Fire lance

<h2 id="design">Design</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/Fire_arrow/RaCSRbp1">Fire arrow</a>
The first fire lances consisted of a tube, usually bamboo, containing gunpowder and a slow match, strapped to a spear or other polearm weapon. Once ignited, the gunpowder tube would ideally eject a stream of flames in the direction of the spearhead. Projectiles such as iron pellets or pottery shards were later added to the gunpowder. Upon firing, the gunpowder charge ejected the projectiles along with the flame.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a>
Metal fire lance barrels appeared around the mid-13th century and these began to be used independently of the lance itself. The independent metal barrel was known as an 'eruptor' and became the forerunner of the <a href="/facts/Hand_cannon/5rGD3tEL">hand cannon</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>
In Europe, versions with wooden tubes were used.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>

<h2 id="history">History</h2>

See also: <a href="/facts/History_of_gunpowder/LlDLQhsb">History of gunpowder</a> and <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_the_Gunpowder_Age/l9FTSXIf">Timeline of the Gunpowder Age</a>
<h3>China</h3>
The earliest evidence of fire lances appeared in China in the year 950. However usage of fire lances in warfare was not mentioned until 1132 when Song garrisons used them during the <a href="/facts/Siege_of_De%2527an/fwc6QUcq">Siege of De'an</a>, in modern-day <a href="/facts/Anlu/h3jIk48a">Anlu</a>, <a href="/facts/Hubei/7JDg0AYg">Hubei</a>, in a sortie against the <a href="/facts/Jin_dynasty_(1115%25E2%2580%25931234)/yv1tvwzk">Jin dynasty (1115–1234)</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>
In 1163, fire lances were attached to war carts known as "at-your-desire-carts" used to defend mobile firebomb trebuchets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>
In the late 1100s, pieces of shrapnel such as porcelain shards and small iron pellets were added to the gunpowder tube. At some point fire lances discarded the spearhead altogether and relied solely on their firepower.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>
By 1232, the Jin were also using fire lances, but with improved reusable barrels consisting of durable paper material. According to the <a href="/facts/History_of_Jin/dFkEky4G">History of Jin</a>, these fire lances had a range of roughly three meters:

<blockquote>To make the lance, use chi-huang paper, sixteen layers of it for the tube, and make it a bit longer than two feet. Stuff it with willow charcoal, iron fragments, magnet ends, sulfur, white arsenic [probably an error that should mean saltpeter], and other ingredients, and put a fuse to the end. Each troop has hanging on him a little iron pot to keep fire [probably hot coals], and when it's time to do battle, the flames shoot out the front of the lance more than ten feet, and when the gunpowder is depleted, the tube isn't destroyed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>— <a href="/facts/History_of_Jin/dFkEky4G">History of Jin</a></blockquote>
In 1233, Jin soldiers used fire lances successfully against the <a href="/facts/Mongol/fb4zx1s8">Mongols</a>. Pucha Guannu led 450 Jin fire lancers and routed an entire Mongol encampment. The Mongol soldiers were apparently disdainful of other Jin weapons, but greatly feared the fire lance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>

<blockquote>On the 5th day of the 5th lunar month [in the year 1233] the Jin troops offered a sacrifice to Heaven. They began to prepare their huoqiang or 'fire lances' [i.e. fei huoqiang or 'flying fire lances'] and other weapons in secrecy. Then Marshal Pucha, at the head of 450 soldiers of the Loyal and Filial Army, embarked from the South Gate [of Guidefu] and sailed from the East to the North, killing the Mongol night patrols along the river bank until they arrived at Wangjiasi [where the Mongols had set up camp], . . In the fourth watch of the night the Jin troops attacked the Mongols. At first the Loyal and Filial Army retreated slightly, then suddenly attacked again. Pucha Guannu divided his soldiers into teams of 50 to 70, each in a small boat, ordering them to advance to the Mongol camp and attack it from all sides. Carrying their fire lances, the Jin soldiers launched a sudden attack which the Mongols were unable to resist. It was a great defeat, for in all 3500 Mongols were drowned in the river. Guannu burned their camp to the ground and returned [to Guifu].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>— <a href="/facts/History_of_Jin/dFkEky4G">History of Jin</a></blockquote>
In 1259, a pellet wad that occluded the barrel was recorded to have been used as a fire lance projectile, making it the first recorded bullet in history.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>
By 1276, fire lances had transitioned to metal barrels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> Fire lances were also being used by cavalrymen at this point, as evidenced by the account of a Song-Yuan battle in which two fire lance armed Song cavalrymen rushed a Chinese officer of <a href="/facts/Bayan_of_the_Baarin/fNMYMw2u">Bayan of the Baarin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> The <a href="/facts/Huolongjing/YXxc0qmd">Huolongjing</a> also mentions a gourd fire lance which was used by cavalrymen as well as foot soldiers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>
The metal-barreled fire lance began to be used independently of the lance around the mid to late 13th century. These proto-cannons which fired co-viative projectiles, known as 'eruptors,' were the forerunners of the <a href="/facts/Hand_cannon/5rGD3tEL">hand cannon</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>

<h3>Later history</h3>
By 1280, the <a href="/facts/Middle_East/8CD6pLWv">Middle East</a> had acquired fire lances.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>
In 1396, European knights took up fire lances as mounted weapons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>
In 15th century Japanese <a href="/facts/Samurai/5NSPbSuI">samurai</a> used fire lances.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>
The last recorded usage of fire lances in Europe occurred during the <a href="/facts/Storming_of_Bristol/LG1nI1la">Storming of Bristol</a> in 1643 although the Commonwealth of England was still issuing them to ships in 1660.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>

<h3>Troncks</h3>
Versions where the fireworks and shot were placed in a wooden tube at the end of a pole were known as Troncks, fire-trunks or bombas in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> The fireworks had alternating slow and fast burning sections.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>
They were frequently issued to warships and a surviving example was found in the wreck of the <a href="/facts/La_Trinidad_Valencera/YCG0KUb4">La Trinidad Valencera</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> Testing of an attempted reconstruction was carried out in 1988.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> During the test multiple sections of the Tronck ignited at once.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>

<h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Early_modern_warfare/B6o31aSx">Early modern warfare</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Science_and_technology_of_the_Song_dynasty/pbUEVJ5G">Science and technology of the Song dynasty</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Jiao_Yu/Cqo8Fgpm">Jiao Yu</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Huolongjing/YXxc0qmd">Huolongjing</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Xun_Lei_Chong/sWnj5kdq">Xun Lei Chong</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Lunge_mine/4s1hDA6P">Lunge mine</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="citations">Citations</h2>

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<li>Agrawal, Jai Prakash (2010), High Energy Materials: Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics, Wiley-VCH</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Tonio_Andrade/mWMR5pdQ">Andrade, Tonio</a> (2016), The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-691-13597-7.</li>
<li>Arnold, Thomas (2001), The Renaissance at War, Cassell & Co, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-304-35270-5</li>
<li>Benton, Captain James G. (1862). A Course of Instruction in Ordnance and Gunnery (2 ed.). West Point, New York: Thomas Publications. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-57747-079-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</li>
<li>Brown, G. I. (1998), <a href="https://archive.org/details/bigbanghistoryof00brow">The Big Bang: A History of Explosives</a>, Sutton Publishing, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-7509-1878-0.</li>
<li>Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), <a href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/technology_and_culture/v049/49.3.bachrach.html">"Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History"</a>, Technology and Culture, 49 (3), Aldershot: Ashgate: 785–786, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftech.0.0051">10.1353/tech.0.0051</a>, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-7546-5259-9, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111173101">111173101</a></li>
<li>Chase, Kenneth (2003), Firearms: A Global History to 1700, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-521-82274-2.</li>
<li>Cocroft, Wayne (2000), <a href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/dangerous-energy/">Dangerous Energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture</a>, Swindon: English Heritage, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-85074-718-0</li>
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<li>Earl, Brian (1978), Cornish Explosives, Cornwall: The <a href="/facts/Trevithick_Society/rfA8EYVz">Trevithick Society</a>, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-904040-13-5.</li>
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<li>Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2004), Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India, Oxford University Press</li>
<li>Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008), Historical Dictionary of Medieval India, The Scarecrow Press, Inc., <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8108-5503-8</li>
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<li>Konstam, Angus (2002), Renaissance War Galley 1470-1590, Osprey Publisher Ltd..</li>
<li>Liang, Jieming (2006), Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity, Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Leong Kit Meng, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 981-05-5380-3</li>
<li>Lidin, Olaf G. (2002), Tanegashima – The Arrival of Europe in Japan, Nordic Inst of Asian Studies, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 8791114128</li>
<li>Lorge, Peter (2005), Warfare in China to 1600, Routledge</li>
<li>Lorge, Peter A. (2008), The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-60954-8</li>
<li>Lu, Gwei-Djen (1988), "The Oldest Representation of a Bombard", Technology and Culture, 29 (3): 594–605, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3105275">10.2307/3105275</a>, <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3105275">3105275</a></li>
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<li>Nicolle, David (1990), The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane</li>
<li>Nolan, Cathal J. (2006), The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: an Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Vol 1, A-K, vol. 1, Westport & London: Greenwood Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-313-33733-0</li>
<li>Norris, John (2003), Early Gunpowder Artillery: 1300–1600, Marlborough: The Crowood Press.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/J._R._Partington/buCRdvax">Partington, J. R.</a> (1960), A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, Cambridge, UK: W. Heffer & Sons.</li>
<li>Partington, J. R. (1999), <a href="https://archive.org/details/historyofgreekfi00part">A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder</a>, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-8018-5954-9</li>
<li>Patrick, John Merton (1961), Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Utah State University Press.</li>
<li>Pauly, Roger (2004), Firearms: The Life Story of a Technology, Greenwood Publishing Group.</li>
<li>Perrin, Noel (1979), <a href="https://archive.org/details/givingupgun00noel">Giving up the Gun, Japan's reversion to the Sword, 1543–1879</a>, Boston: David R. Godine, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-87923-773-2</li>
<li>Petzal, David E. (2014), The Total Gun Manual (Canadian edition), WeldonOwen.</li>
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<li>Willbanks, James H. (2004), Machine guns: an illustrated history of their impact, ABC-CLIO, Inc.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_firelance.html">Little Bit of Info on the Fire Lance</a></li>
<li>Medieval Chinese Armies, 1260-1520 (Men-at-arms S.) by Chris J. Peers. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-85532-599-3</li>
<li><a href="http://www.grandhistorian.com/chinesesiegewarfare/index-english12122007.html">Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Andrade 2016, p. 35. - Andrade, Tonio (2016), The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7 <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Andrade 2016, p. 38. - Andrade, Tonio (2016), The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7 <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Andrade 2016, p. 33. - Andrade, Tonio (2016), The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7 <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Andrade 2016, p. 51. - Andrade, Tonio (2016), The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7 <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Andrade 2016, p. 51. - Andrade, Tonio (2016), The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7 <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Brown, Ruth Rhynas (2005). "Troncks, rockets and fiery balls: Military fireballs of the early modern period". Journal of the Ordnance Society. 17: 25–36. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Needham 1986, p. 222. - Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:5 pt. 7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3 <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Chase 2003, p. 31. - Chase, Kenneth (2003), Firearms: A Global History to 1700, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-82274-2 <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Lorge 2008, p. 33-34. - Lorge, Peter A. (2008), The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-60954-8 <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Andrade 2016, p. 38. - Andrade, Tonio (2016), The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7 <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Andrade 2016, p. 52. - Andrade, Tonio (2016), The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7 <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Andrade 2016, p. 46. - Andrade, Tonio (2016), The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7 <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Andrade 2016, p. 47. - Andrade, Tonio (2016), The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7 <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Lorge 2005, p. 388. - Lorge, Peter (2005), Warfare in China to 1600, Routledge <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Andrade 2016, p. 52. - Andrade, Tonio (2016), The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7 <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Needham 1986, p. 228. - Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:5 pt. 7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3 <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Needham 1986, p. 227. - Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:5 pt. 7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3 <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Needham 1986, p. 236. - Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:5 pt. 7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3 <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Andrade 2016, p. 52. - Andrade, Tonio (2016), The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7 <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Needham 1986, p. 259. - Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:5 pt. 7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3 <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Needham 1986, p. 260. - Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:5 pt. 7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3 <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">"対馬の火㷁碗口 - 祖国は危機にあり 関連blog". <a href="https://desaixjp.blog.fc2.com/?no=2267" target="_blank">https://desaixjp.blog.fc2.com/?no=2267</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Needham 1986, p. 262. - Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:5 pt. 7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3 <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Brown, Ruth Rhynas (2005). "Troncks, rockets and fiery balls: Military fireballs of the early modern period". Journal of the Ordnance Society. 17: 25–36. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Brown, Ruth Rhynas (2005). "Troncks, rockets and fiery balls: Military fireballs of the early modern period". Journal of the Ordnance Society. 17: 25–36. <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Martin, Colin J.M (1994). "Incendiary weapons from the Spanish Armada wreck La Trinidad Valencera, 1588". The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 23 (3): 207–217. Bibcode:1994IJNAr..23..207M. doi:10.1006/ijna.1994.1027. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1057241484710272" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1057241484710272</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Brown, Ruth Rhynas (2005). "Troncks, rockets and fiery balls: Military fireballs of the early modern period". Journal of the Ordnance Society. 17: 25–36. <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Martin, Colin J.M (1994). "Incendiary weapons from the Spanish Armada wreck La Trinidad Valencera, 1588". The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 23 (3): 207–217. Bibcode:1994IJNAr..23..207M. doi:10.1006/ijna.1994.1027. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1057241484710272" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1057241484710272</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Brown, Ruth Rhynas (2005). "Troncks, rockets and fiery balls: Military fireballs of the early modern period". Journal of the Ordnance Society. 17: 25–36. <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Martin, Colin J.M (1994). "Incendiary weapons from the Spanish Armada wreck La Trinidad Valencera, 1588". The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 23 (3): 207–217. Bibcode:1994IJNAr..23..207M. doi:10.1006/ijna.1994.1027. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1057241484710272" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1057241484710272</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Brown, Ruth Rhynas (2005). "Troncks, rockets and fiery balls: Military fireballs of the early modern period". Journal of the Ordnance Society. 17: 25–36. <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Brown, Ruth Rhynas (2005). "Troncks, rockets and fiery balls: Military fireballs of the early modern period". Journal of the Ordnance Society. 17: 25–36. <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Fire lance open-in-new

Fire lance