when despoiled by the taxes of the Asiatics. I will grapple with him, that I may rip open his belly! My wish is to save Egypt and to smite the Asiatic!"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></p></blockquote> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <ul><li>Alan H. Gardiner, ‘The Defeat of the Hyksos by Kamōse: The Carnarvon Tablet, No. I’, <i>The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology</i>, Vol. 3, No. 2/3 (Apr. - Jul., 1916), pp. 95-110.</li> <li>Battiscombe Gunn and Alan H. Gardiner, ‘New Renderings of Egyptian Texts: II. The Expulsion of the Hyksos’, <i>The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology</i>, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Jan., 1918), pp. 36–56.</li> <li>James B. Pritchard, <i>Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Third Edition</i> (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969).</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>The Earl of Carnarvon and Howard Carter, <i>Five Years' Explorations at Thebes</i> (London: Henry Frowde Oxford University, 1912), plate xxvii, xxviii and pp. 36–37.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://cojs.org/carnarvon_tablet-_18th_century_bce/">Photographs of the inscription</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Alan H. Gardiner, ‘The Defeat of the Hyksos by Kamōse: The Carnarvon Tablet, No. I’, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 3, No. 2/3 (Apr. - Jul., 1916), pp. 95-110. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Gardiner, p. 95. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Gardiner, p. 95. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Gardiner, p. 95. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Ilin-Tomich, Alexander, 2016, Second Intermediate Period. In Wolfram Grajetzki and Willeke Wendrich (eds.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles <a href="http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewFile.do?contentFileId=2387706" target="_blank">http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewFile.do?contentFileId=2387706</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Gardiner, p. 95. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>James B. Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Third Edition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969), p. 232. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UEWWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA232" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UEWWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA232</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>James B. Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Third Edition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969), p. 232. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UEWWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA232" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UEWWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA232</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>P. Lacau, ASAE, xxxix (1939) <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Gardiner, p. 95. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>James B. Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Third Edition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969), p. 232. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UEWWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA232" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UEWWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA232</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Gardiner, Sir Alan. Egypt of the Pharaohs, 1961, reprint Oxford University Press, 1979, p.166 <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>