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<h2 id="techniques">Techniques</h2> <p>The most important techniques for similarity search on high-dimensional vectors include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Hierarchical_Navigable_Small_World_graphs/FT9gAjj2">Hierarchical Navigable Small World (HNSW) graphs</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Locality-sensitive_hashing/hj8UllQG">Locality-sensitive Hashing (LSH)</a> and Sketching</li> <li>Product Quantization (PQ)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Inverted_index/Kyva3prq">Inverted Files</a></li></ul> <p>and combinations of these techniques. </p><p>In recent benchmarks, HNSW-based implementations have been among the best performers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Conferences such as the International Conference on Similarity Search and Applications, SISAP and the <a href="/facts/Conference_on_Neural_Information_Processing_Systems/YlhI2Atl">Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS)</a> host competitions on vector search in large databases. </p> <h2 id="implementations">Implementations</h2> <p class="note">This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.</p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>License</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Aerospike_(database)/Kn73HtoT"> Aerospike</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td><td>Proprietary</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/AllegroGraph/pmwalUru">AllegroGraph</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td>Proprietary (Managed Service)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Apache_Cassandra/WCJyV4rA">Apache Cassandra</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Apache_License_2.0/5AeIjas8">Apache License 2.0</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Chroma_(vector_database)/CHxDfAE7">Chroma</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Apache_License_2.0/5AeIjas8">Apache License 2.0</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Cosmos_DB/rCAusDul">Azure Cosmos DB</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td>Proprietary (Managed Service)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Couchbase/zJA7EJMQ">Couchbase</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Business_Source_License/0hhydp7B">BSL 1.1</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/CrateDB/96eC2cWk">CrateDB</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Apache_License_2.0/5AeIjas8">Apache License 2.0</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/DataStax/FhQDFsU2">DataStax</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td>Proprietary (Managed Service)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Elasticsearch/aF9WuCFy">Elasticsearch</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Server_Side_Public_License/vnId6Qtd">Server Side Public License</a>, Elastic License<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>HAKES<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Apache_License_2.0/5AeIjas8">Apache License 2.0</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/HDF5/IaIFvRP1">HDF5</a> Query Indexing<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/BSD_3-Clause/XLtmLp5x">BSD 3-Clause</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>JaguarDB<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td>Proprietary</td></tr><tr><td>LanceDB<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Apache_License_2.0/5AeIjas8">Apache License 2.0</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Lantern<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Business_Source_License/0hhydp7B">BSL 1.1</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>LlamaIndex<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/MIT_License/8llAQtlk">MIT License</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/MariaDB/QWobVFIq">MariaDB</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/GNU_General_Public_License/S75KhLSX">GPL v2</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Marqo<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></td><td>Apache License 2.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Meilisearch<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/MIT_License/8llAQtlk">MIT License</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Milvus_(vector_database)/xGNfeBlU">Milvus</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Apache_License_2.0/5AeIjas8">Apache License 2.0</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/MongoDB/9myQKGoY">MongoDB</a> Atlas<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Server_Side_Public_License/vnId6Qtd">Server Side Public License</a> (Managed service)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Neo4j/UTKzz523">Neo4j</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/GPL_v3/S75KhLSX">GPL v3</a> (Community Edition)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>ObjectBox<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Apache_License_2.0/5AeIjas8">Apache License 2.0</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/OpenSearch_(software)/ct6N0WGP">OpenSearch</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Apache_License_2.0/5AeIjas8">Apache License 2.0</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Oracle_Database/FHv5g732">Oracle Database</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></td><td>Proprietary (Managed Service or License)</td></tr><tr><td>Pinecone<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></td><td>Proprietary (Managed Service)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Postgres/LHdXuHfl">Postgres</a> with pgvector<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></td><td>PostgreSQL License<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Qdrant<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Apache_License_2.0/5AeIjas8">Apache License 2.0</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Redis/UNphSYpD">Redis</a> Stack<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></td><td><a href="https://redis.io/docs/about/license/">Redis Source Available License</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Snowflake<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a></td><td>Proprietary (Managed Service)</td></tr><tr><td>SurrealDB<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Business_Source_License/0hhydp7B">BSL 1.1</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Typesense<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/GPL_v3/S75KhLSX">GPL v3</a> (Community Edition)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Vespa<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Apache_License_2.0/5AeIjas8">Apache License 2.0</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Weaviate<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/BSD_3-Clause/XLtmLp5x">BSD 3-Clause</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Curse_of_dimensionality/dk7SnY6L">Curse of dimensionality</a> – Difficulties arising when analyzing data with many aspects ("dimensions")</li> <li><a href="/facts/Machine_learning/e0w0XJTu">Machine learning</a> – Study of algorithms that improve automatically through experience</li> <li><a href="/facts/Nearest_neighbor_search/R6QTyAph">Nearest neighbor search</a> – Optimization problem in computer science</li> <li><a href="/facts/Recommender_system/HjodW6nS">Recommender system</a> – System to predict users' preferences</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li>Sawers, Paul (2024-04-20). <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2024/04/20/why-vector-databases-are-having-a-moment-as-the-ai-hype-cycle-peaks/">"Why vector databases are having a moment as the AI hype cycle peaks"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i>. Retrieved 2024-04-23.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Roie Schwaber-Cohen. "What is a Vector Database & How Does it Work". Pinecone. Retrieved 18 November 2023. <a href="https://www.pinecone.io/learn/vector-database/" target="_blank">https://www.pinecone.io/learn/vector-database/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"What is a vector database". Elastic. Retrieved 18 November 2023. <a href="https://www.elastic.co/what-is/vector-database" target="_blank">https://www.elastic.co/what-is/vector-database</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"What is a Vector Database?". Retrieved 10 July 2023. <a href="https://www.datastax.com/guides/what-is-a-vector-database" target="_blank">https://www.datastax.com/guides/what-is-a-vector-database</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Vector database". learn.microsoft.com. 2023-12-26. Retrieved 2024-01-11. <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/cosmos-db/vector-database" target="_blank">https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/cosmos-db/vector-database</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Evan Chaki (2023-07-31). "What is a vector database?". Microsoft. A vector database is a type of database that stores data as high-dimensional vectors, which are mathematical representations of features or attributes. <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/semantic-kernel/memories/vector-db" target="_blank">https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/semantic-kernel/memories/vector-db</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Vector database". learn.microsoft.com. 2023-12-26. Retrieved 2024-01-11. <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/cosmos-db/vector-database" target="_blank">https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/cosmos-db/vector-database</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Lewis, Patrick; Perez, Ethan; Piktus, Aleksandra; Petroni, Fabio; Karpukhin, Vladimir; Goyal, Naman; Küttler, Heinrich (2020). "Retrieval-augmented generation for knowledge-intensive NLP tasks". Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33: 9459–9474. arXiv:2005.11401. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Aumüller, Martin; Bernhardsson, Erik; Faithfull, Alexander (2017), Beecks, Christian; Borutta, Felix; Kröger, Peer; Seidl, Thomas (eds.), "ANN-Benchmarks: A Benchmarking Tool for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Algorithms", Similarity Search and Applications, vol. 10609, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 34–49, arXiv:1807.05614, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68474-1_3, ISBN 978-3-319-68473-4, retrieved 2024-03-19 <a href="978-3-319-68473-4" target="_blank">978-3-319-68473-4</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Aumüller, Martin; Bernhardsson, Erik; Faithfull, Alexander (2017). "ANN-Benchmarks: A Benchmarking Tool for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Algorithms". In Beecks, Christian; Borutta, Felix; Kröger, Peer; Seidl, Thomas (eds.). Similarity Search and Applications. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 10609. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 34–49. arXiv:1807.05614. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68474-1_3. ISBN 978-3-319-68474-1. <a href="978-3-319-68474-1" target="_blank">978-3-319-68474-1</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Aerospike Recognized by Independent Research Firm Among Notable Vendors in Vector Databases Report". Morningstar. 2024-05-07. Retrieved 2024-08-01. <a href="https://www.morningstar.com/news/globe-newswire/9111790/aerospike-recognized-by-independent-research-firm-among-notable-vendors-in-vector-databases-report" target="_blank">https://www.morningstar.com/news/globe-newswire/9111790/aerospike-recognized-by-independent-research-firm-among-notable-vendors-in-vector-databases-report</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Aerospike raises $109M for its real-time database platform to capitalize on the AI boom". TechCrunch. 2024-04-04. Retrieved 2024-08-01. <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2024/04/04/aerospike-raises-100m-for-its-real-time-database-platform-to-capitalize-on-the-ai-boom/" target="_blank">https://techcrunch.com/2024/04/04/aerospike-raises-100m-for-its-real-time-database-platform-to-capitalize-on-the-ai-boom/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"AllegroGraph 8.0 Incorporates Neuro-Symbolic AI, a Pathway to AGI". TheNewStack. 2023-12-29. Retrieved 2024-06-06. <a href="https://thenewstack.io/allegrograph-8-0-incorporates-neuro-symbolic-ai-a-pathway-to-agi/" target="_blank">https://thenewstack.io/allegrograph-8-0-incorporates-neuro-symbolic-ai-a-pathway-to-agi/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Franz Inc. Introduces AllegroGraph Cloud: A Managed Service for Neuro-Symbolic AI Knowledge Graphs". Datanami. 2024-01-18. Retrieved 2024-06-06. <a href="https://www.datanami.com/this-just-in/franz-inc-introduces-allegrograph-cloud-a-managed-service-for-neuro-symbolic-ai-knowledge-graphs/" target="_blank">https://www.datanami.com/this-just-in/franz-inc-introduces-allegrograph-cloud-a-managed-service-for-neuro-symbolic-ai-knowledge-graphs/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"5 Hard Problems in Vector Search, and How Cassandra Solves Them". TheNewStack. 2023-09-22. Retrieved 2023-09-22. <a href="https://thenewstack.io/5-hard-problems-in-vector-search-and-how-cassandra-solves-them/" target="_blank">https://thenewstack.io/5-hard-problems-in-vector-search-and-how-cassandra-solves-them/</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Vector Search quickstart". Retrieved 2023-11-21. <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/doc/latest/cassandra/vector-search/overview.html" target="_blank">https://cassandra.apache.org/doc/latest/cassandra/vector-search/overview.html</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Palazzolo, Stephanie. "Vector database Chroma scored $18 million in seed funding at a $75 million valuation. Here's why its technology is key to helping generative AI startups". Business Insider. Retrieved 2023-11-16. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/vector-database-startup-chroma-raises-seed-funding-generative-artificial-intelligence-2023-4" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.com/vector-database-startup-chroma-raises-seed-funding-generative-artificial-intelligence-2023-4</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>MSV, Janakiram (2023-07-28). "Exploring Chroma: The Open Source Vector Database for LLMs". The New Stack. Retrieved 2023-11-16. <a href="https://thenewstack.io/exploring-chroma-the-open-source-vector-database-for-llms/" target="_blank">https://thenewstack.io/exploring-chroma-the-open-source-vector-database-for-llms/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"chroma/LICENSE at main · chroma-core/chroma". GitHub. <a href="https://github.com/chroma-core/chroma/blob/main/LICENSE" target="_blank">https://github.com/chroma-core/chroma/blob/main/LICENSE</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Vector database". learn.microsoft.com. 26 December 2023. Retrieved 2024-01-10. <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/azure/cosmos-db/vector-database" target="_blank">https://learn.microsoft.com/azure/cosmos-db/vector-database</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Couchbase aims to boost developer database productivity with Capella IQ AI tool". VentureBeat. 2023-08-30. <a href="https://venturebeat.com/ai/couchbase-aims-to-boost-developer-database-productivity-with-capella-iq-ai-tool/#h-next-on-the-roadmap-for-couchbase-is-vector-support" target="_blank">https://venturebeat.com/ai/couchbase-aims-to-boost-developer-database-productivity-with-capella-iq-ai-tool/#h-next-on-the-roadmap-for-couchbase-is-vector-support</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Investor Presentation Third Quarter Fiscal 2024". Couchbase Investor Relations. 2023-12-06. <a href="https://investors.couchbase.com/static-files/551e5b96-5307-4119-b225-19cfd8540242" target="_blank">https://investors.couchbase.com/static-files/551e5b96-5307-4119-b225-19cfd8540242</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Anderson, Scott (2021-03-26). "Couchbase Adopts BSL License". The Couchbase Blog. 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