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<h2 id="architecture">Architecture</h2> <p>The basic component in a Flutter program is a "widget", which can in turn consist of other widgets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> A widget describes the logic, interaction, and design of a UI element with an implementation similar to <a href="/facts/React_(JavaScript_library)/wEllNzoY">React</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Unlike other cross-platform toolkits such as <a href="/facts/React_Native/QrjPdqG8">React Native</a> and <a href="/facts/Xamarin/JEbH9UEP">Xamarin</a> which draw widgets using native platform components, Flutter renders widgets itself on a per-<a href="/facts/Pixel/UzwBvXBV">pixel</a> basis. Flutter has two types of widgets: <i>stateless</i> and <i>stateful</i>. Stateless widgets only update if their inputs change, meaning they otherwise won't need to be rebuilt when other elements of the screen change, while stateful widgets can call the setState() method to update an internal state and redraw.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Although widgets are the primary method of constructing Flutter applications, they can also be bypassed in favor of directly drawing on a canvas. This feature has been occasionally used to implement game engines in Flutter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>The Flutter framework contains two sets of widgets that conform to specific design languages: <a href="/facts/Material_Design/4ma88y5C">Material Design</a> widgets implement Google's <a href="/facts/Design_language/xoFGd5uM">design language</a> of the same name, and <i>Cupertino</i> widgets implement Apple's <a href="/facts/IOS/mK5cggH5">iOS</a> <a href="/facts/Human_interface_guidelines/U9WBXEQo">Human interface guidelines</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Flutter allows the developer to use either set of widgets on either platform. Developers can use Cupertino widgets on Android. </p><p>Flutter apps are written in the <a href="/facts/Dart_(programming_language)/xJ8tE6Tl">Dart</a> language. Release versions of Flutter apps on all platforms use <a href="/facts/Ahead-of-time_compilation/RmP02P47">ahead-of-time (AOT) compilation</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> except for on the Web where code is <a href="/facts/Source-to-source_compiler/MnSVwoe9">transpiled</a> to <a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a> or WebAssembly.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Flutter inherits Dart's <a href="https://pub.dev">Pub</a> <a href="/facts/Package_manager/kEX4kx7g">package manager</a> and <a href="/facts/Software_repository/TlX4RM8Y">software repository</a>, which allows users to publish and use custom packages as well as Flutter-specific plugins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> The Foundation library, written in <a href="/facts/Dart_(programming_language)/xJ8tE6Tl">Dart</a>, provides basic classes and functions that are used to construct applications using Flutter, such as <a href="/facts/Application_programming_interface/GMlN4vUr">APIs</a> to communicate with the engine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p><p>Flutter's engine, written primarily in <a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a>, provides low-level <a href="/facts/Rendering_(computer_graphics)/YYxfnmAq">rendering</a> support using either Google's <a href="/facts/Skia_Graphics_Engine/Mkm0uXRp">Skia</a> graphics library or the custom "Impeller" graphics layer, which is enabled by default on iOS and is in beta on Android.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> The engine interfaces with <a href="/facts/Platform-specific_model/R04WWb8h">platform-specific</a> <a href="/facts/Software_development_kit/2Hkk6Hbs">SDKs</a> such as those provided by <a href="/facts/Android_(operating_system)/nNyHb0xz">Android</a> and <a href="/facts/IOS/mK5cggH5">iOS</a> to implement features like accessibility, file and network I/O, native plugin support, etc.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The first version of Flutter was known as "Sky" and ran on the <a href="/facts/Android_(operating_system)/nNyHb0xz">Android</a> <a href="/facts/Operating_system/8XTuvMh2">operating system</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> It was unveiled at the 2015 <a href="/facts/Dart_(programming_language)/xJ8tE6Tl">Dart</a> developer summit with the stated intent of being able to <a href="/facts/Rendering_(computer_graphics)/YYxfnmAq">render</a> consistently at 120 <a href="/facts/Frame_rate/sbRkc9xa">frames per second</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> On December 4, 2018, Flutter 1.0 was released at the Flutter conference in London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p><p>On May 6, 2020, the Dart software development kit (<a href="/facts/Software_development_kit/2Hkk6Hbs">SDK</a>) version 2.8 and Flutter 1.17.0 were released, adding support for the <a href="/facts/Metal_(API)/DIbAxKF6">Metal</a> <a href="/facts/API/GMlN4vUr">API</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p><p>On March 3, 2021, Google released Flutter 2 during an online Flutter Engage event.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> It added a <a href="/facts/Canvas_element/E6IPUWf1">Canvas</a>-based renderer for web in addition to the HTML-based renderer and early-access desktop application support for <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Windows/bwhAhuSL">Windows</a>, <a href="/facts/MacOS/Y93vVpTm">macOS</a>, and <a href="/facts/Linux/9FvCKSTq">Linux</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> It also shipped with Dart 2.0 which included support for <a href="/facts/Void_safety/XH0BI8cE">null-safety</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> Null safety was initially optional as it was a breaking change and was made mandatory in Dart 3 released in 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p><p>On May 12, 2022, Flutter 3 and Dart 2.17 were released with support for all desktop platforms as stable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p><p>On October 27, 2024, a number of Flutter community developers announced <i>Flock</i>, a fork of Flutter intended to be easier to contribute to while still keeping in sync with all changes made in the upstream code base.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Free and open-source software portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_platform-independent_GUI_libraries/GKrp1VAT">List of platform-independent GUI libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dart_(programming_language)/xJ8tE6Tl">Dart (programming language)</a></li></ul> <p>. </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Amadeo, Ron (2018-02-27). 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